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Kanonaite

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Le Coreux, Salm-Château, Vielsalm, Stavelot Massif, Luxembourg Province, Belgium
© Knut Eldjarn

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Formula:
Mn
3+
 
Al(SiO
 
4
)O
System:OrthorhombicColour:Greenish black
Hardness:6½
Name:Named by S. Vrana, M. Rieder, and J. Podlaha in 1978 for the type locality Kanona, Zambia.
Polymorph of:Kyanite, Sillimanite
Isostructural with:Andalusite


Andalusite-Kanonaite Series.

Classification of Kanonaite

IMA status:Approved 1976
Strunz 8th edition ID:8/B.02-30
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:9.AF.10

9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
F : Nesosilicates with additional anions; cations in [4], [5] and/or only [6] coordination
Dana 8th edition ID:52.2.2b.2

52 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups and O,OH,F,H2O
2 : Insular SiO4 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [4] and >[4] coordination
Hey's CIM Ref.:16.16.1

16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
16 : Aluminosilicates of Mn
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Type Occurrence of Kanonaite

Type Locality:Kanona, Serenje, Central Province, Zambia
Place of Conservation of Type Material:Smithsonian 144523
Year of Discovery:1978
Geological Setting of type material:Low grade gahnite schist
Associated Minerals at type locality:
QuartzChlorite GroupCordieriteGahnite

Occurrences of Kanonaite

Geological Setting:Metamorphic rocks

Physical Properties of Kanonaite

Lustre:Sub-Vitreous, Resinous
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Transparent, Translucent
Colour:Greenish black
Streak:Gray green
Hardness (Mohs):6½
Hardness (Vickers):VHN100=906 - 1017 kg/mm2
Tenacity:Brittle
Cleavage:Poor/Indistinct
on {110} poor
Fracture:Irregular/Uneven
Density (calculated):3.395 g/cm3

Crystallography of Kanonaite

Crystal System:Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:Pnnm {P21/n 21/n 2/m}
Space Group Setting:Pnnm
Cell Parameters:a = 7.959(2) Å, b = 8.047(2) Å, c = 5.616(1) Å
Ratio:a:b:c = 0.989 : 1 : 0.698
Unit Cell Volume:V 359.68 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:4
Morphology:Anhedral nodular porphyroblasts to 1.2 cm
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
d-spacingIntensity
5.66 (100)
4.59 (60)
3.99 (20)
2.83 (40)
2.52 (40)
2.30 (20)
1.513 (20)
Comments:ICDD 42-575

Optical Data of Kanonaite

Type:Biaxial (+)
RI values: nα = 1.702 nβ = 1.730 nγ = 1.823
2V:Measured: 53° to 90°, Calculated: 62°
Birefringence:0.121
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.121

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:High
Dispersion:r > v weak
Optical Extinction:Parallel.
Pleochroism:Strong
Comments:X = Yellow green
Y = Bluish green
Z = deep golden yellow

Chemical Properties of Kanonaite

Formula:
Mn
3+
 
Al(SiO
 
4
)O
Essential elements:Al, Mn, O, Si
All elements listed in formula:Al, Mn, O, Si
Common Impurities:Ti,Fe,Cu,Zn,Pb,Mg,Ca,Ba

Relationship of Kanonaite to other Species

Series:Forms a series with Andalusite (see here)
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
9.AF.05Sillimanite
Al
 
2
(SiO
 
4
)O
9.AF.10Andalusite
Al
 
2
(SiO
 
4
)O
9.AF.15Kyanite
Al
 
2
(SiO
 
4
)O
9.AF.20Mullite
Al
 
4+2x
Si
 
2-2x
O
 
10-x
9.AF.20Krieselite
(Al,Ga)
 
2
(GeO
 
4
)(OH)
 
2
9.AF.23Boromullite
Al
 
9
BSi
 
2
O
 
19
9.AF.25Yoderite
Mg(Al,Fe
3+
 
)
 
3
(SiO
 
4
)
 
2
O(OH)
9.AF.30Magnesiostaurolite
(Mg,Li,Fe
2+
 
)
 
1.5-2
Al
 
9
(SiO
 
4
)
 
4
O
 
6
(OH)
 
2
9.AF.30Staurolite
(Fe
2+
 
,Mg,Zn)
 
1.5-2
Al
 
9
(SiO
 
4
)
 
4
O
 
6
(OH,O)
 
2
9.AF.30Zincostaurolite
(Zn,Li,Fe
2+
 
,Mg)
 
1.5-2
Al
 
9
(SiO
 
4
)
 
4
O
 
6
(OH)
 
2
9.AF.35Topaz
Al
 
2
(SiO
 
4
)(F,OH)
 
2
9.AF.40Norbergite
Mg
 
3
(SiO
 
4
)(F,OH)
 
2
9.AF.45Alleghanyite
Mn
2+
5
(SiO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
2
9.AF.45Chondrodite
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)
 
5
(SiO
 
4
)
 
2
(F,OH)
 
2
9.AF.45Reinhardbraunsite
Ca
 
5
(SiO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH,F)
 
2
9.AF.45Kumtyubeite
Ca
 
5
(SiO
 
4
)
 
2
F
 
2
9.AF.45Hydroxylchondrodite
Mg
 
5
(SiO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
2
9.AF.50Humite
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)
 
7
(SiO
 
4
)
 
3
(F,OH)
 
2
9.AF.50Manganhumite
(Mn
2+
 
,Mg)
 
7
(SiO
 
4
)
 
3
(OH)
 
2
9.AF.50Unnamed (Ca-analogue of Humite)
Ca
 
7
(SiO
 
4
)
 
4
F
 
2
9.AF.55Clinohumite
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)
 
9
(SiO
 
4
)
 
4
(F,OH)
 
2
9.AF.55Sonolite
Mn
2+
9
(SiO
 
4
)
 
4
(OH,F)
 
2
9.AF.55Hydroxylclinohumite
Mg
 
9
(SiO
 
4
)
 
4
(OH,F)
 
2
9.AF.60Leucophoenicite
Mn
2+
7
(SiO
 
4
)
 
3
(OH)
 
2
9.AF.65Ribbeite
(Mn
2+
 
,Mg)
 
5
(SiO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
2
9.AF.70Jerrygibbsite
Mn
2+
9
(SiO
 
4
)
 
4
(OH)
 
2
9.AF.75Franciscanite
Mn
2+
6
(V
5+
 
,☐)
 
2
(SiO
 
4
)
 
2
(O,OH)
 
6
9.AF.75Örebroite
Mn
2+
3
(Fe
3+
 
,Sb
5+
 
)(SiO
 
4
)(O,OH)
 
3
9.AF.75Welinite
Mn
2+
6
(W
6+
 
,Mg)
 
2
(SiO
 
4
)
 
2
(O,OH)
 
6
9.AF.80Ellenbergerite
Mg
 
6
(Mg,Ti,Zr,◻)
 
2
(Al,Mg)
 
6
Si
 
8
O
 
28
(OH)
 
10
9.AF.85Chloritoid
(Fe
2+
 
,Mg,Mn
2+
 
)Al
 
2
(SiO
 
4
)O(OH)
 
2
9.AF.85Magnesiochloritoid
MgAl
 
2
(SiO
 
4
)O(OH)
 
2
9.AF.85Ottrélite
(Mn
2+
 
,Fe
2+
 
,Mg)Al
 
2
(SiO
 
4
)O(OH)
 
2
9.AF.90Poldervaartite
CaCa(HSiO
 
4
)(OH)
9.AF.90Olmiite
CaMn
2+
 
(HSiO
 
4
)(OH)
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
16.16.2Spessartine
Mn
2+
3
Al
 
2
(SiO
 
4
)
 
3
16.16.3Davreuxite
MnAl
 
6
Si
 
4
O
 
17
(OH)
 
2
16.16.4Sursassite
Mn
2+
2
Al
 
3
(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)(SiO
 
4
)(OH)
 
3
16.16.5Carpholite
Mn
2+
 
Al
 
2
(Si
 
2
O
 
6
)(OH)
 
4
16.16.6Kellyite
Mn
2+
2
Al(AlSiO
 
5
)(OH)
 
4
16.16.7Pennantite
Mn
2+
5
Al(AlSi
 
3
O
 
10
)(OH)
 
8
16.16.8Akatoreite
(Mn
2+
 
,Fe
2+
 
)
 
9
Al
 
2
(HSi
 
4
O
 
13
)
 
2
(OH)
 
6
16.16.9Ganophyllite
(K,Na,Ca)
 
2
Mn
 
8
(Si,Al)
 
12
(O,OH)
 
32
 · 8H
 
2
O
16.16.10Kôzulite
[Na][Na
 
2
][Mn
2+
4
(Fe
3+
 
,Al)]Si
 
8
O
 
22
(OH)
 
2
16.16.11Masutomilite
(K,Rb)(Li,Mn
3+
 
,Al)
 
3
(AlSi
 
3
O
 
10
)(F,OH)
 
2
16.16.13Howieite
Na(Fe,Mn)
 
10
(Fe,Al)
 
2
Si
 
12
O
 
31
(OH)
 
13
16.16.14Eggletonite
(Na,K,Ca)
 
2
(Mn,Fe)
 
8
(Si,Al)
 
12
O
 
29
(OH)
 
7
 · 11H
 
2
O
16.16.15Bannisterite
Ca
 
0.5
(K,Na)
 
0.5
(Mn,Fe,Zn)
 
10
(Si,Al)
 
16
O
 
38
(OH)
 
8
 · 5.5H
 
2
O
16.16.16Taneyamalite
(Na,Ca)(Mn,Mg,Fe)
 
12
Si
 
12
(O,OH)
 
44
16.16.17Zussmanite
K(Fe,Mg,Mn)
 
13
(Si,Al)
 
18
O
 
42
(OH)
 
14
16.16.18Coombsite
K(Mn,Fe,Mg)
 
13
(Si,Al)
 
18
O
 
42
(OH)
 
14
16.16.19Henritermierite
Ca
 
3
(Mn
3+
 
,Al)
 
2
(SiO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
4
16.16.20Macfallite
Ca
 
2
(Mn
3+
 
,Al)
 
3
(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)(SiO
 
4
)(OH)
 
3
16.16.21Ottrélite
(Mn
2+
 
,Fe
2+
 
,Mg)Al
 
2
(SiO
 
4
)O(OH)
 
2
16.16.22Piemontite
{Ca
 
2
}{Al
 
2
Mn
3+
 
}(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)(SiO
 
4
)O(OH)
16.16.23Okhotskite
Ca
 
2
(Mn
2+
 
,Mg)(Mn
3+
 
,Al,Fe
3+
 
)
 
2
(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)(SiO
 
4
)(OH)
 
2
 · H
 
2
O
16.16.24Pumpellyite-(Mn2+)
Ca
 
2
(Mn
2+
 
,Mg)(Al,Mn
3+
 
,Fe
3+
 
)
 
2
(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)(SiO
 
4
)(OH)
 
2
 · H
 
2
O
16.16.25Piemontite-(Sr)
{CaSr}{Al
 
2
Mn
3+
 
}(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)(SiO
 
4
)O(OH)

Other Names for Kanonaite

Synonyms:
IMA1976-047
Other Languages:
German:Kanonait
Russian:Канонаит
Spanish:Kanonaita

Other Information

Fluorescence in UV light:Not fluorescent.
Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Kanonaite

Reference List:

- +
Vrana, S., M. Rieder and J. Podlaha (1978) Kanonaite, a new mineral isotype with andalusite. Cont. Miner. Petrol. 66, 325-332.

Kramm, U. (1979) Kanonaite-rich viridines from the Venn-Stavelot Massif, Belgian Ardennes, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology: 69: 387-395.

American Mineralogist (1979): 64: 655

Abswurmbach, L., Langer, K., Seifert, F., and Tillmanns,E. (1981) The crystal-chemistry of (Mn 3+,Fe 3+)substituted andalusites (viridines and kanonaite), (Al 1-x-y Mn x 3+Fe y 3+)2-(O-SiO4): Crystal-structure refinements, Mössbauer, and polarized optical-absorption spectra. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie: 155: 81-113.

American Mineralogist (1981): 66: 325-332, structure.

Internet Links for Kanonaite

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    • Localities for Kanonaite

    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    Hide Locality List
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Belgium
     
    • Luxembourg Province
      • Stavelot Massif
    		Michel Bloindieau
          • Cahai (Cahay)
          • Salm-Château
    		Schreyer W., Bernhardt H.-J., Fransolet A.-M., Armbruster Th. (2004)
    Czech Republic
     
    • Moravia (Mähren; Maehren)
      • Vysočina Region
        • Třebíč
    		Novák, M. & Škoda, R. (2007): Mn3+-rich andalusite to kanonaite and their breakdown products from metamanganolite at Kojetice near Třebíč, the Moldanubian Zone, Czech Republic. Journal of Geosciences, 52(1-2), 161-167.
    Oman
     
    • Semail Ophiolite
      • Khawr Fakkan Massif
        • Bani Hamid area
    		E. Gnos et al., Eur. J. Mineral. , 1996, 8, pp. 251-261.
    United Arab Emirates
    http://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/mineral/tcm-14342-1.html
    USA
     
    • Arizona
      • Maricopa Co.
        • Phoenix
          • Phoenix Mts
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 110, 265.
    Zambia
     
    • Central Province
      • Serenje
    		Handbook of Mineralogy Vol II p399
    Mineral and/or Locality
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