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Kutnohorite

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Wessels Mine (Wessel's Mine), Hotazel, Kalahari manganese fields, Northern Cape Province, South Africa
© namibiaminerals

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Formula:
Ca(Mn,Mg,Fe)(CO
 
3
)
 
2
System:TrigonalColour:White, pale rose, pink, ...
Hardness:3½ - 4
Member of:Dolomite Group
Name:From the type locality - Kutna Hora, Bohemia, Czech Republic.


Dolomite Group. Ankerite-Kutnohorite Series.

Classification of Kutnohorite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:5/B.03-30
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:5.AB.10

5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
A : Carbonates without additional anions, without H2O
B : Alkali-earth (and other M2+) carbonates
Dana 8th edition ID:14.2.1.3

14 : ANHYDROUS NORMAL CARBONATES
2 : AB(XO3)2
Hey's CIM Ref.:11.12.4

11 : Carbonates
12 : Carbonates of Mn
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Type Occurrence of Kutnohorite

Type Locality:Poličany, Kutná Hora (Kuttenberg), Central Bohemia Region, Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen), Czech Republic
Year of Discovery:1901

Occurrences of Kutnohorite

Geological Setting:Manganiferous sediments

Physical Properties of Kutnohorite

Diaphaneity (Transparency):Translucent
Colour:White, pale rose, pink, light to medium brown
Hardness (Mohs):3½ - 4
Tenacity:Brittle
Cleavage:Perfect
Perfect on {1011}
Fracture:Sub-Conchoidal
Density (measured):3.12 g/cm3
Density (calculated):3.15 g/cm3

Crystallography of Kutnohorite

Crystal System:Trigonal
Class (H-M):3 - Rhombohedral
Space Group:R3
Cell Parameters:a = 4.8518(3) Å, c = 16.217(2) Å
Ratio:a:c = 1 : 3.342
Unit Cell Volume:V 330.60 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:3
Morphology:Polycrstalline spherules
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
Image Loading

Radiation - Copper Kα
Data Set:
Horizontal Axis: ° to ° Vertical Axis: % Source Data: Filtered Data:
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.

Optical Data of Kutnohorite

Type:Uniaxial (-)
RI values: nω = 1.710 - 1.727 nε = 1.519 - 1.535
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.191 - 0.192

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:Moderate

Chemical Properties of Kutnohorite

Formula:
Ca(Mn,Mg,Fe)(CO
 
3
)
 
2
Essential elements:C, Ca, Mn, O
All elements listed in formula:C, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, O

Relationship of Kutnohorite to other Species

Series:Forms a series with Ankerite (see here)
Member of:Dolomite Group
Other Members of Group:

- +
Ankerite
Ca(Fe
2+
 
 ,Mg,Mn
2+
 
)(CO
 
3
)
 
2
Dolomite
CaMg(CO
 
3
)
 
2
Minrecordite
CaZn(CO
 
3
)
 
2
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
5.AB.05Calcite
CaCO
 
3
5.AB.05Gaspéite
(Ni,Mg,Fe)CO
 
3
5.AB.05Magnesite
MgCO
 
3
5.AB.05Otavite
CdCO
 
3
5.AB.05Rhodochrosite
MnCO
 
3
5.AB.05Siderite
FeCO
 
3
5.AB.05Smithsonite
ZnCO
 
3
5.AB.05Spherocobaltite
CoCO
 
3
5.AB.10Ankerite
Ca(Fe
2+
 
 ,Mg,Mn
2+
 
)(CO
 
3
)
 
2
5.AB.10Dolomite
CaMg(CO
 
3
)
 
2
5.AB.10Minrecordite
CaZn(CO
 
3
)
 
2
5.AB.15Aragonite
CaCO
 
3
5.AB.15Cerussite
PbCO
 
3
5.AB.15Strontianite
SrCO
 
3
5.AB.15Witherite
BaCO
 
3
5.AB.20Vaterite
CaCO
 
3
5.AB.25Huntite
CaMg
 
3
(CO
 
3
)
 
4
5.AB.30Norsethite
BaMg(CO
 
3
)
 
2
5.AB.35Alstonite
BaCa(CO
 
3
)
 
2
5.AB.40Olekminskite
Sr(Sr,Ba)(CO
 
3
)
 
2
5.AB.40Paralstonite
BaCa(CO
 
3
)
 
2
5.AB.45Barytocalcite
BaCa(CO
 
3
)
 
2
5.AB.50Carbocernaite
(Ca,Na)(Sr,Ce,Ba)(CO
 
3
)
 
2
5.AB.55Benstonite
(Ba,Sr)
 
6
(Ca,Mn)
 
6
Mg(CO
 
3
)
 
13
5.AB.60Juangodoyite
Na
 
2
Cu(CO
 
3
)
 
2
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
11.12.1Rhodochrosite
MnCO
 
3
11.12.2Holdawayite
Mn
 
6
(CO
 
3
)
 
2
(OH)
 
7
(Cl,OH)
11.12.3Desautelsite
Mg
 
6
Mn
3+
2
(CO
 
3
)(OH)
 
16
 · 4H
 
2
O

Other Names for Kutnohorite

Synonyms:
KutnahoriteKutnohorrite
Other Languages:
German:Kutnahorit
Kutnohorit
Russian:Кутногорит
Simplified Chinese:锰白云石
Spanish:Kutnahorita
Kutnohorita
Traditional Chinese:錳白雲石
Varieties:
Parakutnahorite

Other Information

Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Kutnohorite

Reference List:

- +
Bukowsky (1901) Anz. III Congress böhm. Naturfor. und Ärzte, Prague: 293.

Frondel, Clifford & L.H. Bauer (1955), Kutnahorite, a manganese dolomite, CaMn(CO3)2: American Mineralogist: 40: 748-760.

Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Etc. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged: 217.

American Mineralogist (1987): 72: 319-328.

Powder Diffraction: 3: 172-174.

Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte (1988): 539.

Internet Links for Kutnohorite

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  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
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    • Localities for Kutnohorite

    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    Hide Locality List
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Argentina
     
    • Catamarca
      • Belen Department
        • Farallón Negro
          • Agua de Dionisio mining district (YMAD)
    		Milka K. de Brodtkorb (2002) Las Especies Minerales de la Republica Argentina. Vol. 1 (elements, sulphides and sulphosalts). (Asociacion Mineralogica Argentina); DE BRODTKORB, Milka K. Precious metaltellurides and other Te-bearing minerals in different paragenesis of Argentina: A review. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2009, vol.64, n.3, pp. 365-372.
    Australia
     
    • New South Wales
      • Yancowinna Co.
    		No reference listed
    • Tasmania
      • Rosebery district
        • Rosebery
        • Williamsford
          • Mt Read
    		Bottrill & Baker (in prep) Catalogue of minerals of Tasmania
    Austria
     
    • Carinthia
      • Friesach - Hüttenberg area
        • Hüttenberg
    		H. Meixner: 32(3):85-97 (1981)
          • Lölling
    		G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995
      • Packalpe
        • Bad St Leonhard
    		Taucher, J. (1995): Matrixx - Mineralogische Nachrichten aus Österreich 4, 52-56
    • Salzburg
      • Abtenau
        • Tennen Mts
    		A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs, 1989
    • Styria
      • Koralpe
        • Deutschlandsberg
          • Glashütten
    		SEM-EDS, Franz Bernhard, 2007
      • Mitterdorf
        • Veitsch
          • Kleinveitsch
            • Kaiblinggraben
    		Gerald Gesselbauer (06.2010)
    Bojar, H.-P. (2006)
    Belgium
     
    • Liège Province
      • Stavelot Massif
        • Lienne valley
          • Stoumont
    Brazil
     
    • Minas Gerais
      • Poços de Caldas plateau
        • Poços de Caldas
    		Horváth, Menezes, Toft ollections - confirmed by XRD & microprobe
    Bulgaria
     
    • Sofiya Oblast (Sofia Oblast)
    Canada
     
    • British Columbia
      • Slocan Mining Division
        • Riondel
    		Min Rec (1977) 8:34-36
      • Vernon Mining Division
        • Vernon
    		www.em.gov.bc.ca/cf/minfile
    • Newfoundland and Labrador
      • Labrador
    • Northwest Territories
      • Yellowknife
        • Thor Lake
    		Sheard, E.R. (2010)
    • Québec
      • Montérégie
        • Rouville RCM
          • Mont Saint-Hilaire
    		Horváth, L and Gault, R.A. (1990), The mineralogy of Mont Saint-Hilaire Quebec. Mineralogical Record: 21: 284-359.
    Chile
     
    • Atacama Region
      • Chañaral Province
        • Diego de Almagro
          • Potrerillos
    		Maksaev, V., Townley, B., Palacios, C., and Camus, F. (2007): Metallic ore deposits. In: Moreno, T., and Gibbons, W. (editors): The Geology of Chile. The Geological Society (London), pp. 414.
    China
     
    • Hunan Province
      • Chenzhou Prefecture
        • Yizhang Co.
          • Yaogangxian W-Sn ore field
    		Jensen, M. (2009): Mineral News 25(4), 1-11, 14
      • Xiangtan Prefecture
        • Yuhu District
    		Varentsov, I.M. (1996): Manganese ores of supergene zone: Geochemistry of formation. Springer (Berlin, Heidelberg, New York), 342 pp.
      • Yiyang Prefecture
        • Heshan District
    		Mengjun Ceng (1992): Geology and Prospecting 28(8), 13-18
        • Taojiang Co.
    		Mengjun Ceng (1992): Geology and Prospecting 28(8), 13-18; Bo Peng, Piestrzynski, A., Pieczonka, J., Meilian Xiao, Yaozhu Wang, Shurong Xie, Xiaoyan Tang, Changxun Yu and Zhi Song (2007): Environmental Geology 52(7), 1277-1296
    • Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
      • Ulaan Chab League (Wulanchabu Prefecture)
        • Chahar Right Front Banner (Chaha'er Youyi Qianqi)
    		Wang Chen, Ziying Sun, Guojun Liu, Jinwa Wang, and Jianping Wang (2006): Geology and Prospecting 42(1), 26-29
    • Liaoning Province (Manchuria; Dongbei Region)
      • Chaoyang Prefecture
        • Chaoyang Co.
    		Fan, D., Ye, J., and Li, J. (1999): Ore Geology Reviews 15(1), 31-53.
      • Huludao Prefecture
        • Jianchang Co.
          • Bajiazi Zn-Pb-Ag deposit
    		Yiming Zhao, Yongguan Dong, Daxin Li, and Chengsi Bi (2003): Ore Geology Reviews 23, 153-182.
    Yiming Zhao, Yongguan Dong, Daxin Li, and Chengsi Bi (2003): Ore Geology Reviews 23, 153-182.
    Yiming Zhao, Yongguan Dong, Daxin Li, and Chengsi Bi (2003): Ore Geology Reviews 23, 153-182.
    Yiming Zhao, Yongguan Dong, Daxin Li, and Chengsi Bi (2003): Ore Geology Reviews 23, 153-182.
    • Shaanxi Province
      • Hanzhong Prefecture
        • Hantai District
    		Hein, J.R., Fan, D., Ye, J., Liu, T., and Yeh, H.-W. (1999): Ore Geology Reviews 15(1), 95-134.
        • Ningqiang Co.
    		Yeh, H.-W., Hein, J.R., Ye, J., and Fan, D. (1999): Ore Geology Reviews 15(1), 55-69.
    • Sichuan Province
      • Leshan Prefecture
        • Jinkouhe District
    		Fan, D., Hein, J.R., and Ye, J. (1999): Ore Geology Reviews 15(1), 135-151.
      • Ya'an Prefecture
        • Hanyuan Co.
    		Fan, D., Hein, J.R., and Ye, J. (1999): Ore Geology Reviews 15(1), 135-151.
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • Central Bohemia Region
        • Kutná Hora (Kuttenberg)
    		No reference listed
    NJMM (1988), 539
    Pauliš P. Mineralogické lokality okolí Kutné Hory. Kuttna, Kutná Hora 1999. ISBN 80-902719-0-1.
        • Příbram
          • Březové Hory (Birkenberg)
            • Březové Hory deposit
    		Trdlička Z.: Kutnohorit z Příbrami. Časopis pro mineralogii a geologii, 1979, 24, 1, 90.
      • Karlovy Vary Region
        • Sokolov (Falkenau an der Eger)
    		Beran, P., Rojík, P.: Mineralogie a geologie lomu Lomnice v sokolovské hnědouhelné pánvi. Bulletin mineralogicko-petrografického oddělení Národního muzea v Praze, 1997, roč. 4-5, s. 77-83.
      • Pardubice Region
    		Prachař, I.: Současný stav výskytu nerostů ve Chvaleticích. Acta musei Reginaehradecensis, série A: vědy přírodní, 1981, roč. XVI., s. 99-102.
    France
     
    • Burgundy
      • Nièvre
        • Villapourçon
    		Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. Cristallo. , 1974, 97, pp. 491-493.
    • Franche-Comté
      • Haute-Saône
        • Faucogney-et-la-Mer
          • Esmoulières
            • Saphoz
    		Perseil, E. A. (1975) - Nature and mineralogical studies of manganese oxides and carbonates in Faucogney (Haute-Saone). Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, D, 280, 1931-1934
    Perseil, E. A. (1975) - Nature and mineralogical studies of manganese oxides and carbonates in Faucogney (Haute-Saone). Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, D, 280, 1931-1934
    • Midi-Pyrénées
      • Ariège
    		Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. Cristallo. , 1974, 97, pp. 475-478.
        • Saint-Girons
          • Castelnau-Durban
    		Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. Cristallo. , 1974, 97, pp. 475-478.
          • Esplas de Serou
    		Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. Cristallo. , 1974, 97, pp. 475-478.
      • Hautes-Pyrénées
        • Aure Valley
          • Vielle Aure
    		DE ASCENCAO GUEDES R., TIXADOR Y., CASTERET A. & GOUJOU JC. (2002) La mine de Coustou, Vielle-Aure, Hautes-Pyrénées. Le Règne Minéral, 47, 23-31. (in french)
    Gabon
     
    • Haut-Ogooué Province
      • Léboumbi-Leyou Department
        • Moanda
    		Econ Geol (1988) 83:93-117
    Germany
     
    • Bavaria
      • Franconia
        • Spessart
          • Hösbach
            • Sailauf
              • Hartkoppe
    		Lorenz, J. (1991): Die Mineralien im Rhyolithsteinbruch von Sailauf, Der Aufschluss, Vol. 42, 1-38
    • Lower Saxony
      • Harz
        • Clausthal-Zellerfeld
          • Bad Grund
            • Wiemannsbucht
    		No reference listed
      • Peine
    		Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
    • Saxony-Anhalt
      • Harz
        • Wernigerode
          • Elbingerode
    		Lapis 2003(2), 13-20
    • Saxony
      • Erzgebirge
        • Freiberg District
          • Bräunsdorf
    		J Gröbner collection
          • Naundorf
    		Grütze, T. (2006): Rauchquarz und Kugelpyrite aus dem Steinbruch Naundorf bei Freiberg/Sachsen. Lapis 31 (12), 16-19.
    Ghana
     
    • Western Region
      • Tarkwa
    		Mücke, A., Dzigbodi-Adjimah, K., and Annor, A. (1999): Mineralium Deposita 34, 297-311.
    Hungary
     
    • Pest Co.
      • Börzsöny Mts.
        • Márianosztra
    		Mineral Species of Hungary, 2005
    Koch: Minerals of Hungary, 1985
    • Veszprém Co.
      • Bakony Mts.
        • Úrkút
          • Csárda Hill
    		Szakáll & Jánosi (1996) The Minerals of Hungary
    India
     
    • Karnataka
      • Kolar Gold Fields
    		Anantha Iyer, G.V. and Narayanan Kutty, T.R. (1975) Curr. Sci., 44, #11, 371-373.
    Indonesia
     
    • Jawa Island (Java Island)
      • Jawa Barat Province (West Java Province)
        • Bogor District
    		Milési, J.P., Marcoux, E., Sitorus, T., Simandjuntak, M., Leroy, J., and Bailly, L. (1999): Mineralium Deposita 34, 131-149.
    • Kalimantan Island (Borneo Island)
      • Kalimantan Timur Province (East Kalimantan Province)
    		Davies, A. G. S. et al. (2008): Econ. Geol. 103, 717-757.
    Italy
     
    • Aosta Valley
      • Nus
        • Saint-Barthélemy
    		• Barresi, A.A., Kolitsch, U., Ciriotti, M.E., Ambrino, P., Bracco, R., Bonacina, E. (2005): La miniera di manganese di Varenche (Aosta, Italia nord-occidentale): ardennite, arseniopleite, manganberzeliite, pirofanite, sarkinite, thortveitite, nuovo As-Sc-analogo della metavariscite e altre specie. Micro (località), 2/2005, 81-122.
      • Saint-Marcel
    		Castello P. (1982) - Il giacimento manganesifero di Praborna (St. Marcel - AO) - Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, Fasc. 3, pp. 87-92 Castello P. (1982) - Il giacimento manganesifero di Praborna (St. Marcel - AO) - Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, Fasc. 3, pp. 87-92 Castello P. (1982) - Il giacimento manganesifero di Praborna (St. Marcel - AO) - Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, Fasc. 3, pp. 87-92
    • Liguria
      • Genova Province
        • Ne
          • Graveglia Valley
    		Redazionale (2005): Sistematica ligure: resoconto 2005. Notiziario di Mineralogia del Ferrania Club, 19 , 3-5.
    Cortesogno, L., Lucchetti, G., Penco, A.M. (1979): Le mineralizzazioni a manganese nei diaspri delle ofioliti liguri: mineralogia e genesi. Rendiconti Società Iitaliana di Mineralogia e Petrologia. 35, 151-197
    Antofilli, Borgo, Palenzona, 1985. I nostri minerali. Geologia e mineralogia in Liguria. Edizioni Melita, La Spezia.
            • Reppia
    		Redazione (2005): Sistematica ligure: resoconto 2005. Notiziario di Mineralogia Ferrania Club, 19, 3-5.
      • La Spezia Province
        • Rocchetta Vara
    		probed by Balestra C.
    • Piedmont
      • Torino Province
        • Sesia-Lanzo zone
          • Lanzo Valley
            • Lanzo Massif
              • Tesso Valley
                • Monastero di Lanzo
                  • Chiaves
    		Ambrino, P., Ciriotti, M.E., Blass, G., Airaudi, D. (2010): Primo ritrovamento di caryopilite e kutnohorite in Piemonte: Croce di Chiaves, Ceres, Torino. Micro (UK report) 1/2010, 134-141
        • Susa Valley
          • Cesana Torinese
    		Brizio, P., Ambrino, P., Ciriotti, M.E., Blass, G. (2010). L'affioramento a Mn, SiO, Fe, S di Roccia Rossa, Cesana, Torino. Micro (località) 1/2010, 313-328
    • Tuscany
      • Arezzo Province
        • Valdarno (Val d'Arno)
          • Bucine
    		Corazza, M., Pratesi, G., & Braga, R., 1994. Minerals of the Upper Arno River Valley, Tuscany, Italy. Mineralogical Record, 25: 293-299.
          • Cavriglia
            • Santa Barbara lignite District
    		Bini B., Menchetti S. (1985) - Kutnohorite from Levane Upper Valdarno (Italy). Periodico di Mineralogia, Roma, pp. 61-66 and Mineralogical Record, 25 (4), 293-299.
      • Florence & Arezzo Provinces
      • Massa-Carrara Province
        • Fivizzano
    		Mancini, S. (2000). Le mineralizzazioni a manganese delle Alpi Apuane. Tesi di laurea inedita, Università di Pisa.
    • Veneto
      • Vicenza Province
        • Recoaro Terme
    		Gianfranco Capolupi's found. Analized by Gunter Blass (Eschweiler) Germany Cod. ( MB0810 )
    Japan
     
    • Hokkaido
      • Oshima peninsula
        • Kaminokuni
    		Nambu et al (1979) Ganseki-Koubutsu-Koshogaku Zasshi (JAMP), 74, 406-412.
    • Honshu Island
      • Chubu region
        • Nagano prefecture
          • Hata
    		Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan)
      • Tohoku Region
        • Iwate Prefecture
          • Karumai
    		Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan)
          • Kuzumaki
    		Tanida, K. & Kitamura, T. (1982) Mineralogy and thermal transformation of kutnahorite from Fujikura mine, Iwate Prefecture, with the subsolidus relation of system CaO-manganese oxide…. J. Japan Ass. Min. Petr. & Econ. Geol., 77, 227-234
          • Shimohei-gun
            • Yamada
    		Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan)
        • Yamagata Prefecture
          • Yonezawa City
    		Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated by the Geological Survey of Japan)
    • Kyushu Region
      • Oita Prefecture
        • Ono-gun
    		Kiyoshi Kiikuni (Keys Minerals) specimen
    Jordan
     
    • Wadi Arabah (Wadi Araba)
    		Qatar Univ. Sci. J. 21:101-117.
    Kazakhstan
     
    • Kostanay Province (Qostanay Oblysy; Kostanai Oblast')
    		A. Kasatkin data
    Mexico
     
    • Chihuahua
      • Mun. de Aquiles Serdán
        • Santa Eulalia District
          • West Camp
            • Francisco Portillo
    		Panczner (1987):94-366.
    • Hidalgo
      • Mun. de Molango
        • Otongo
    		Econ Geol (1988) 83:93-117
    Panczner(1987): 248.
    Panczner (1987): 248.; Econ Geol (1988) 83:93-117
    • Mexico
      • Mun. de Temascaltepec
        • Temascaltepec de González (Temascaltepec)
    		Camprubi, A., Canals, A., Cardellach, E., Prol-Ledesma, R.M., Rivera, R., 2001, The La Guitarra Ag-Au low-sulfidation epithermal deposit, Temascaltepec district, Mexico: vein structure, mineralogy, and sulfide-sulfosalt chemistry. Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication, v. 8, p. 133-158.
    Namibia
     
    • Karas Region
      • Lüderitz District
        • Rosh Pinah
    		Bezing, L. von, Bode, R. & Jahn, S. (2007): Namibia. Minerals and Localities. Edition Schloss Freudenstein, Bode Verlag, Haltern, 395 pp. (in English)
    • Otjozondjupa Region
      • Grootfontein District
        • Kombat
    		Mineralogical Record: 22: 421.
    New Zealand
     
    • South Island
      • Otago
    		No reference listed
    Norway
     
    • Nordland
      • Ballangen
        • Håfjellet
          • Håfjellsmulden
            • Skårnes River
    		Foslie (1949, pp. 51-53); Neumann (1985, pp. 97-98).
    Peru
     
    • Arequipa Department
      • Castilla Province
        • Shila-Paula District
    		Chauvet, A., Bailly, L., André, A.-S., Monié, P., Cassard, D., Tajada, F.L., Vargas, J.R., and Tuduri, J. (2006): Mineralium Deposita 41, 387-410.
    • Lima Department
      • Oyon Province
    		No reference listed
    • Pasco department
      • Pasco province
        • Cerro de Pasco
          • Atacocha mining district
    		Hyrsl & Rosales (2003) Mineralogical Record, 34, 241-254.
    Poland
     
    • Lower Silesia (Dolnośląskie)
      • Kaczawskie Mts
        • Radzimowice
          • Stara Góra
    		1. R. Siuda, 2001 : New sulphate minerals from the Stara Góra oxidised zone, Radzimowice, Kaczawskie Mts., Mineralogical Society of Poland, Special Papers, vol 18, 186-188
    Romania
     
    • Suceava Co.
      • Suceava district
    		http://minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu
    Russia
     
    • Eastern-Siberian Region
      • Saha Republic (Sakha Republic; Yakutia)
        • Aldan Shield
          • Tyry River
    		Bortnikov, N.S., Gamyanin, G.N., Vikent’eva, O.V., Prokof’ev, V.Y., lpatov, V.A., and Bakharev, A.G. (2007): Geology of Ore Deposits 49(2), 87-128.
      • Transbaikalia (Zabaykalye)
        • Yeniseisk Autonomous Oblast'
          • Kuznetsk Alatau Range
    		Kuleshov, V.N., and Bych, A.F. (2002): Lithology and Mineral Resources 37(4), 330-343.
    • Far-Eastern Region
      • Primorskiy Kray
    		Mineralogical Record: 32: 8.
    • Northern Region
      • Murmanskaja Oblast'
        • Kola Peninsula
    		www.koeln.netsurf.de/~w.steffens/khib.htm
    • Urals Region
      • Middle Urals
        • Ekaterinburgskaya (Sverdlovskaya) Oblast'
          • Ekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk)
            • Sedel'nikovo
    		Brusnitsyn A.I. (2000) Rhodonite deposits of Middle Ural, - S.-Peterburg Univercity press, p. 200 (in Rus.).
      • Southern Urals
        • Bashkortostan (Bashkiria) Republic
          • Sibay
    		Brusnitsyn, A.I. (2006): Geology of Ore Deposits 48(3), 193-214.
        • Orenburgskaya Oblast'
          • Orsk
            • Khalilovskii District
              • Khabarninskii massif
    		Sharkov, A.A. (2009): Lithology and Mineral Resources 44(1), 19-35.
    Slovakia
     
    • Banská Bystrica Region
      • Banská Štiavnica Co.
      • Revúca Co.
        • Chyžné
    		Bálintová T., Ozdín D.,2006:Sulphosalts from Chyžné-Herichová in the Western Carpathians (Slovakia). Acta Miner.-Petrograph.,Abstract Series 5, Szeged, p.8
      • Rimavská Sobota Co.
    		Koděra et all.,1990: Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, I-III, 1590p
    • Bratislava Region
      • Malacky Co.
    		Šoltés S., Rojkovič I., 2003: Manganese mineralization in the Toarcian Mariatal shales (Malé Karpáty Mts.), Slovakia. Acta Iniv. Palackianae Olomuc., Geologica, 38, 23 -31
    Šoltés S., Rojkovič I., 2003: Manganese mineralization in the Toarcian Mariatal shales (Malé Karpáty Mts.), Slovakia. Acta Iniv. Palackianae Olomuc., Geologica, 38, 23 -31
    Šoltés S., Rojkovič I., 2003: Manganese mineralization in the Toarcian Mariatal shales (Malé Karpáty Mts.), Slovakia. Acta Iniv. Palackianae Olomuc., Geologica, 38, 23 -31
    Šoltés S., Rojkovič I., 2003: Manganese mineralization in the Toarcian Mariatal shales (Malé Karpáty Mts.), Slovakia. Acta Iniv. Palackianae Olomuc., Geologica, 38, 23 -31
    • Košice Region
      • Rožňava Co.
        • Rožňava (Rosenau)
          • Čučma
    		Koděra et all.,1990: Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, I-III, 1590p
    • Žilina Region
      • Liptovský Mikuláš Co.
    		Ozdin D., Chovan M., 1999: New mineralogical and paragenetic knowledge about siderite veins in the vicinity of Vyšná Boca, Nízke Tatry Mts. Slov. Geol. Magazine, Bratislava, 5, 4, 255-271
    South Africa
     
    • Northern Cape Province
      • Kalahari manganese fields
        • Hotazel
    		No reference listed
        • Kuruman
          • N'Chwaning Mines
    		Minerals of South Africa
    Minerals of South Africa
    Econ Geol (1987) 82:706-718
    Sweden
     
    • Dalsland
      • Åmål
    		Mofjell, Erik (1990):Mineralnytt från Sverige. STEIN 17(4),38
    • Värmland
      • Filipstad
    		Nysten, P., Holtstam, D. and Jonsson, E. (1999) The Långban minerals. In Långban - The mines,their minerals, geology and explorers (D. Holtstam and J. Langhof, eds.), Swedish Museum of Natural History and Raster Förlag, Stockholm & Chr. Weise Verlag, Munich, pp. 89-183. ; K:Gatedal
        • Persberg district
          • Pajsberg
    		Nysten, P. (2004): Harstigen ett mineralogisk eldorado i Bergslagen. Norsk Bergverksmuseum Skrift 28: 5-13
    • Västmanland
      • Hällefors
        • Grythyttan
    		No reference listed
    No reference listed
    Switzerland
     
    • Grischun (Grisons; Graubünden)
      • Albula Valley
        • Oberhalbstein (Surses; Sursass)
          • Tinizong (Tinzen)
    		[MinRec 32:211]
      • Bregaglia Valley (Bergell)
        • Maroz Valley
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 244.
      • Hinterrhein Valley
        • Ferrera Valley
          • Ausserferrera
    		Amer.Min.(1996) 81, 1270-1276
        • Rheinwald
          • Splügen
    		Probed by N. Meisser as associated mineral in the specimen of coralloite (ex coll. F. Vanini)
    • Wallis (Valais)
      • Turtmann Valley
        • Pipjitälli
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 399.
    Turkey
     
    • Aegean Region
      • Denizli Province
        • Kale
    		Öztürk, H. (1997): Ore Geology Reviews 12, 187-203.
    • Marmara Region
      • Istanbul Province
        • Binkiliç
    		Öztürk, H., and Frakes, L.A. (1995): Ore Geology Reviews 10, 117-131.
    • Mediterranean Region
      • Adana Province
        • Ceyhan
    		Öztürk, H. (1997): Ore Geology Reviews 12, 187-203.
    Öztürk, H. (1997): Ore Geology Reviews 12, 187-203.
    Ukraine
     
    • Crimea Oblast'
      • Crimea peninsula
        • Alushta
    		Alexander I. Tischenko (1996). Minerals of the Crimea - World of stones, 1996, #9, p. 9-18
        • Kerch peninsula (Kertch peninsula)
          • Kerchenskyi (Fe)-ore basin
            • Kerchenskoe deposit
    		Arbuzov V.A. et al. (1967) Kerch Iron-Ore Basin (Kerchenskii Zhelezorydny Bassein)/ - Moscow:Nedra. - 576 h/ (Rus.)
    USA
     
    • Arizona
      • Graham Co.
        • Aravaipa District
          • Santa Teresa Mts
            • Aravaipa
              • Landsman Camp (Landsman group)
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 245; Reiter, B.E. (1981), Controls on lead-zinc skarn mineralization, Iron Cap mine area, Aravaipa district, Graham Co., AZ, in C. Stone and J.P. Jenney (editors), AZ Geol. Soc. Digest: 13: 117-125; Wilson, W.E. (1988), The Iron Cap Mine, Min.Rec.: 19(2): 81-87.
    • California
      • Mendocino Co.
        • Coastal Range
          • Laytonville
    		Chesterman, C.W. (1966b), Mineralogy of the Laytonville quarry, Mendocino County, California, in: Geology of Northern California: California Division Mines & Geol. Bulletin 190: 506; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California: 221.
      • Santa Clara Co.
        • Diablo Range
          • Black Wonder District
            • Mount Hamilton
              • San Antonio Valley
    		Erd, R.C. and Y. Ohashi (1981) Santaclaraite, a new manganese silicate from California, American Mineralogist; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 414; American Mineralogist (1984): 69: 200-206.
    • Colorado
      • Eagle Co.
        • Gilman District (Battle Mountain District; Red Cliff District)
          • Gilman
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • Mineral Co.
        • Creede District
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • Ouray Co.
        • Sneffels District (Mount Sneffels District)
          • Ouray
    		Rocks & Min.:65:114-149 (see also Rocks & Min.:62:9 & 64:140-141 + Min.Rec.:20(5):388).
    Rocks & Min. (2009):84:414-425.
          • Yankee Boy Basin
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • Park Co.
        • Alma District
          • Mount Bross
    		Min News 20:9 pp1,3,10,11
      • San Juan Co.
        • Eureka District
    		Rocks & Min.: 63: 366-384.
    • Connecticut
      • Middlesex Co.
        • Haddam
    		Januzzi (1976) p. 229, 235; Rocks & Min.: 70:403
    • Massachusetts
      • Hampshire Co.
        • Plainfield
    		"Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities" by Alan Plante, Valley Geology Press, 1992.
    • Michigan
      • Marquette Co.
        • Marquette iron range
          • Champion
    		Rocks & Min.:58:111 & 61:328.
          • Republic
    		Mineralogy of Michigan (2004) Heinrich & Robinson
    • Minnesota
      • Crow Wing Co.
        • Cuyuna North Range
    		Allen Lundgren collection
          • Portsmouth group
    		Allen Lundgren collection
      • Stearns Co.
    		Journal of Paleolimnology 24: 199–211, 2000.
    • Missouri
      • Jackson Co.
    		Rocks & Min., March 1998.
    • Nevada
      • Lander Co.
        • Lewis District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Nye Co.
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    • New Jersey
      • Sussex Co.
        • Franklin Mining District
    		Dunn (1995) p. 617
          • Ogdensburg
            • Sterling Hill
    		Frondel, C.: Minerals of Franklin and Sterling Hill, NJ - a checklist (1972); Peacor, et al: Am.Min.:72:319-328 (1987); Dunn(1995):Pt4:617.
    • North Carolina
      • Alleghany Co.
        • Sparta
          • Bald Knob
    		Rocks & Min.: 60:130-135.
      • Lee Co.
        • Moncure
    		Korbel, P. & Novák. M. (1999): The Complete Encyclopedia Of Minerals. Chartwell, 1999. 296 p
    • South Dakota
      • Brule Co.
    		Econ Geol (1988) 83:93-117
    • Virginia
      • Pittsylvania Co.
        • James River-Roanoke River Mn-Fe-Ba District
    		AmMin 88:740-747 (2003)
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