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Metavoltine

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Anna Mine, Alsdorf, Aachen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
© Thomas Witzke

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Formula:
Na
 
6
K
 
2
FeFe
 
6
(SO
 
4
)
 
12
O
 
2
 · 18H
 
2
O
System:TrigonalColour:Yellowish brown, ...
Hardness:2½
Name:From the Greek μετά = "with" and voltaite, in allusion to the species' original association with voltaite.
This page provides mineralogical data about Metavoltine.

Classification of Metavoltine

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:6/D.14-10
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:7.DF.35

7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
D : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, with H2O
F : With large and medium-sized cations
Dana 8th edition ID:29.4.6.1

29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
4 : AmBn(XO4)p·xH2O, with (m+n):p < 3:2 and > 1:1
Hey's CIM Ref.:25.11.12

25 : Sulphates
11 : Sulphates of Fe and other metals
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Type Occurrence of Metavoltine

Type Locality:Zagh Mine (Tangeh Zagh mine; Madeni Zakh), Haji Abad town, Abumusa County, Bandar Abbas (Bandar-e Abbas), Hormozgan Province, Iran
Year of Discovery:1883

Occurrences of Metavoltine

Geological Setting:Alteration product of pyrite in arid climates, fumaroles, and post mining oxidation product.

Physical Properties of Metavoltine

Lustre:Resinous
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Translucent
Colour:Yellowish brown, orange-brown, greenish brown
Hardness (Mohs):2½
Cleavage:Perfect
Perfect on {0001}.
Density (measured):2.51 g/cm3
Density (calculated):2.435 g/cm3
Comment:Drensity of synthetic material 2.396.

Crystallography of Metavoltine

Crystal System:Trigonal
Cell Parameters:a = 9.575(5) Å, c = 18.17(1) Å
Ratio:a:c = 1 : 1.898
Unit Cell Volume:V 1,442.66 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:1
Morphology:Crystals tabular {0001} with a hexagonal outline. Commonly tiny. As granular or scaly aggregates.
Comment:May be 3 or _3
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
d-spacingIntensity
18.28 (33)
9.12 (100)
3.300 (37)
3.087 (23)
2.899 (30)
2.375 (23)
2.002 (37)

Optical Data of Metavoltine

Type:Uniaxial (-)
RI values: nω = 1.588 - 1.595 nε = 1.573 - 1.581
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.015

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:Moderate
Pleochroism:Visible
Comments:Dichroic:

La Compania material:
O = Dark yellow, E = pale yellow

Chuquicamata material:
O = Brown. E = Light greenish yellow

Chilean material (not specified):
O = Dark yellow, E = Light yellow

Peruvian material (not specified):
O = Deep or

Chemical Properties of Metavoltine

Formula:
Na
 
6
K
 
2
FeFe
 
6
(SO
 
4
)
 
12
O
 
2
 · 18H
 
2
O
Essential elements:Fe, H, K, Na, O, S
All elements listed in formula:Fe, H, K, Na, O, S
Empirical Formula:
Na
 
6
K
 
2
Fe
2+
 
Fe
3+
6
(SO
 
4
)
 
12
O
 
2
 · 18H
 
2
O

Relationship of Metavoltine to other Species

Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
7.DF.05Uklonskovite
NaMg(SO
 
4
)F · 2H
 
2
O
7.DF.10Kainite
KMg(SO
 
4
)Cl · 3H
 
2
O
7.DF.15Natrochalcite
NaCu
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH) · 2H
 
2
O
7.DF.20Metasideronatrite
Na
 
4
Fe
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
(OH)
 
2
 · 2H
 
2
O
7.DF.20Sideronatrite
Na
 
2
Fe(SO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH) · 3H
 
2
O
7.DF.25Despujolsite
Ca
 
3
Mn
4+
 
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
6
 · 3H
 
2
O
7.DF.25Fleischerite
Pb
 
3
Ge(SO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
6
 · 3H
 
2
O
7.DF.25Schaurteite
Ca
 
3
Ge(SO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
6
 · 4H
 
2
O
7.DF.25Mallestigite
Pb
 
3
Sb
5+
 
(SO
 
4
)(AsO
 
4
)(OH)
 
6
 · 3H
 
2
O
7.DF.30Slavíkite
(H
 
3
O
+
 
)
 
3
Mg
 
6
Fe
 
15
(SO
 
4
)
 
21
(OH)
 
18
 · 99H
 
2
O
7.DF.40Lannonite
HCa
 
4
Mg
 
2
Al
 
4
(SO
 
4
)
 
8
F
 
9
 · 32H
 
2
O
7.DF.40Vlodavetsite
AlCa
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
F
 
2
Cl · 4H
 
2
O
7.DF.45Peretaite
Ca(SbO)
 
4
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
2
 · 2H
 
2
O
7.DF.50Gordaite
NaZn
 
4
(SO
 
4
)(OH)
 
6
Cl · 6H
 
2
O
7.DF.55Clairite
(NH
 
4
)
 
2
Fe
 
3
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
(OH)
 
3
 · 3H
 
2
O
7.DF.60Arzrunite
Cu
 
4
Pb
 
2
(SO
 
4
)(OH)
 
4
Cl
 
6
 · 2H
 
2
O (?)
7.DF.65Elyite
Pb
 
4
Cu(SO
 
4
)O
 
2
(OH)
 
4
 · H
 
2
O
7.DF.70Yecoraite
Fe
3+
3
Bi
 
5
(Te
6+
 
O
 
4
)
 
2
(Te
4+
 
O
 
3
)O
 
9
 · 9H
 
2
O
7.DF.75Riomarinaite
Bi(SO
 
4
)(OH) · H
 
2
O
7.DF.80Dukeite
Bi
3+
24
Cr
6+
8
O
 
57
(OH)
 
6
 · 3H
 
2
O
7.DF.85Xocolatlite
Ca
 
2
Mn
4+
2
(Te
6+
 
O
 
6
)
 
2
 · H
 
2
O
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
25.11.1Natrojarosite
NaFe
 
3
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
6
25.11.2Sideronatrite
Na
 
2
Fe(SO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH) · 3H
 
2
O
25.11.3Metasideronatrite
Na
 
4
Fe
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
(OH)
 
2
 · 2H
 
2
O
25.11.4Ferrinatrite
Na
 
3
Fe(SO
 
4
)
 
3
 · 3H
 
2
O
25.11.5Amarillite
NaFe(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 6H
 
2
O
25.11.6Yavapaiite
KFe(SO
 
4
)
 
2
25.11.7Krausite
KFe(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · H
 
2
O
25.11.8Goldichite
KFe(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O
25.11.9Jarosite
KFe
3+
 
 
3
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
6
25.11.10Voltaite
K
 
2
Fe
2+
5
Fe
3+
3
Al(SO
 
4
)
 
12
 · 18H
 
2
O
25.11.11Ungemachite
K
 
3
Na
 
8
Fe(SO
 
4
)
 
6
(NO
 
3
)
 
2
 · 6H
 
2
O
25.11.13Sabieite
(NH
 
4
)Fe
3+
 
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
25.11.14Ammoniojarosite
(NH
 
4
)Fe
3+
3
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
6
25.11.15Clairite
(NH
 
4
)
 
2
Fe
 
3
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
(OH)
 
3
 · 3H
 
2
O
25.11.16Mohrite
(NH
 
4
)
 
2
Fe(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 6H
 
2
O
25.11.17Lonecreekite
(NH
 
4
)Fe
3+
 
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 12H
 
2
O
25.11.18Godovikovite
(NH
 
4
)Al(SO
 
4
)
 
2
25.11.19Botryogen
MgFe
3+
 
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH) · 7H
 
2
O
25.11.21Slavíkite
(H
 
3
O
+
 
)
 
3
Mg
 
6
Fe
 
15
(SO
 
4
)
 
21
(OH)
 
18
 · 99H
 
2
O
25.11.23Sturmanite
Ca
 
6
(Fe
3+
 
,Al,Mn
3+
 
)
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
[B(OH)
 
4
](OH)
 
12
 · 25H
 
2
O
25.11.24Millosevichite
(Al,Fe)
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
25.11.25Aluminocopiapite
Al
 
2/3
Fe
3+
4
(SO
 
4
)
 
6
(OH)
 
2
 · 20H
 
2
O
25.11.26Halotrichite
FeAl
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
 · 22H
 
2
O
25.11.27Idrizite
(Mg,Fe)(Al,Fe)
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
(OH)
 
2
 · 15H
 
2
O or near
25.11.28Lishizhenite
ZnFe
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
 · 14H
 
2
O
25.11.29Zincovoltaite
K
 
2
Zn
 
5
Fe
3+
3
Al(SO
 
4
)
 
12
 · 18H
 
2
O

Other Names for Metavoltine

Synonyms:
α-MetavoltineMausiteMetavoltaite
Other Languages:
German:Mausit
Metavoltin
Russian:Метавольтин
Spanish:Mausita

Other Information

Other Information:Partly soluble in water. Slowly decomposed by dilute acids.
Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Metavoltine

Reference List:

- +
Blaas (1883) Konigliche Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna, Sitzber.: 87: 155 (Metavoltine).

Zambonini (1906) Reale accademia delle scienze fisische e matematiche, Naples, Att.: 13: 18.

Lacroix (1907) Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie: 30: 33.

Zambonini (1908) Reale accademia delle scienze fisische e matematiche, Naples, Rendu: 158.

Aquilar (1911) Bollettino della Societa dei Naturalisti in Napoli: 25: 28.

Larsen, E.S. (1921) The Microscopic Determination of the Nonopaque Minerals, First edition, USGS Bulletin 679: 109.

Scharizer (1923) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 58: 420.

Scharizer (1927) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 65: 1 (as α-Metavoltine)

Gossner and Arm (1929) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 72: 205.

Mellor, J.W. (1935) A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. 16 volumes, London: 14: 341 (artif. mat.).

Gossner (1936) Zbl. Min.: 262.

Bandy (1938) American Mineralogist: 23: 735 (discrepant crystallographical data).

Gordon (1940) Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia, Notulae Naturae, no. 64.

Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged, 1124 pp.: 619-621 (as Metavoltine).

Scordari, F., Vurro, F., and Menchetti, S. (1975) The metavoltine problem: relationships between metavoltine and Maus’ salt. Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen: 22: 88-97.

Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen: 23: 155-166.

Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen (1981): 28: 207.

Internet Links for Metavoltine

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    • Localities for Metavoltine

    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    Hide Locality List
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Argentina
     
    • Catamarca
      • Andalgalá Department
    		Handbook of Mineralogy - Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols; Milka K. de Brodtkorb (2002) Las Especies Minerales de la Republica Argentina. Vol. 1 (elements, sulphides and sulphosalts). (Asociacion Mineralogica Argentina)
    Marquez Zavalia, M. F. (1986): Challantite of Capillitas Mine, Catamarca. Revista de la Asociacion Argentina de Mineralogia, Petrologia y Sedimentologia 17, 19-22. (in Spanish); MARQUEZ-ZAVALIA, M.F.. The As-rich end-member of the jordanite-geocronite series of the Capillitas Mine, Catamarca. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2006, vol.61, n.2, pp. 231-235.
    • Jujuy
      • El Palmar District
    		Handbook of Mineralogy - Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols; Zavalia, Maria Florencia Marquez & Galliski, Miguel Angel (1995): Goldichite of fumarolic origin from the Santa Barbara mine, Jujuy, northwestern Argentina. Canadian Mineralogist 33, 1059-1062.
    Austria
     
    • Lower Austria
      • Waldviertel
        • Drosendorf-Zissersdorf
          • Wollmersdorf
    		Carinthia II, 194./114 (2004) 217-257.
        • Mühldorf
          • Amstall
    		Kolitsch, U. (2008)
    • Styria
      • Leutschach
    		matrixx 1, p.79-82
    Belgium
     
    • Hainaut (Henegouwen; Hennegau) Province
      • Mons
        • Blaton
    		Handbook of Mineralogy - Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols
    Canada
     
    • Nova Scotia
      • Hants Co.
        • Walton
    		Can. Min. 9, 718
    Chile
     
    • Antofagasta Region
      • Antofagasta Province
        • Mejillones
          • Mejillones peninsula
    		Samples analysed by Dr. Tony Kampf, Curator of LAC Mineralogical Museum, USA
        • Sierra Gorda District
          • Caracoles
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 457, 605, 620.
    M.Dini & A.Molina collections-analysed material
      • El Loa Province
        • Calama
          • Cerritos Bayos
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 620.
          • Chuquicamata District
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II.: 457, 620; Handbook of Mineralogy - Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols.
            • Toki Cu deposit (Toki Cluster)
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 620.
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • Karlovy Vary Region
        • Krušné Hory Mts (Erzgebirge)
          • Jáchymov (St Joachimsthal) District
    		Lapis 2002(7/8), 63-65
    France
     
    • Brittany
      • Morbihan
        • Belle-Ile
          • Le Palais
    		R. Pierrot, L. Chauris, C. Laforêt and F. Pillard : "Inventaire Minéralogique de la France N° 9 : Morbihan", BRGM, 1980.
    • Limousin
      • Haute-Vienne
        • Ambazac
    		A. Lacroix : "Minéralogie de la France et de ses colonies", 1913.
    Germany
     
    • Hesse
      • Richelsdorf District
        • Süss
          • Richelsdorf Smelter
    		S. Weiß: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1992
    • North Rhine-Westphalia
      • Aachen
        • Alsdorf
    		XRD analysis (T. Witzke)
      • Ruhr Coal Mining area
        • Bottrop
    		Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", 1990
        • Essen
    		Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", 1990
        • Herne
    		No reference listed
        • Recklinghausen
          • Marl-Hüls
    		Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", 1990
    • Saxony
      • Dresden
        • Freital
    		Thalheim, K.; Reichel, W. & Witzke, T. (1991): Die Minerale des Döhlener Beckens.- Schriften des Staatlichen Museums für Mineralogie und Geologie zu Dresden, Nr. 3
    • Thuringia
      • Gera
        • Ronneburg U deposit
    		T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998(7/8), 26-64
    Greece
     
    • Aegean Islands (Aiyaíon) Department
      • Kykládes Prefecture
        • Cyclade Islands (Cyclades; Kikladhes; Nomos Kikladhon)
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 620.
    • Attikí (Attica; Attika) Prefecture
      • Lavrion (Laurion; Laurium) District
        • Lavrion District Mines
          • Plaka
            • Plaka Mines
    		No reference listed
    Hungary
     
    • Baranya Co.
      • Mecsek Mts.
        • Komló
    		Geoda 2007/1
        • Pécs
    		Szakáll, S. & Kristály, F. (2008): Ammonium sulphates from burning coal dumps at Komló and Pécs-Vasas, Mecsek Mts., South Hungary. Mineralogia, Special Papers, Vol. 32 (2nd Central-European Mineralogical Conference 2008 (CEMC)), 154.
    Iran
     
    • Hormozgan Province
      • Bandar Abbas (Bandar-e Abbas)
        • Abumusa County
          • Haji Abad town
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 620; Mineralogical Magazine (1977) 41, 371; Sitzungsber. k. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien (1883) 87, 155
    • Yazd Province
      • Saghand (Sagand; Saqand)
    		Bariand, P., Cesbron, F. & Berthelon, J. P. (1977): Iron sulfates of Saghand near Yazd (Iran). Memoire Hors-Série de la Société Géologique de France 8, 77-85.
    Italy
     
    • Campania
      • Naples Province
        • Somma-Vesuvius Complex
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 620.
    Russo, M., Punzo, I. (2004): I minerali del Somma-Vesuvio, AMI
      • Phlegrean Volcanic complex
        • Naples Province
          • Phlegrean Fields
            • Cape Miseno
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 620.
            • Pozzuoli
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 620.
    • Sicily
      • Messina Province
        • Lipari
          • Eolie Islands (Aeolian Islands)
    		Russo, M. (2006): Il gesso delle valli del Faurdo e del Caolino (Isola di Lipari, Messina, Sicilia). Micro (notizie mineralogche), 2006, 51-54.
            • Vulcano Island
    		LACROIX A. (1907) - Sur deux gisement noveaux de metavoltine. - Bulletin de Minéralogie - 30, 30
              • Porto Levante
    		LACROIX A. (1907) - Sur deux gisement noveaux de metavoltine. - Bulletin de Mineralogie - 30, 30. PANICHI U. (1924): Contributo allo studio dei minerali dell'Isola di Vulcano. - Memorie della Società Italiana delle Scienze (detta dei XL) - serie 3 - 19, 3-55.
    LACROIX A. (1907) - Sur deux gisement noveaux de metavoltine. - Bulletin de Mineralogie - 30, 30. PANICHI U. (1924): Contributo allo studio dei minerali dell'Isola di Vulcano. - Memorie della Società Italiana delle Scienze (detta dei XL) - serie 3 - 19, 3-55.
    LACROIX A. (1907) - Sur deux gisement noveaux de metavoltine. - Bulletin de Mineralogie - 30, 30. PANICHI U. (1924): Contributo allo studio dei minerali dell'Isola di Vulcano. - Memorie della Società Italiana delle Scienze (detta dei XL) - serie 3 - 19, 3-55.
    • Tuscany
      • Siena Province
        • Chiusdino
    		Mineralogical Record, 15 (1), 27-36; Bertelli L., 1975. La metavoltina delle Cetine di Cotorniano. Notiz. Gr. Mineral. Fiorent., II, 2: 11-13.
    Japan
     
    • Kyushu Region
      • Kagoshima Prefecture
    		Ishii et al (1991) Chigaku Kenkyu, 40, 33-38.
      • Nansei Archipelago
        • Kagoshima Prefecture
          • Tokara Archipelago
    		Alfredo Petrov collection.
    New Zealand
     
    • North Island
      • Tongariro
        • Taupo
    		The Rotokawa geothermal System. Krupp & Seward 1978, Economic Geology. 82 pp 1109-1129; Econ Geol (1987)82:1109-1129
    Peru
     
    • Ayacucho Department
      • Lucanas Province
        • Huachuas
    		Dr. Jaroslav Hyrsl specimens.
    Poland
     
    • Upper Silesia (Śląskie)
      • Upper Silesian Coal Basin
        • Katowice area
    		Parafiniuk, J. and Kruszewski, Ł. (2009): Ammonium minerals from burning coal-dumps of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (Poland). Geol. Quart., 53, 341-356. http://www.pgi.gov.pl/images/stories/G_Q/53_3/parafiniuk.pdf (esp. p. 347)]
    Saint Helena
     
    Handbook of Mineralogy - Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols
    Slovakia
     
    • Košice Region
      • Gelnica Co.
        • Smolník Mining District
    		Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590
    • Prešov Region
      • Prešov Co.
        • Červenica
          • Dubník
    		Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590
    Spain
     
    • Andalusia
      • Huelva
        • Minas de Riotinto
    		[MinRec 27:284]
    UK
     
    • England
      • Cornwall
        • St Just District
          • St Just
            • Botallack
    		Handbook of Mineralogy - Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols
      • Cumbria
        • North and Western Region (Cumberland)
          • Cockermouth
    		BMS Database
    USA
     
    • Arizona
      • Cochise Co.
        • Mule Mts
          • Warren District
    		No reference listed
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 297.
    • California
      • San Bernardino Co.
        • Calico Mts (Calico Hills)
          • Calico District (Daggett District)
            • Yermo
              • Mule Canyon
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), Foshag, William Frederick (1931c), Krausite, a new sulphate from California: American Mineralogist: 16: 352-360; Moller, W.P. (1963) Sulfur Hole. Mineralogist: 31, part 1, No. 3: 12-16; part 2, No. 4: 12-15; Scordari, F., Vurro, F., and Menchetti, S. (1975) The metavoltine problem: relationships between metavoltine and Maus’ salt. Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen: 22: 88-97; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 278; The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 620; Joseph F. Cooper, Jr., Gail E. Dunning, Ted A. Hadley, and William P. Moller (2001) The Sulfur Hole, Calico District, San Bernardino County, California
    • Kentucky
      • Lincoln Co.
    		MinRec 28 (5), 369-384.
    Rocks & Minerals 81:420-440
    • Nevada
      • Washoe Co.
        • Steamboat Springs District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    • Utah
      • San Juan Co.
        • White Canyon District
          • Red Canyon
    Min News 5:10 p1-5
    • Virginia
      • Wise Co.
        • Big Stone Gap
    		Minerals of Virginia, 1990 by R. V. Dietrich
    Minerals of Virginia, 1990 by R. V. Dietrich
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