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Pyrophanite

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Big Photo

Poudrette quarry (Demix quarry; Uni-Mix quarry; Desourdy quarry; Carrière Mont Saint-Hilaire), Mont Saint-Hilaire, Rouville RCM, Montérégie, Québec, Canada
© Stephan Wolfsried

Show Pyrophanite Photos (56)



Formula:
Mn
2+
 
TiO
 
3
System:TrigonalColour:blood red, greenish ...
Hardness:5 - 6
Member of:Ilmenite Group
Name:From the Greek πΰρ, fire, and φαίνεσθαι, to appear, in allusion to its red color.


Ilmenite-Pyrophanite Series. The manganese analogue of Geikielite, Ilmenite, and Ecandrewsite.

Classification of Pyrophanite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:4/C.05-30
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:4.CB.05

4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
C : Metal: Oxygen = 2: 3,3: 5, and similar
B : With medium-sized cations
Dana 8th edition ID:4.3.5.3

4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
3 : A2X3
Hey's CIM Ref.:7.9.13

7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
9 : Oxides of Ti
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Type Occurrence of Pyrophanite

Type Locality:Harstigen Mine, Pajsberg, Persberg district, Filipstad, Värmland, Sweden
Year of Discovery:1890

Occurrences of Pyrophanite

Geological Setting:Metamorphosed manganese deposits.

Physical Properties of Pyrophanite

Lustre:Metallic, Sub-Metallic
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Opaque
Colour:blood red, greenish yellow
Comment:Orange in transmitted light
Streak:ochre yellow with greenish tinge
Hardness (Mohs):5 - 6
Hardness (Vickers):VHN50=435 - 579 kg/mm2
Cleavage:Perfect
On {0221} perfect; {1012} less perfect.
Fracture:Conchoidal, Sub-Conchoidal
Density (measured):4.537 g/cm3
Density (calculated):4.596 g/cm3

Crystallography of Pyrophanite

Crystal System:Trigonal
Class (H-M):3 - Rhombohedral
Space Group:R3
Cell Parameters:a = 5.13948(7) Å, c = 14.2829(4) Å
Ratio:a:c = 1 : 2.779
Unit Cell Volume:V 326.73 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:6
Morphology:Fine scaly.

Optical Data of Pyrophanite

Type:Uniaxial (-)
RI values: nω = 2.481 nε = 2.210
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.271

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:Very High

Chemical Properties of Pyrophanite

Formula:
Mn
2+
 
TiO
 
3
Essential elements:Mn, O, Ti
All elements listed in formula:Mn, O, Ti
Common Impurities:Fe,Zn

Relationship of Pyrophanite to other Species

Series:Forms a series with Ilmenite (see here)
Member of:Ilmenite Group
Other Members of Group:

- +
Ecandrewsite
(Zn,Fe
2+
 
,Mn
2+
 
)TiO
 
3
Geikielite
MgTiO
 
3
Ilmenite
Fe
2+
 
TiO
 
3
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
4.CB.05Brizziite
NaSb
5+
 
O
 
3
4.CB.05Corundum
Al
 
2
O
 
3
4.CB.05Ecandrewsite
(Zn,Fe
2+
 
,Mn
2+
 
)TiO
 
3
4.CB.05Eskolaite
Cr
 
2
O
 
3
4.CB.05Geikielite
MgTiO
 
3
4.CB.05Hematite
Fe
 
2
O
 
3
4.CB.05Ilmenite
Fe
2+
 
TiO
 
3
4.CB.05Karelianite
V
3+
2
O
 
3
4.CB.05Melanostibite
Mn
2+
 
(Sb
5+
 
,Fe
3+
 
)O
 
3
4.CB.05Akimotoite
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)SiO
 
3
4.CB.05Auroantimonate
AuSbO
 
3
4.CB.05Romanite
(◻,Pb,Ca)UFe
2+
2
(Ti,Fe
3+
 
)
 
6
Ti
 
12
O
 
38
4.CB.05UM1998-11-O-AuHSb
Au
+
2
Sb
3+
 
O
 
2
(OH)
4.CB.05Tistarite
Ti
3+
2
O
 
3
4.CB.10Avicennite
Tl
 
2
O
 
3
4.CB.10Bixbyite
(Mn
3+
 
,Fe
3+
 
)
 
2
O
 
3
4.CB.15Armalcolite
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)Ti
 
2
O
 
5
4.CB.15Pseudobrookite
Fe
 
2
TiO
 
5
4.CB.15Mongshanite
(Mg,Cr,Fe
2+
 
)
 
2
(Ti,Zr)
 
5
O
 
12
4.CB.20Zincohögbomite-2N2S
[(Zn,Al,Fe
2+
 
)
 
3
(Al,Fe
3+
 
,Ti)
 
8
O
 
15
(OH)]
 
2
4.CB.20Zincohögbomite-2N6S
[(Zn,Mg)
 
7
(Al,Fe
3+
 
,Ti)
 
16
O
 
31
(OH)]
 
2
4.CB.20Magnesiohögbomite-6N6S
[(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)
 
3
(Al,Ti,Fe
3+
 
)
 
8
O
 
15
(OH)]
 
6
4.CB.20Magnesiohögbomite-2N3S
[(Mg,Fe
2+
 
,Zn)
 
4
(Al,Ti,Fe
3+
 
)
 
10
O
 
19
(OH)]
 
2
4.CB.20Magnesiohögbomite-2N2S
[(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)
 
3
[Al
 
7
(Ti,Fe
3+
 
)]O
 
15
(OH)]
 
2
4.CB.20Ferrohögbomite-6N12S
[(Fe
2+
 
,Mg,Zn)
 
5
(Al,Ti,Fe
3+
 
)
 
12
O
 
23
(OH)]
 
6
4.CB.25Pseudorutile
Fe
 
2
Ti
 
3
O
 
9
4.CB.30Berdesinskiite
V
3+
2
TiO
 
5
4.CB.30Oxyvanite
V
3+
2
V
4+
 
O
 
5
4.CB.35Olkhonskite
(Cr,V)
 
2
Ti
 
3
O
 
9
4.CB.35Schreyerite
V
3+
2
Ti
 
3
O
 
9
4.CB.40Kamiokite
Fe
 
2
Mo
 
3
O
 
8
4.CB.40Nolanite
(V
3+
 
,Fe
3+
 
,Fe
2+
 
,Ti)
 
10
O
 
14
(OH)
 
2
4.CB.40Rinmanite
Zn
 
2
Sb
 
2
Mg
 
2
Fe
 
4
O
 
14
(OH)
 
2
4.CB.45Claudetite
As
 
2
O
 
3
4.CB.45Stibioclaudetite
AsSbO
 
3
4.CB.50Arsenolite
As
 
2
O
 
3
4.CB.50Sénarmontite
Sb
 
2
O
 
3
4.CB.55Valentinite
Sb
 
2
O
 
3
4.CB.60Bismite
Bi
 
2
O
 
3
4.CB.65Sphaerobismoite
Bi
 
2
O
 
3
4.CB.70Sillénite
Bi
 
12
SiO
 
20
4.CB.75Kyzylkumite
BeV
3+
2
TiO
 
6
4.CB.80Tietaiyangite
Fe
3+
4
Fe
2+
 
TiO
 
9
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
7.9.1Hongquiite
TiO
7.9.2Rutile
TiO
 
2
7.9.3Anatase
TiO
 
2
7.9.4Brookite
TiO
 
2
7.9.5Geikielite
MgTiO
 
3
7.9.6Perovskite
CaTiO
 
3
7.9.7Kassite
CaTi
 
2
O
 
4
(OH)
 
2
7.9.8Tausonite
SrTiO
 
3
7.9.9Crichtonite
(Sr,La,Ce,Y)(Ti,Fe
3+
 
,Mn)
 
21
O
 
38
7.9.10Lucasite-(Ce)
CeTi
 
2
(O,OH)
 
6
7.9.11Hibonite
(Ca,Ce)Al
 
12
O
 
19
7.9.12Yttrocrasite-(Y)
(Y,Th,Ca,U)(Ti,Fe)
 
2
(O,OH)
 
6
7.9.14Iwakiite
Mn(Fe,Mn)
 
2
O
 
4
7.9.15Ilmenite
Fe
2+
 
TiO
 
3
7.9.16Pseudobrookite
Fe
 
2
TiO
 
5
7.9.17Ulvöspinel
Fe
 
2
TiO
 
4
7.9.18Pseudorutile
Fe
 
2
Ti
 
3
O
 
9
7.9.19Freudenbergite
Na
 
2
(Ti,Fe)
 
8
O
 
16
7.9.20Kennedyite
MgFe
3+
2
Ti
 
3
O
 
10
7.9.21Armalcolite
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)Ti
 
2
O
 
5
7.9.22Högbomite
(Mg,Fe)
 
2
(Al,Ti)
 
5
O
 
10
7.9.23Qandilite
(Mg,Fe)
 
2
(Ti,Fe,Al)O
 
4
7.9.24Cafetite
(Ca,Mg)(Fe,Al)
 
2
Ti
 
4
O
 
12
 · 4H
 
2
O
7.9.25Loveringite
(Ca,Ce)(Ti,Fe,Cr,Mg)
 
21
O
 
38
7.9.26Lindsleyite
(Ba,Sr)(Ti,Zr,Fe,Cr)
 
21
O
 
38
7.9.27Priderite
(K,Ba)(Ti,Fe)
 
8
O
 
16
7.9.28Jeppeite
(K,Ba)
 
2
(Ti,Fe)
 
6
O
 
13
7.9.29Ankangite
Ba(Ti,V
3+
 
,Cr)
 
8
O
 
16
7.9.30Ecandrewsite
(Zn,Fe
2+
 
,Mn
2+
 
)TiO
 
3
7.9.31Landauite
NaMnZn
 
2
(Ti,Fe)
 
6
Ti
 
12
O
 
38

Other Names for Pyrophanite

Other Languages:
German:Pyrophanit
Russian:Пирофанит
Spanish:Pirofanita

Other Information

Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Pyrophanite

Reference List:

- +
Hamberg (1890), Geol. För. Förh.: 12: 598.

Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1944), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Volume I: Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 7th edition, revised and enlarged: 535-541.

Canadian Mineralogist (1985): 23: 491.

Anthony, J.W., Bideaux, R.A., Bladh, K.W., and Nichols, M.C. (1995) Handbook of Mineralogy, Volume II. Silica, Silicates. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson, AZ, 904pp., 2 volumes: 460.

Internet Links for Pyrophanite

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  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
  • American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database
  • Pyrophanite details from Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF)
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    • Localities for Pyrophanite

    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    Hide Locality List
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Argentina
     
    • Córdoba
    		The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 42, pp. 155-168 (2004)
    Australia
     
    • New South Wales
      • Yancowinna Co.
    		No reference listed
    • South Australia
      • Mt Lofty Ranges
        • South Mt Lofty Ranges
          • Nairne
    		No reference listed
      • Olary Province
        • Kalabity homestead area
    		No reference listed
    • Tasmania
      • Corinna-Savage River district
    		Bottrill & Taheri, 2008, Savage River mine, Unpub. Rept, Mineral Resources Tasmania
    Austria
     
    • Carinthia
      • Friesach - Hüttenberg area
        • St Salvator
          • Moschitzberg Mt.
    		G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995
    • Styria
      • Köflach
        • Voitsberg
          • Kleinwöllmiß
    		Bernhard, F. (2011)
      • Koralpe Mts
        • Deutschlandsberg
          • Glashütten
    		SEM-EDS, Franz Bernhard, 2007
      • Liesing - Palten valley
        • Kalwang
          • Langteichengraben (Lange Teichen)
    		Schäffer, U. & Tarkian, M. (1984): Die Genese der stratiformen Sulfidlagerstätte Kalwang (Steiermark), der Grünsteinserie und einer assoziierten silikatreichen Eisenformation. Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 33, 169-186.
      • Neumarkt
        • Dürnstein
    		Taucher, J. (1995)
    Brazil
     
    • Minas Gerais
      • Conselheiro Lafaiete (old Queluz de Minas)
    		Encyclopedia of Mins., 2nd. ed.: 706.; Am Min (1955) 40:55-63
      • Poços de Caldas plateau
        • Poços de Caldas
    		Horváth, Menezes, Toft ollections - confirmed by XRD & microprobe
    • Pará
      • Carajás mineral province
        • Canaã dos Carajás
          • Sossego Mine
    		Monteiro, L.V.S., Xavier, R.P., de Carvalho, E.R., Hitzman, M.W., Johnson, C.A., de Souza Filho, C.R., and Torresi, I. (2008): Mineralium Deposita 43, 129-159.
    Monteiro, L.V.S., Xavier, R.P., de Carvalho, E.R., Hitzman, M.W., Johnson, C.A., de Souza Filho, C.R., and Torresi, I. (2008): Mineralium Deposita 43, 129-159.
    • São Paulo
      • Cajati
    		Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS Open-File Report 09-1139
    Canada
     
    • Nunavut Territory
      • Mallery Lake
    		Turner, W.A., Richards, J.P., Nesbitt, B.E., Muehlenbachs, K., and Biczok, J.L. (2001): Mineralium Deposita 36, 442-457.
    • Québec
      • Montérégie
        • Lajemmerais RCM
          • Varennes & St-Amable
            • Saint-Amable sill
    		Horváth Collection - confirmed by XRD & microprobe
        • Rouville RCM
          • Mont Saint-Hilaire
    		[MinRec 10:103, 19:325, 19:327, 21:331, 21:333]
    China
     
    • Fujian Province
      • Fuzhou Prefecture
        • Jin'an District
          • Kuai'an
    		Suwa, K., Enami, M., Hiraiwa, I., and Yang, T. (1987): Mineralogy and Petrology 36, 111-120
    • Hunan Province
      • Yiyang Prefecture
        • Heshan District
    		Baogui Zhang (1996), In: Tu Guangzhi (Ed.): Geochemistry of strata-bound deposits in China. Science Press (Beijing), 240-253.
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • Pardubice Region
    		Žák L.: Find of pyrophanite and melanophlogite in Chvaletice (E. Bohemia). Časopis pro mineralogii a geologii, 1967, 12, 4, 451-452.
    • Moravia (Mähren; Maehren)
      • Vysočina Region
        • Třebíč
    		Novák, M. & Škoda, R. (2007): Mn3+-rich andalusite to kanonaite and their breakdown products from metamanganolite at Kojetice near Třebíč, the Moldanubian Zone, Czech Republic. Journal of Geosciences, 52(1-2), 161-167.
    Finland
     
    • Oulu Province
      • Kuhmo
        • Näätäniemi
    		Eur. J. Mineral. , 1994, 6, pp. 145-150.
    France
     
    • Aquitaine
      • Pyrénées-Atlantiques
        • Aramits
          • Ance
    		MONCHOUX P., FONTAN F., DE PARSEVAL P., MARTIN R. F., WANG R. C. (2006) - Igneous albitite dikes in orogenic lherzolithes, Western Pyrénées, France: A possible source for corundum and alkali feldspar xenocrysts in basaltic terranes. I. Mineralogical Asssociations. The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 44, pp. 817-842.
    MONCHOUX P., FONTAN F., DE PARSEVAL P., MARTIN R. F., WANG R. C. (2006) - Igneous albitite dikes in orogenic lherzolithes, Western Pyrénées, France: A possible source for corundum and alkali feldspar xenocrysts in basaltic terranes. I. Mineralogical Asssociations. The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 44, pp. 817-842.
    • Auvergne
      • Puy-de-Dôme
        • Rochefort-Montagne
          • La Bourboule
    		Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 68, 117- 123 (1979)
    • Languedoc-Roussillon
      • Pyrénées-Orientales
        • Céret
          • Prats de Mollo-La Preste (Prats de Molló-La Presta)
    		Dubru. M, (1986) Pétrologie et géochimie du marbre à brucite et des borates associés au gisement de tungstène de Costabonne, (Pyrénées orientales, France) 930p
    • Midi-Pyrénées
      • Ariège
    		Perseil, E. A. (1967): Manganese mineralization of the Upper Devonian in Las Cabesses (Ariege). Comptes Rendus du Congres National des Societes Savantes, Section des Sciences 91 (Part 2), 313-321.
      • Hautes-Pyrénées
    		 Le Règne Minéral 47: 5-21
          • Nabias
    		European J. Mineralogy, 11/5, 879-890
    Germany
     
    • Rhineland-Palatinate
      • Eifel Mts
        • Laach lake volcanic complex
          • Kruft
    		Hentschel, G., Die Mineralien der Eifelvulkane, Weise Verlag, München (2. Auflage), 1987
          • Mendig
            • Niedermendig
    		Hentschel, G., Die Mineralien der Eifelvulkane, Weise Verlag, München (2. Auflage), 1987
    [Hentschel, G., Die Mineralien der Eifelvulkane, Weise Verlag, München (2. Auflage), 1987], [Minealien Welt 1/93:14]
              • Wingertsberg Mt.
    		Hentschel, G., Die Mineralien der Eifelvulkane, Weise Verlag, München (2. Auflage), 1987
    Greenland
     
    • Kitaa (West Greenland) Province
      • Narsaq
    		Semenow, E.I. (1969): Mineralogy of the Ilimaussaq alkaline massif (South Greenland), 165 pp, Moscow: Nauka (in Russian)
    Guinea
     
    Hungary
     
    • Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Co.
      • Aggteleki Mts.
    		GEODA 2010/1
    India
     
    • Andhra Pradesh
      • Vizianagaram District
    		Econ Geol (1980) 75:1083-1104
    • Madhya Pradesh
      • Bhandara District
    		MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE, DECEMBER 1984, VOL. 48, PP. 558-60
    • Orissa
      • Koraput District
    		Acharya, B.C., Rao, D.S., and Sahoo, R.K. (1997): Mineralium Deposita 32, 79-93.
    Italy
     
    • Aosta Valley
      • Nus
        • Saint-Barthélemy
    		• Barresi, A.A., Kolitsch, U., Ciriotti, M.E., Ambrino, P., Bracco, R., Bonacina, E. (2005): La miniera di manganese di Varenche (Aosta, Italia nord-occidentale): ardennite, arseniopleite, manganberzeliite, pirofanite, sarkinite, thortveitite, nuovo As-Sc-analogo della metavariscite e altre specie. Micro (località), 2/2005, 81-122.
      • Saint-Marcel
    		Castello P. (1982) - Il giacimento manganesifero di Praborna (St. Marcel - AO) - Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, Fasc. 3, pp. 87-92
    • Liguria
      • Genova Province
        • Ne
          • Graveglia Valley
            • Reppia
    		Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, (4), 131
    • Lombardy
      • Sondrio Province
    		Lapis, 19 (10), 15-21+86.
    AA. VV., 1996. Collezionare minerali. Hobby & Work.
    • Piedmont
      • Torino Province
        • Chisone Valley
          • Usseaux
    		Piccoli, G.C., Maletto, G., Bosio, P., Lombardo, B. (2007). Minerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta. Associazione Amici del Museo "F. Eusebio" Alba, Ed., Alba (Cuneo) 607 pp.
        • Susa Valley
          • Salbertrand
    		Piccoli, G.C., Maletto, G., Bosio, P., Lombardo, B. (2007): Minerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta. Associazione Amici del Museo "F. Eusebio" Alba, Ed., Alba (Cuneo) 607 pp.
    • Tuscany
      • Livorno Province
        • Elba Island
          • Campo nell'Elba
            • San Piero in Campo
    		Pezzotta, F., & Guastoni, A. (2007). Hambergite, helvite e pirofanite nelle pegmatiti elbane. Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 3/2007, 166-168.
    Japan
     
    • Honshu Island
      • Chubu Region
        • Aichi Prefecture
          • Kita-Shidara-gun
            • Shidara-cho
    		Yamada collection (Crystal World, Japan)
        • Gifu Prefecture
    		Donald E. Lee (1955); Am Min (1955) 40:32-40
        • Nagano Prefecture
          • Kami-Ina-gun
    		Katsu Kaneko (1956) Symposium del Manganeso, XX Congreso Geologico Internacional, Mexico D.F.
      • Chugoku Region
        • Tottori Prefecture
    		Fukuoka, M. (1981) Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Series D, Geology, 24, #4, 207-252.
        • Yamaguchi Prefecture
    		Fukuoka, M. (1981) Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Series D, Geology, 24, #4, 207-252.
    H. Momoi (1964) Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Series D, Geology, 15, #1, 39-63.
          • Iwakuni City
    		Lee, D. E. (1955); Am Min (1955) 40:32-40
    Lee, D. E. (1955); Am Min (1955) 40:32-40
          • Kudamatsu City
    		Fukuoka, M. (1981) Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Series D, Geology, 24, #4, 207-252.
    Lee, D. E. (1955); Am Min (1955) 40:32-40
    H. Momoi (1964) Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Series D, Geology, 15, #1, 39-63.
    H. Momoi (1964) Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Series D, Geology, 15, #1, 60.
    H. Momoi (1964) Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Series D, Geology, 15, #1, 39-63.
    Fukuoka, M. (1981) Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Series D, Geology, 24, #4, 207-252.
      • Kanto Region
        • Gunma Prefecture
    		Fukuoka, M. (1981) Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Series D, Geology, 24, #4, 207-252.
    Fukuoka, M. (1981) Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Series D, Geology, 24, #4, 207-252.
        • Ibaraki Prefecture
          • Kasama City
            • Iwama
    		Nishikubo collection
        • Tochigi Prefecture
          • Kanuma City
    		Hiroaki Tano collection
      • Kinki Region
        • Kyoto Prefecture
          • Sohraku-gun
    		Okamoto collection (curated at the Geological Survey museum, Japan)
        • Shiga Prefecture
    		Hitoshi Momoi (1964) Mineralogical study of rhodonites in Japan, with special reference to contact metamorphism. Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Series D, Geology, 15, #1, 39-63.
      • Tohoku Region
        • Iwate Prefecture
          • Noda
    		Katsu Kaneko (1956) Symposium del Manganeso, XX Congreso Geologico Internacional, Mexico D.F.; Am Min (1955) 40:32-40
          • Shimohei-gun
            • Iwaizumi
    		Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan)
    • Kyushu Region
      • Miyazaki Prefecture
    		Fukuoka, M. (1981) Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Series D, Geology, 24, #4, 207-252.
      • Nansei Archipelago
        • Kagoshima Prefecture
          • Amami-Oshima Island
    		Momoi, H. (1964) Mem. Fac. Sci., Kyushu University, Series D, Geology, 15, #1, 73-78.
      • Oita prefecture
        • Saeki city
          • Kiura mine (Shin-Kiura mine; Kiura emery mine)
    		H. Momoi (1964) Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Series D, Geology, 15, #1, 39-63.
      • Saga Prefecture
    		Katsu Kaneko (1956) Symposium del Manganeso, XX Congreso Geologico Internacional, Mexico D.F.
    Kazakhstan
     
    • Karagandy Province (Qaragandy Oblysy; Karaganda Oblast')
    		http://geo.web.ru/druza/l-Kent.htm
    Kyrgyzstan
     
    • Issyk-Kul'skaya Oblast
      • Inyl'chek Range
        • Muzeinyi Valley
    		L.A. Pautov data
    Malawi
     
    • Balaka District
    		Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I. (2002): USGS Open-File Report 02-189.
    • Zomba District
    		Demartin, F.; Guastoni, A. & Pezzotta, F. (2003): Barylith, Niobophyllit & yttriumreicher Milarit- Neufunde aus den Pegmatiten von Zomba-Malosa, Malawi. Lapis 28 (1), 18-21
    Morocco
     
    • Meknès-Tafilalet Region
      • Khénifra Province
        • High Atlas Mts
          • Tamazeght complex
    		Khadem Allah, B. (1993)
    Namibia
     
    • Otjozondjupa Region
    		Bezing, L. von, Bode, R. & Jahn, S. (2007): Namibia. Minerals and Localities. Edition Schloss Freudenstein, Bode Verlag, Haltern, 368 pp. (in English)
    Norway
     
    • Aust-Agder
      • Evje og Hornnes
        • Landsverk
    		Neumann, H. (1985): Norges Mineraler. Norges geologiske Undersøkelse Skrifter 68 p. 66
      • Iveland
        • Birkeland
    		Neumann (1985) : Norges mineraler. Norges geologiske undersøkelse Skrifter 68, p. 66
    Neumann (1985) : Norges mineraler. Norges geologiske undersøkelse Skrifter 68. p. 66
    • Buskerud
      • Øvre Eiker
    		Neumann, H. (1985): Norges Mineraler. Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse Skrifter 68, p. 66.
    Raade, G. (2010): Chemical composition of acmite/aegirine intergrowths from Rundemyr, Eiker. Norsk Bergverksmuseum Skrift 43: 29-34
    • Nordland
      • Sørfold
    		Husdal, T. (2008): The minerals of the pegmatites within the Tysfjord granite, northern Norway. Norsk Bergverksmuseum, skrift 38, 5-28.
      • Tysfjord
    		Husdal, T. (2008): The minerals of the pegmatites within the Tysfjord granite, northern Norway. Norsk Bergverksmuseum.Skrift 38: 5-28
    • Oppland
      • Lunner
    		Werner, R. (2003). Vinteren '92/'93- Et lite tilbakeblikk. STEIN 30 (3), 24-27
        • Nordmarka
    		L. O. Kvamsdal (1998): Mineralene fra Nordmarkitt og Grefsensyenitt i Oslofeltet. AS Merkur-Trykk, Oslo.
    Raade, G. & Haug, J. (1982): Gjerdingen. Fundstelle seltener Mineralien in Norwegen. LAPIS 7, 9-15
        • Øståsen - Hadeland
          • Surka
    		Kvamsdal, L.O. (1993): Noen mineraler fra nordmarkitten mellom Roa og Maura. STEIN 20 (1), 30-45
    Werner, R. (1993): Om synchysitt i Norge. STEIN 20 (4),221-226
    • Rogaland
      • Sokndal
    		Gierth, E. & Krause, H. (1973): Die Ilmenitlagerstätte Tellnes (Süd-Norwegen). Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 53: 359-402; Neumann, H. (1985): Norges Mineraler. Norges geologiske Undersøkelse Skrifter 68, p. 66
    • Sogn og Fjordane
      • Selje
    		Smith, D.C., Kechid, S-A. and Rossi, G. (1986): Occurence and properties of lisetite, CaNa2Al4Si4O16, a new tectosilicate in the system Ca-Na-Al-Si-O. American Mineralogist. 71: 1372-1377
    • Telemark
      • Porsgrunn
        • Bjørkedalen
    		Segalstad, T. V. & Larsen, A. O. (1978): Gadolinite-(Ce) from Skien, southwestern Oslo Region, Norway. American Mineralogist 63, 188-195
        • Langangen
          • Slevolden
    		Burvald, Ingulv (1993): To forekomster av nefelin-syenitt-pegmatitt i Telemark. STEIN 20 (3), 176-179
        • Langesundsfjorden
          • Siktesøya
    		Larsen, A. O. (ed.) (2010): The Langesundsfjord. History, geology, pegmatites, minerals. Bode Verlag Gmbh, Salzhemmendorf, Germany, 240 pp
    Larsen, A. O. (1988): Helvite group minerals from syenite pegmatites in the Oslo Region, Norway. Contribution to the mineralogy of Norway no 68. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 68: 119-124
        • Mørje
          • Sagåsen (Strandåsen)
    		Larsen, A.O., Åsheim, A. and Gault, R. A. (2005): Minerals of the eudialyte group from the Sagåsen larvikite quarry, Porsgrunn, Norway. Norsk Bergverksmuseum Skrifter 30: 58-62
      • Tokke
        • Botnedal
    		Van der Wel (1974, p. 85); Neumann (1985, p. 66).
    • Vest-Agder
      • Lyngdal
    		Neumann, H. (1985): Norges Mineraler. Norges geologiske Undersøkelse Skrifter 68, p. 66
    • Vestfold
      • Larvik
        • Farris
    		S. A. Berge
        • Hedrum
    		Bergstøl (1972, p. 237); Neumann (1985, p. 66).; Neumann, H. & Bergstøl, S. (1964): Contribution to the Mineralogy of Norway No 25. Pyrophanite in the southern Part of the Oslo Area. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 44: 39-42
          • Lågendalen
    		Sæbø, P. (1966b): Contribution to the mineralogy of Norway no.35. The first occurences of the rare mineral barylite, Be2BaSi2O7, in Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 46, 335-348
    Knut Edvard Larsen collection
    Larsen, A. O. (ed.) (2010): The Langesundsfjord. History, geology, pegmatites, minerals. Bode Verlag Gmbh, Salzhemmendorf, Germany, 240 pp
        • Langesundsfjorden
          • Barkevik area
    		Neumann, H. (1985): Norges mineraler. Norges geologiske undersøkelse. Skrifter 68: p. 66
    Larsen, A. O. (ed.) (2010): The Langesundsfjord. History, geology, pegmatites, minerals. Bode Verlag Gmbh, Salzhemmendorf, Germany, 240p
    Neumann, H. & Bergstøl, S. (1964): Contribution to the Mineralogy of Norway No 25. Pyrophanite in the southern Part of the Oslo Area. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 44: 39-42 + Neumann (1985, p. 66).
    Neumann, H. & Bergstøl, S. (1964): Contribution to the Mineralogy of Norway No 25. Pyrophanite in the southern Part of the Oslo Area. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 44: 39-42
    Neumann, H. & Bergstøl, S. (1964): Contribution to the Mineralogy of Norway No 25. Pyrophanite in the southern Part of the Oslo Area. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 44: 39-42
    Segalstad, T.V. & Larsen, A.O.(1978): Chevkinite and perrierite from the Oslo region, Norway. American Mineralogist 63,499-505
    Larsen, A. O. (ed.) (2010): The Langesundsfjord. History, geology, pegmatites, minerals. Bode Verlag Gmbh, Salzhemmendorf, Germany, 240 pp
    Neumann, H. & Bergstøl, S. (1964): Contribution to the Mineralogy of Norway No 25. Pyrophanite in the southern Part of the Oslo Area. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 44: 39-42 + Neumann (1985, p. 66).
          • Vesle Arøya
    		Engvoldsen, T., Andersen, F., Berge, S. A. & Burvald, I. (1991): Pegmatittmineraler fra Larvik ringkompleks. STEIN 18 (1), 15-71
        • Tvedalen
    		Larsen, A. O. (ed.) (2010): The Langesundsfjord. History, geology, pegmatites, minerals. Bode Verlag Gmbh, Salzhemmendorf, Germany, 240 p
      • Sandefjord
        • Vesterøya
    		Larsen, A. O. (ed.) (2010): The Langesundsfjord. History, geology, pegmatites, minerals. Bode Verlag Gmbh, Salzhemmendorf, Germany, 240 pp; Berge, S.A., Larsen, K.E. & Andersen, F. (2011): Buer, Vesterøya, Sandefjord- en typelokalitet for et nytt mineral. Norsk Bergverksmuseum Skrift. 46: 49-56
    Oman
     
    • Semail Ophiolite
      • Khawr Fakkan Massif
        • Bani Hamid area
    		E. Gnos et al., Eur. J. Mineral. , 1996, 8, pp. 251-261.
    Romania
     
    • Harghita Co.
    		Pál-Molnár (2000)
    • Maramures Co.
    		http://minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu
    • Suceava Co.
    		http://minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu
      • Suceava district
    		http://minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu
    Russia
     
    • Eastern-Siberian Region
      • Transbaikalia (Zabaykalye)
        • Buriatia (Buryatia) Republic
          • Mama River Basin
            • Maigunda River
    		[MinRec 32:42]; Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow
    • Northern Region
      • Murmanskaja Oblast'
        • Kola Peninsula
          • Khibiny Massif
    		Mikhailova, Y.A., Konopleva, N.G., Yakovenchuk, V.N., Ivanyuk, G.Y., Men’shikov, Y.P., and Pakhomovsky, Y.A. (2007): Geology of Ore Deposits 49(7), 590-598.
    Pavel M. Kartashov data
    Pekov, I.V. & Podlesnyi, A.S. (2004): Kukisvumchorr Deposit: Mineralogy of Alkaline Pegmatites and Hydrotermalites. Mineralogical Almanac, vol. 7, 140 pages + xxiv photo's pages
    Mikhailova, Y.A., Konopleva, N.G., Yakovenchuk, V.N., Ivanyuk, G.Y., Men’shikov, Y.P., and Pakhomovsky, Y.A. (2007): Geology of Ore Deposits 49(7), 590-598.
    Mikhailova, Y.A., Konopleva, N.G., Yakovenchuk, V.N., Ivanyuk, G.Y., Men’shikov, Y.P., and Pakhomovsky, Y.A. (2007): Geology of Ore Deposits 49(7), 590-598.
    Mikhailova, Y.A., Konopleva, N.G., Yakovenchuk, V.N., Ivanyuk, G.Y., Men’shikov, Y.P., and Pakhomovsky, Y.A. (2007): Geology of Ore Deposits 49(7), 590-598.
    www.koeln.netsurf.de/~w.steffens/lovo.htm
            • Suoluai River Valley
              • Kuamdespakhk Mt
    		Semenov E.I. (1972) Mineralogy of Lovozero alkaline massif, - Moscow, Nauka, p. 308 (in Rus.)
    • Southern Siberia
      • Sayan Mts
        • Eastern Sayan
    		Savel'eva V.B. Karmanov N.S. (2008) Rare earth's minerals of alkaline metasomatites of Main Sayan Fault zone, - Zapiski RMO, N2, pp.14-35 (in Rus.).; Savel’eva, V.B., and Karmanov, N.S. (2008): Geology of Ore Deposits 50(8), 681-696.
    • Urals Region
      • Middle Urals
        • Ekaterinburgskaya (Sverdlovskaya) Oblast'
          • Ekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk)
            • Kurganovo
    		Brusnitsyn A.I. (2000) Rhodonite deposits of Middle Ural, - S.-Peterburg Univercity press, p. 200 (in Rus.).
            • Sedel'nikovo
    		Brusnitsyn A.I. (2000) Rhodonite deposits of Middle Ural, - S.-Peterburg Univercity press, p. 200 (in Rus.).
      • Southern Urals
        • Bashkortostan (Bashkiria) Republic
          • Sibay
    		Brusnitsyn, A.I. (2006): Geology of Ore Deposits 48(3), 193-214.
    • Western-Siberian Region
      • Altai Republic (Gorno-Altayskaya Autonomous Oblast')
        • Ust'-Koksa district
    		Vera N. Smol'yaninova data
    Slovakia
     
    • Košice Region
      • Gelnica Co.
    		Pauliš,P.,Ďuďa,R.,2002: Nejzajímavejší mineralogická naletište Slovenska. Kuttna,K.Hora, 136p
          • Bystrý Potok
    		Rojkovič, I. (2001): Geolines 13, 34-41.
      • Rožňava Co.
        • Rožňava (Rosenau)
          • Čučma
    		Koděra et all.,1990: Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, I-III, 1590p
    South Africa
     
    • Gauteng Province
    		Minerals of South Africa
    • Northern Cape Province
      • Kalahari manganese fields
        • Hotazel
    		Minerals of South Africa
    • Northwest Province
      • Western Bushveld Complex
        • Rustenburg District
          • Pilansberg Complex
    		The Canadian Mineralogist, V 42, 2004, pp. 1169-1178.
    South Korea
     
    • Chungcheongbukdo (Chungchong-pukto)
      • Chungju (Chung Won Kum; Chung-ju)
        • Joongwon-gun
          • Mt. Eorae
    		P.M. Kartashov data
    • Gangwon-do (Kangwon-do; Gang'weondo)
      • Yeonwha
        • Yeonwha Mine
    		Econ Geol (1993) 88:855-872
    Spain
     
    • Canary Islands
      • Santa Cruz de Tenerife Province
    		Ferguson, A.K. (1978): The occurence of Ramseyite, Titan-Lavenite and a fluorine-rich Eucolite in a nepheline-syenite inclusion from Tenerife, Canary Islands, Contrib Mineral Petrol 66, 15-20
    • Catalonia
      • Tarragona
        • Priorat
          • El Molar
    		Mineralogistes de Catalunya, vol. III num. 5
    Sweden
     
    • Dalarna
      • Hedemora
        • Garpenberg
    		(Kjell Gatedal); Grensman, F., Kalinowski, M.P. and Sandström, F. (2001): Garpenberg Norra. Litofilen. 18 (2), 26-46.;
    • Medelpad
      • Sundsvall
    		Sandström, F., Binett, T., Wiklund, C. & Vikström, J. (2010): Alnöområdets geologi och mineralogi. Litiofilen. 27 (2): 14-42
    • Östergötland
      • Finspång
        • Doverstorp ore field
    		Zakrzewski et al (1982): Can.Min. 20, 281-290
    • Värmland
      • Filipstad
    		Nysten, P., Holtstam, D. and Jonsson, E. (1999) The Långban minerals. In Långban - The mines,their minerals, geology and explorers (D. Holtstam and J. Langhof, eds.), Swedish Museum of Natural History and Raster Förlag, Stockholm & Chr. Weise Verlag, Munich, pp. 89-183.
        • Nordmark (Nordmarksberg)
    		Kjell Gatedal
        • Persberg district
          • Pajsberg
    		GFF (1890) 12, 598
    Dana 7:I:539.
    • Västergötland
      • Svenljunga
        • Överlida
    		Kjellman (analyst)
    • Västmanland
      • Hällefors
        • Grythyttan
    		Kjell Gatedal
      • Lindesberg
    Holtstam, D. (1997): Barian magnetoplumbite from Mangruvan, Orebro, Sweden. GFF 119, 17-19.
    Switzerland
     
    • Grischun (Grisons; Graubünden)
      • Hinterrhein Valley
        • Ferrera Valley
          • Starlera Valley
        • Rheinwald
          • Splügen
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 315.
    • Wallis (Valais)
      • Turtmann Valley
        • Pipjitälli
    		The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 44, pp. 000 (2006) page 205
    Tajikistan
     
    • Region of Republican Subordination
      • Tien Shan Mts
        • Alai (Alayskiy) Range
    		Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow
    UK
     
    • Wales
      • Gwynedd (Caernarvonshire)
        • Lleyn Peninsula
          • Llanfaelrhys
            • Rhiw
    		Am Min (1955) 40:32-40
    USA
     
    • Arkansas
      • Hot Spring Co.
    “Smith, A.E., Jr., 1996, Collecting Arkansas Minerals: A R“Smith, A.E., Jr., 1994, “Through the Scope: Collecting Microminerals at Cove Creek, Magnet Cove, Arkansas”: Rocks & Minerals, 69:180-185.eference and Guide.” and
    Henry Barwood - unpublished (2010)
      • Pulaski Co.
        • Little Rock
    		Rocks and Minerals, (1988) 63:104-125; Rocks and Minerals, (1989) 64:314-322
    Horvath collection visual id. ; Min News (2000) 16:6 pp 1-5,9
    No reference listed
    • California
      • Nevada Co.
    		Hewett, Donnel Foster, Charles Wesley Chesterman & Bennie Wyatt Troxel (1961), Tephroite in California manganese deposits: Economic Geology: 56: 41; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California: 173.
    • Colorado
      • Chaffee Co.
        • La Plata District (Winfield District)
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
      • Gunnison Co.
        • White Earth District (Powderhorn District)
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
    • Connecticut
      • Middlesex Co.
    		Januzzi, 1976. Mineral Localities of CT and Southeastern NY State, p.235
    Januzzi, 1976. Mineral Localities of CT & Southeastern NY State, p.229, 235.
    • Georgia
      • Jackson Co.
    		Minerals of Georgia: Their properties and occurrences. Robert Cook GGWRD Bull 92
    • Idaho
      • Boise Co.
    		R&M 70:4 pp 242-263
      • Custer Co.
    		R&M 70:4 pp 242-263
      • Elmore Co.
    		R&M 70:4 pp 242-263
    [MinRec 24:196]
    • Maine
      • Aroostook Co.
        • T3 R9 WELS
      • York Co.
        • Newfield
          • Straw Hill
    		King, V. and Foord, E., 1994, 2000, Mineralogy of Maine, volume 1 and 2, with updates by Van King.
    • Massachusetts
      • Hampshire Co.
        • Plainfield
    		"Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities" by Alan Plante, Valley Geology Press, 1992.
    • Montana
      • Hill Co.
    		www.koeln.netsurf.de/~w.steffens
    Chakhmouradian A.R. & Mitchell R.H. (1999) Primary, agpaitic and deuteric stages in the evolution of Accessory Sr, REE, Ba and Nb-mineralization in nepheline-syenite pegmatites at Pegmatite Peak, Bearpaw Mts., Montana, Mineral. Petrol., 67: 85-110.
      • Meagher Co.
    		www.cseg.ca/conferences/2000/376.PDF.
    • Nevada
      • Mineral Co.
        • Fitting District
          • Gillis Range
    		Mineralogical Record: 30: 277-292.
    • New Jersey
      • Sussex Co.
        • Franklin Mining District
          • Ogdensburg
            • Sterling Hill
    		Craig, J.R., et al: Can.Min.:23:491-494 (1985); Valentino, A.J., et al: Econ. Geol.:85:1941-1946; Dunn(1995):Pt4:603.
    • New Mexico
      • Colfax Co.
        • Springer
          • Point of Rocks Mesa (Pecks Mesa)
    		Northrop, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd. rev. ed. (1996)
    • North Carolina
      • Alleghany Co.
        • Sparta
          • Bald Knob
    		[MinRec 12:171]
    • Utah
      • Piute Co.
        • Tushar Mts
          • Cottonwood Creek
            • Mount Baldy District
    		Econ Geol (1986) 81:1932-1952
    • Virginia
      • Pittsylvania Co.
        • James River-Roanoke River Mn-Fe-Ba District
    		Rocks & Minerals 77:5 pp320-325
      • Suffolk Co.
    		Minerals of Virginia 1990 by R. V. Dietrich
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