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Schwartzembergite

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Big Photo

San Francisco Mine (Beatrix Mine), Caracoles, Sierra Gorda District, Antofagasta Province, Antofagasta Region, Chile
© JBS 2006

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Formula:
Pb
 
5
H
 
2
(IO
 
2
)O
 
4
Cl
 
3
System:TetragonalColour:yellow to yellow-brown, ...
Hardness:2½
Name:Named after a "Dr. Schwartzemberg" = Dr. Adolf Emilio Schwarzenberg [1826-1907], assayer at Copiapó, Chile.


A secondary lead mineral found in oxidized zones of lead-bearing deposits in arid regions.
Schwartzembergite is a highly unusual mineral since it contains trivalent iodine.

Classification of Schwartzembergite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:4/L.03-20
Strunz 9th edition ID:4.KB.
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:4.KB.10

4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
K : Iodates: Trigonal [IO3] pyramids (mostly).
B : Iodates with additional anions, without H2O
Dana 7th edition ID:22.1.3.1
Dana 8th edition ID:22.1.3.1

22 : IODATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
1 : Miscellaneous
Hey's CIM Ref.:29.7

29 : Iodates
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Type Occurrence of Schwartzembergite

Type Locality:Cachinal, Antofagasta Province, Antofagasta Region, Chile
General Appearance of Type Material:Crust on Galena.
Year of Discovery:1868
Associated Minerals at type locality:
GalenaCerussiteAnglesite

Physical Properties of Schwartzembergite

Lustre:Adamantine
Colour:yellow to yellow-brown, reddish brown
Streak:Light yellow
Hardness (Mohs):2½
Cleavage:Distinct/Good
On {001}.
Density (measured):7.39 g/cm3

Crystallography of Schwartzembergite

Crystal System:Tetragonal
Class (H-M):4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) - Ditetragonal Dipyramidal
Space Group:I4/mmm {I4/m 2/m 2/m}
Cell Parameters:a = 3.977(1) Å, c = 12.566(4) Å
Ratio:a:c = 1 : 3.16
Unit Cell Volume:V 198.75 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:Crystals flat-pyramidal, rounded. Compact to earthy crusts and masses.
Comment:Electron diffraction suggests a C- or I-centered orthorhombic supercell with a = 2as, b = 6bs, c = cs (s = subcell), i.e., an 8 x 24 A supercell (Welch, 2001).
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
Image Loading

Radiation - Copper Kα
Data Set:
Horizontal Axis: ° to ° Vertical Axis: % Source Data: Filtered Data:
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.

Optical Data of Schwartzembergite

Type:Biaxial (-)
RI values: nα = 2.250 nβ = 2.350 nγ = 2.360
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.110

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:Very High
Dispersion:r > v extreme
Comments:Crystals are divided into variously oriented biaxial sectors with variable 2V.

Chemical Properties of Schwartzembergite

Formula:
Pb
 
5
H
 
2
(IO
 
2
)O
 
4
Cl
 
3
Essential elements:Cl, H, I, O, Pb
All elements listed in formula:Cl, H, I, O, Pb

Relationship of Schwartzembergite to other Species

Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
4.KB.05Salesite
Cu(IO
 
3
)(OH)
4.KB.15Seeligerite
Pb
 
3
(IO
 
3
)OCl
 
3
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
29.1Salesite
Cu(IO
 
3
)(OH)
29.2Bellingerite
Cu
 
3
(IO
 
3
)
 
6
 · 2H
 
2
O
29.3Lautarite
Ca(IO
 
3
)
 
2
29.4Brüggenite
Ca(IO
 
3
)
 
2
 · H
 
2
O
29.5Dietzeite
Ca
 
2
(IO
 
3
)
 
2
(CrO
 
4
) · H
 
2
O
29.6Seeligerite
Pb
 
3
(IO
 
3
)OCl
 
3
29.8Hectorfloresite
Na
 
9
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
(IO
 
3
)

Other Names for Schwartzembergite

Synonyms:
Lead oxychloriodideLead oxychloroiodidePlumboiodite
Other Languages:
French:Oxychloroïodure de plomb
German:Bleioxychlorojodür
Plumboiodit
Schwartzembergit
Russian:Шварцембергит
Spanish:Plomo oxichloro-ioduro
Plumboiodita
Schwartzembergita

Other Information

Other Information:Soluble in HCl with evolution of Cl.
Health Warning:Emits toxic chlorine gas when contacted by hydrochloric acid.

References for Schwartzembergite

Reference List:

- +
Domeyko (1864) Annales des mines: 5: 453 (as Oxychloroïodure de plomb).

Dana, J.D. (1868) System of Mineralogy, 5th. Edition, New York: 120.

Adam, M. (1869) Tableau minéralogique, Paris: 67 (as Plumbiodite).

Domeyko, I. (1879) Elementos de Mineralogia, 3rd. edition: 319, 705 (as Plomo oxichloro-ioduro).

Bertrand (1881) Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie: 4: 87.

Smith and Prior (1911) Mineralogical Magazine: 16: 77.

Larsen, E.S. (1921) The Microscopic Determination of the Nonopaque Minerals, First edition, USGS Bulletin 679: 132.

Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged: 317-318.

Canadian Mineralogist (1999): 37: 785-795.

Welch, M. D., Hawthorne, F. C., Cooper, M. A. and Kyser, T. K. (2001): Trivalent iodine in the crystal structure of schwartzembergite, Pb2+5I3+O6H2Cl3. Can. Mineral. 39, 785-795.

Internet Links for Schwartzembergite

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  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
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  • Schwartzembergite details from Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF)
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    • Localities for Schwartzembergite

    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    Hide Locality List
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Chile
     
    • Antofagasta Region
      • Antofagasta Province
    		Lukas Kruszewski collection
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 317; NJMM (1970), 467; Canadian Mineralogist (2001): 39: 785; American Mineralogist (2002): 87: 358.
        • Cerro Palestina
          • Estación Cerro Negro
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 317.
    Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schluter (Hamburg University), Germany.
    Peebles F./Ruiz Fuller C.(1988); "Yacimientos Metalíferos de Chile", Fondecyt, Stgo. de Chile.
        • Cuevitas
          • San Cristóbal
    		Sample from the collection of Copiapó School of Mine
        • Reventon District
    		No reference listed
        • Sierra Gorda District
          • Caracoles
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 75.
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 75.
    Collected by Terry Szenic and in the collection of Brent Thorne.
    Vajdak, Josef (2006) Mineral News: 22: 2.
            • San José area
    		. Tartakowsky: "Visita a la Mina Araucana, Sierra San José, Caracoles, Antofagasta"; IIG, Stgo de Chile, 1921.
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 65, 317.
    Domeyko, I. (1864): Schwartzembergit. Ann. Mines V, 453.
    Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schluter (Hamburg University), Germany.
    Rob Lavinky samples; analysed by XRD methods in USA
    Jewel Tunnel Imports specimens
    • Atacama Region
      • Copiapó Province
        • Cachiyuyo de Llampos district
    		Robert Jenkins collections; material analysed by Mr. Jenkins
    • Tarapacá Region
      • Iquique Province
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 317.
    Mexico
     
    • Sonora
      • Mun. de Arizpe
        • Arizpe
    		Panczner(1987):83-359.
    Portugal
     
    • Évora District
      • Vila Viçosa
        • Pardais
    		desescaut.jy@voila.fr
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    Copyright © Jolyon Ralph and Ida Chau 1993-2011. Site Map. Locality, mineral & photograph data are the copyright of the individuals who submitted them. Further information contact the Site hosted & developed by Jolyon Ralph. Mindat.org is an online information resource dedicated to providing free mineralogical information to all. Mindat relies on the contributions of hundreds of members and supporters. Mindat does not offer minerals for sale. If you would like to add information to improve the quality of our database, then click here to register.
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