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Sylvite

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Stassfurt Potash deposit, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
© Rob Lavinsky

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Formula:
KCl
System:IsometricColour:Colourless, grey, white, ...
Lustre:VitreousHardness:1½ - 2
Name:
From Latin "sal digestibus Sylvii", salts of Sylvius, named after François Sylvius de le Boe (1614-1672), a physician and chemist of Leyden, Netherlands.


Halite Group

Classification of Sylvite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:3/A.02-40
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:3.AA.20

3 : HALIDES
A : Simple halides, without H2O
A : M:X = 1:1, 2:3, 3:5, etc.
Dana 8th edition ID:9.1.1.2

9 : NORMAL HALIDES
1 : AX
Hey's CIM Ref.:8.1.6

8 : Halides - Fluorides, Chlorides, Bromides and Iodides; also Fluoborates and Fluosilicates
1 : Halides of the alkali metals and ammonium
mindat.org URL:http://www.mindat.org/min-3850.html
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Type Occurrence of Sylvite

Type Locality:Mt Vesuvius, Somma-Vesuvius Complex, Naples Province, Campania, Italy
Year of Discovery:1832
Geological Setting of type material:Evaporite deposit

Occurrences of Sylvite

Geological Setting:Evaporites in sedimentary basins, sublimate in volcanic fumaroles, burning coal.

Physical Properties of Sylvite

Lustre:Vitreous
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Transparent, Translucent
Colour:Colourless, grey, white, yellowish to reddish, seldom blue or violet
Streak:White
Hardness (Mohs):1½ - 2
Tenacity:Brittle
Cleavage:Perfect
On {001}
Fracture:Irregular/Uneven
Density (measured):1.993(5) g/cm3
Density (calculated):1.987 g/cm3

Crystallography of Sylvite

Crystal System:Isometric
Class (H-M):m3m (4/m 3 2/m) - Hexoctahedral
Space Group:Fm3m {F4/m 3 2/m}
Cell Parameters:a = 6.2931Å
Unit Cell Volume:V 249.23 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:4
Morphology:Crystals cubic; cubo-octahedral or octahedral habits less common. Massive, coarsely granular to compact. Columnar structure rare; as crusts.
Twinning:On {111} (artificial crystals only).

Epitaxial Relationships of Sylvite

Epitaxial Minerals:
Hematite
Fe
 
2
O
 
3
Halite
NaCl
Epitaxi Comments:Hematite inclusions with {0001} of hematite parallel to {001}, {111}, or {011} of halite. Minute halite inclusions oriented in parallel position to the sylvite.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
Image Loading

Radiation - Copper Kα
Data Set:
Horizontal Axis: ° to ° Vertical Axis: % Source Data: Filtered Data:
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.

Optical Data of Sylvite

Type:Isotropic
RI values: n = 1.4903
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.000 - Isotropic minerals have no birefringence
Surface Relief:Moderate
Type:Isotropic
Pleochroism:Visible
Comments:Distinct pleochroism observed in colored crystals with weak anomalous birefringence (especially noted in mechanically deformed crystals).
Comments:Anomalously anisotropic when strained

Chemical Properties of Sylvite

Formula:
KCl
Essential elements:Cl, K
All elements listed in formula:Cl, K
CAS Registry number:7447-40-7

CAS Registry numbers are published by the American Chemical Society
Analytical Data:Water soluble. Taste salty but more astringent than halite.
Common Impurities:Br,CO2=C,O
Relationship of Sylvite to other Species
Common Associates:
PolyhaliteKieseriteKainiteHaliteGypsum
CarnalliteAnhydrite
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- + 
3.AA.05Marshite
CuI
3.AA.05Miersite
(Ag,Cu)I
3.AA.05Nantokite
CuCl
3.AA.05UM1999-11:I:CuS
Cu(I,S)
3.AA.10Iodargyrite
AgI
3.AA.10Tocornalite
(Ag,Hg)I
3.AA.15Bromargyrite
AgBr
3.AA.15Chlorargyrite
AgCl
3.AA.20Carobbiite
KF
3.AA.20Griceite
LiF
3.AA.20Halite
NaCl
3.AA.20Villiaumite
NaF
3.AA.25Salammoniac
NH
 
4
Cl
3.AA.25UM1998-03-Cl:Tl
TlCl
3.AA.25Lafossaite
Tl(Cl,Br)
3.AA.30Calomel
(Hg
+
2
)Cl
 
2
3.AA.30Kuzminite
(Hg
+
2
)(Br,Cl)
 
2
3.AA.30Moschelite
(Hg
+
2
)I
 
2
3.AA.35Neighborite
NaMgF
 
3
3.AA.40Chlorocalcite
KCaCl
 
3
3.AA.45Kolarite
PbTeCl
 
2
3.AA.50Radhakrishnaite
PbTe
 
3
(Cl,S)
 
2
3.AA.55Challacolloite
KPb
 
2
Cl
 
5
3.AA.60Hephaistosite
TlPb
 
2
Cl
 
5
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- + 
8.1.1Griceite
LiF
8.1.2Villiaumite
NaF
8.1.3Halite
NaCl
8.1.4Hydrohalite
NaCl · 2H
 
2
O
8.1.5Carobbiite
KF
8.1.7Salammoniac
NH
 
4
Cl
Other Names for Sylvite
Synonyms:
Chloride of PotassiumHoeveliteHöveliteLeopolditeMuriate of Potash
Potassium ChlorideSal digestivus sylviiSchätzeliteSilviteSylvin
SylvineSylvyne
Other Languages:
German:Chlorkalium
Hoevelit
Hövellit
Leopoldit
Schätzelit
Sylviit
Sylvit
Russian:Сильвин
Simplified Chinese:钾盐
钾石盐
Spanish:Hoevelita
Hövelita
Leopoldita
Schätzelita
Sylvita
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:Melts at 790°. Highly diathermanous.
Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
External LinksSearch for toxicity information at the United States National Library of Medicine
Industrial Uses:Source for potasium
References for Sylvite
Reference List:

- + 
Bischoff (1865), Berg.- und hüttenmännisches Zeitung, Freiberg, Leipzig: 24: 276.



Bischoff (1865), Ann. Chem. Phys.: 5: 318.



Zinken (1865), Berg.- und hüttenmännisches Zeitung, Freiberg, Leipzig: 24: 79.



Rubens and Snow (1892), Annalen der Physik, Halle, Leipzig: 46: 529.



Rubens et al (1897), Annalen der Physik, Halle, Leipzig: 60: 418.



Martens (1902), Annalen der Physik, Halle, Leipzig: 8: 459.



Johnston-Lavis (1906), Nature: 74: 174.



Bragg (1913), Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: 89: 448.



Strukturber (1931): 1: 105.



Panichi U. (1933), Sul dimorfismo del salgemma e della silvite. Periodico di Mineralogia (Roma), pp.25-33.



Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Seventh edition, Volume II: 7-9.



Bedarida F., Della Giusta A.(1970), Dislocazioni a vite in cristalli aciculari di KCl; effeti sulle misure delle intensita dei raggi X. Periodico di mineralogia (Roma), pp.137-143.


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    • Localities for Sylvite
    






    


    

    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the  symbol to view information about a locality. 
The  symbol next to localities in the list
can be used to jump to that position on the map.

    

    

    
Hide Locality List
     		

    (TL) indicates type locality.  ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.

    Antarctica
     
    

    • Eastern Antarctica
    

      • Princess Elizabeth Land
    

        • Ingrid Christensen Coast
    
    		Gore, D.B., Nichols, G.T., Lehmann, C.E.R., Burgess, J.S., Baird, A.S.&, Creagh, D.C. (2000) An atlas of surficial salts of the Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica: composition, distribution and origin ANARE Report 143. 146 pp
    


      • Queen Maud Land (Dronning Maud Land)
    

        • Lützow-Holm Bay
    

          • East Ongul Island
    
    		Watanuki/ Torii/ Nishiyama/ Morikawa, 1979
    

    • Western Antarctica
    

      • Antarctic Peninsula
    

        • South Shetland Islands
    
    		Viramonte, J.G., Sureda, R.J., Bossi, G.E., Fourcade, N.H., Omarini, R.H., Geochemical and mineralogical study of the high temperature fumaroles from Decepcion Island, South Shetland, Antarctica. Inst. Assoc. of Volc. and chemistry of the erath interior. Symposium Andean and Antarctic Volcanology Problems. Chile (1974).
    Australia
     
    

    • New South Wales
    

      • Yancowinna Co.
    
    		Birch BH Book
    

    • Queensland
    

      • Mount Isa - Cloncurry area
    

        • Mary Kathleen district
    
    		T.Kwak & P.Abeysinghe: "Rare earth and uranium minera;s present as daughter crystals in fluid inclusions, Mary Kathleen U-REE skarn, Queensland, Australia: Min. Mag. 51,665-670(1987)
    

    • Tasmania
    

      • Waratah district
    

        • Waratah
    
    		Bottrill, unpub.
    Austria
     
    

    • Salzburg
    

      • Abtenau
    

        • Webing
    
    		A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs (1989)
    



A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs (1989)
    


      • Hohe Tauern
    

        • Gastein valley
    

          • Bad Gastein
    
    		A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs, 1989
    

    • Upper Austria
    

      • Hallstatt
    
    		R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993)
    Belarus
     
    

    • Minsk Province
    

      • Pripyat Depression
    
    		Fizykochemiczne Problemy Mineralurgii, 32 (1998), 275–280; Russian Journal of Earth Sciences Vol. 6, No. 3, June 2004 
    Bolivia
     
    

    • Oruro Department
    

      • Atahuallpa Province
    
    		Kempff, O., Paar, W.H., Tawackoli, S.: "Minerales de Bolivia", 115pp (La Paz, 2009)
    

    • Potosí Department
    

      • Nor Lípez Province
    
    		Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) Los Minerales de Bolivia y sus Parajes. (Santa Cruz)
    Canada
     
    

    • New Brunswick
    

      • Kings Co.
    

        • Cardwell Parish
    

          • Penobsquis
    
    		Canadian Mineralogist (1981): 19: 291-301.
    

    • Nova Scotia
    

      • Cumberland Co.
    

        • Pugwash
    
    		R.C. Boehner, "Salt and Potash Resources in Nova Scotia", N.S. Dept. Mines and Energy, Bulletin 5, 1986.
    

    • Québec
    

      • Gaspésie-Îles-de-la-Madeleine
    

        • Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine TE
    

          • Grosse Île
    
    		Sabina, A.P. (2003) Rocks & Minerals for the collector; Îles de la Madeleine, Québec, the Island of Newfoundland, and Labrador. GSC Misc. Report 58, 19-21p.
    

    • Saskatchewan
    

      • Esterhazy
    
    		No reference listed
    


      • Rocanville
    
    		Collection of NHM, Vienna
    Chile
     
    

    • Antofagasta Region
    

      • El Loa Province
    

        • Calama
    

          • Chuquicamata District
    
    		Cameron, E.M., Leybourne, M.I., and Palacios, C. (2007): Mineralium Deposita 42, 205-218.
    China
     
    

    • Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
    

      • Baotou League (Baotou Prefecture)
    

        • Bayan Obo Mining District
    

          • Bayan Obo
    
    		H.-R. Fan et al.: International Geology Review 46(7):638-648 (2004)
    

    • Liaoning Province (Manchuria; Dongbei Region)
    

      • Liaodong Peninsula
    

        • Dalian Prefecture
    

          • Wafangdian Co.
    
    		Huifang Liu (2002): Geological Science and Technology Information 21(2), 51-54
    

    • Qinghai (Chinghai) Province
    

      • Hainan Autonomous Prefecture
    
    		Sun Da-peng, Li Bing-xiao, Ma Yua-hua, and Lin Qun-zhu (2002): Journal of Salt Lake Research 10(4), 1-12; Yanling Tang (2005): Non-metallic deposits of Xinjiang, China [Zhongguo Xinjiang Fei Jinshu Kuangchuang]. Geological Publishing House (Beijing), 289 pp.
    


      • Haixi Autonomous Prefecture
    

        • Da Qaidam (Dachaidan) Co.
    
    		Youde Ma (2006): Journal of Salt Lake Research 14(1), 14-28.
    



        • Dulan Co.
    
    		Milly Wang and Lihe Guo (1988): Acta Geoscientica Sinica 10(1), 187-193
    




Min Mo, Shuqi Gu, Wenzhong Zheng, and Huanzhu Lin (1986): Geological Review 51(2), 160-164
    



        • Golmud (Ge'ermu) Co.
    
    		Xiying Zhang, Haizhou Ma, Donglin Gao, Minggang Zhang, and Tao Wang (2007): Journal of Salt Lake Research 15(2), 12-20.
    



        • Mangnai (Mangya) Co.
    
    		Mily Wang, Yijie Wang, Chenglin Liu, and Yongzhi Chen (1993): Acta Geoscientica Sinica 15(1)
    
Yuhua Chen, Heran Yuan, and Zhiyue Du (1998): Geological Review 44(1), 100-105
    

    • Shandong Province
    

      • Linyi Prefecture
    

        • Yimeng Mts (Yimeng Shan)
    

          • Mengyin Co.
    

            • Mengyin Kimberlite field
    

              • Changma Kimberlite belt
    
    		Gorshkov, A.I., Titkov, S.V., Yan Nan Bao, Ryabchikov, I.D., and Magazina, L.O. (2006): Geology of Ore Deposits 48(4), 326-334
    

    • Tibet Autonomous Region
    

      • Xigazê (Rikaze; Shigatse) Prefecture
    

        • Zhongba Co.
    
    		Yong-Sheng Zhang, Mian-Ping Zheng, Zhen Nie, and Ling-Zhong Bu (2005): Sea-lake Salt and Chemical Industry [Yanye Yu Huagong] 34(4), 1-5.
    

    • Xinjiang (Xinjiang-Uygur) Autonomous Region
    

      • Bayin'gholin (Bayingolin; Bayinguoleng) Autonomous Prefecture
    

        • Ruoqiang (Qakilik; Chaqiliq) Co.
    

          • Lop Nur (Lop Nuur; Lop lake; Luobu lake; Luobubo)
    
    		Yanling Tang (2005): Non-metallic deposits of Xinjiang, China [Zhongguo Xinjiang Fei Jinshu Kuangchuang]. Geological Publishing House (Beijing), 289 pp.
    


      • Hami (Kumul; Qumul) Prefecture
    

        • Hami (Kumul; Qumul) Co.
    
    		Yanling Tang (2005): Non-metallic deposits of Xinjiang, China [Zhongguo Xinjiang Fei Jinshu Kuangchuang]. Geological Publishing House (Beijing), 289 pp.
    


      • Tulufan (Turfan; Turpan) Prefecture
    

        • Tulufan (Turfan; Turpan) Co.
    
    		Yanling Tang (2005): Non-metallic deposits of Xinjiang, China [Zhongguo Xinjiang Fei Jinshu Kuangchuang]. Geological Publishing House (Beijing), 289 pp.
    

    • Yunnan Province
    

      • Nujiang Autonomous Prefecture
    
    		Chunji Xue, Rong Zeng, Shuwen Liu, Guoxiang Chi, Hairuo Qing, Yuchuan Chen, Jianmin Yang, and Denghong Wang (2006): Ore Geology Reviews (in press).
    


      • Pu'er Prefecture
    

        • Jiangcheng Co.
    
    		http://www.ngdir.ir/Papers/PapersDetail.asp?PID=987
    Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre)
     
    

    • Kivu
    

      • Goma
    
    		Bailey, J. C: Formation of cryolite and other aluminofluorides: A petrologic review. Bull. geol. Soc. Denmark, vol. 29, pp. 1-45. Copenhagen, June 10th, 1980
    Ethiopia
     
    

    • Afar Province
    

      • Danakil depression
    
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 94.
    Finland
     
    

    • Lapland Region
    

      • Savukoski
    

        • Tulppio
    
    		http://gac.esd.mun.ca/gac_2004/search_abs/sub_program.asp?sess=98&form=10&abs_no=136
    France
     
    

    • Languedoc-Roussillon
    

      • Gard
    

        • Alès
    

          • St Julien les Rosiers (St Julien de Valgagues)
    
    		De Ascenção Guedes R. (2006) La calcite et la fluorite de Saint-Julien-les-Rosiers (Gard). Le Règne Minéral, 69, 8-20. (in French)
    

    • Lorraine
    

      • Moselle
    
    		No reference listed
    Germany
     
    

    • Baden-Württemberg
    

      • Müllheim
    

        • Buggingen
    
    		Braitsch, O., Gunzert, G., Wimmenauer, W., and Thiel, R. (1964): Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 10, 111-124.
    

    • Hesse
    

      • Fulda
    

        • Neuhof
    
    		Krah, O., (1988): Beobachtungen beim Durchbruch eines Basaltganges durch das Kalilager vom Werk Neuhof-Ellers, Der Aufschluss Vol. 39 (2), 103-113
    


      • Werra Valley
    

        • Heringen
    
    		Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
    



        • Phillippsthal
    
    		Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
    

    • Lower Saxony
    

      • Celle
    

        • Hänigsen
    
    		Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
    



        • Wathlingen
    
    		Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
    


      • Göttingen
    

        • Reyershausen
    
    		Niemann, H. (1960): Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 7, 137-165.
    


      • Hanover
    

        • Lehrte
    
    		Weiss: "Mineralienfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
    



Weiss: "Mineralienfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
    


      • Lüneburg
    
    		Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
    


      • Solling
    

        • Volpriehausen
    
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 87.
    

    • Mecklenburg-West Pomerania
    

      • Ludwigslust
    
    		Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Seventh edition, Volume II, John Wiley & Sons, New York: 9.
    

    • Rhineland-Palatinate
    

      • Eifel
    

        • Laach lake volcanic complex
    

          • Kruft
    
    		Blass, G.; Graf, H.W., Neufunde von bekannten Fundorten (14), Mineralien-Welt 6/4, 37, 1995
    




          • Mendig
    

            • Niedermendig
    
    		Blass, G.; Graf, H.W., Neufunde von bekannten Fundorten (14), Mineralien-Welt 6/4, 37, 1995
    





Blass, G.; Graf, H.W., Neufunde von bekannten Fundorten (14), Mineralien-Welt 6/4, 37, 1995
    






              • Wingertsberg
    
    		Blass, G.; Graf, H.W., Neufunde von bekannten Fundorten (14), Mineralien-Welt 6/4, 37, 1995
    

    • Saxony-Anhalt
    

      • Börde
    

        • Morsleben
    
    		http://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/Deutschland/Sachsen-Anhalt/B%C3%B6rde/Morsleben/Schacht%20Marie
    


      • Stassfurt Potash deposit
    

        • Aschersleben
    
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 376.
    



        • Egeln
    

          • Tarthun
    
    		No reference listed
    



Naumann, Zirkel: "Elemente der Mineralogie", 13th Ed., 1898
    



        • Stassfurt
    
    		Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Seventh edition, Volume II, John Wiley & Sons, New York: 8.
    

    • Thuringia
    

      • Bleicherode
    
    		BOEKE, H.E. (1909): Rinneit, ein neugefundenes eisenchlorürhaltiges Salzmineral.- Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, 72-75
    


      • Sondershausen
    
    		Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Seventh edition, Volume II, John Wiley & Sons, New York: 8.
    


      • Thuringian Forest
    

        • Merkers-Kieselbach
    
    		W.I. Borrisenkow (1968) Zeitschr. für angewandte Geologie 14, 7-10
    Hungary
     
    

    • Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Co.
    

      • Zempléni Mts.
    

        • Erdőbénye
    

    Iceland
     
    

    • Vestmannaeyjar archipelago (Westman islands)
    

      • Heimaey island
    

        • Heimaey
    
    		Mitolo, D., Garavelli, A., Pedersen, L., Balić-Žunić, T., Jakobsson, S.P., Vurro, F. (2008): Mineralogy of actually forming sublimates at Eldfell Volcano, Heimaey (Vestmannaeyjar archipelago), Iceland. Plinius, 34, 322.
    Iran
     
    

    • Hormozgan Province
    
    		Talbot, C., Farhadi, R., and Aftabi, P. (2009): Ore Geology Reviews 35, 352-366.
    Italy
     
    

    • Campania
    

      • Naples Province
    

        • Somma-Vesuvius Complex
    
    		Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Seventh edition, Volume II, John Wiley & Sons, New York: 9.
    

    • Sicily
    

      • Agrigento Province
    

        • Racalmuto
    
    		De Michele, V. (1974). Guida mineralogica d'Italia. Istituto Geografico De Agostini, Novara, 2 vol
    


      • Caltanissetta Province
    
    		AA. VV., 1996. Collezionare minerali. Hobby & Work. 
    


      • Catania Province
    

        • Etna Volcanic Complex
    
    		Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Seventh edition, Volume II, John Wiley & Sons, New York: 9; AA. VV., 1996. Collezionare minerali. Hobby & Work.
    




www.cse.speleo.it
    


      • Enna Province
    
    		AA. VV., 1996. Collezionare minerali. Hobby & Work. 
    


      • Messina Province
    

        • Lipari
    

          • Eolie Islands (Aeolian Islands)
    
    		AA. VV., 1996. Collezionare minerali. Hobby & Work.
    





            • Vulcano Island
    
    		Italo Campostrini list - 2008
    Japan
     
    

    • Kyushu Region
    

      • Nansei Archipelago
    

        • Kagoshima Prefecture
    
    		(E. Nitta, M. Kimata, M. Hoshino, T. Echigo, S. Hamasaki, H. Shinohara, N. Nishida, T. Hatta, M. Shimizu (2006) “High-temperature sublimate minerals from Iwodake volcano, Satsuma-Iwojima, Kyusyu, Southwestern Japan.” –oral presentation at IMA meeting in Kobe.)
    

    • Tokyo Prefecture
    

      • Izu Archipelago
    

        • Oushima Island (Ohshima; Oshima)
    
    		K. Sakurai collection
    Kazakhstan
     
    

    • Atyrau Province (Atyrau Oblysy; Atyrau Oblast')
    

      • Atyrau (Gur'yev)
    
    		Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow
    Mexico
     
    

    • Chihuahua
    

      • Mun. de Aquiles Serdán
    

        • Santa Eulalia District
    

          • East Camp
    
    		Megaw, P.K.M., 1990b, Geology and geochemistry of the Santa Eulalia  mining district, Chihuahua, Mexico.: Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Arizona, 549 p
    

    • Coahuila
    

      • Mun. de Cuatrociénegas
    

        • Cuatro Ciénegas (Cuatrociénegas de Carranza; Venustiano Carranza)
    

          • Limestone caves
    
    		Forti, P. et al. (2006): ACTA CARSOLOGICA 35/1, 79–98.
    

    • Mexico
    

      • Mun. de Zacazonapan
    
    		Bull. Minéral. , 1984, 107, pp. 285-305.
    Namibia
     
    

    • Kunene Region
    

      • Damaraland District
    

        • Kalkfeld
    
    		American Mineralogist, Vol. 84, pp. 1117-1125, 1999.; New Data on Minerals (2004): 39: 50-64
    Netherlands
     
    

    • Gelderland
    

      • Winterswijk
    

        • Ratum
    
    		T.G. Nijland, J.C. Zwaan, D. Visser, J. Leloux - De mineralen van Nederland - 2007
    

    • Groningen
    

      • Zuidwending
    
    		http://nlog.nitg.tno.nl/resources/zout/0310300%20Zuidwending%20openbaar%20scan.pdf
    New Zealand
     
    

    • North Island
    

      • Waikato
    

        • Hauraki
    
    		Simpson et al. , New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics Abstracts,   http://www.rsnz.org/publish/nzjgg/2004/009.php         http://crownminerals.med.govt.nz/minerals/docs/nzmining/nzmining_up014.pdf      http://members.segweb.org/PDF97-2/269_Brth.pdf
    Norway
     
    

    • Akershus
    

      • Eidsvoll (Eidsvold)
    

        • Minnesund
    
    		Rondeau, B., Fritsch, E., Peucat, J.-J., Nordrum, F.S. & Groat, L. (2008): Characterization of Emeralds from a historical deposit: Byrud (Eidsvoll), Norway. Gems & Gemology, 44, 108-122
    

    • Buskerud
    

      • Drammen
    

        • Konnerud
    
    		Segalstad, T. V. & Telstø, L. (2002): Mineraldannelsen i Konnerudkollen gruver. Bergverksmuseets Skrift 20, 35-49
    

Hansteen, T.H. & Burke, E.A. (1994): Aphthitalite in high-temperature fluid inclusions in quartz from the Eikeren-Skrim granite complex, the Oslo paleorift. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 74 (4), 238-240
    


      • Øvre Eiker
    

        • Gunhildrud
    
    		Jahren, J.; Berg, H.J.; Hurum, J.H. & Wulff-Pedersen, E. (1998): Nye undersøkelser av amazonitt-genthelvin pegmatitten fra Fiskum, Øvre Eiker. Bergverksmuseets Skrift 14, 13-16
    

    • Nordland
    

      • Lofoten
    

        • Flakstad
    

          • Flakstadøy Island
    

    

    • Vest-Agder
    

      • Farsund
    
    		Konnerup-Madsen. J. (1979): Fluid inclusions in quartz from deep-seated granitic intrusions, south Norway. Lithos 12,13-23;  Neumann, H. (1985): Norges Mineraler. Norges geologiske Undersøkelse Skrifter 68, p. 49
    Poland
     
    

    • Kujawsko-Pomorskie
    

      • Inowrocław
    
    		Eligiusz Szełęg collection
    

    • Wielkopolskie
    
    		Jirásek, J.: Solný důl Kłodawa (Polsko). Minerál, 2004, roč. 12, č. 2, s. 98-102. ISSN 1213-0710 (excerpted from unpublished thesis Hanczke, T.: Mineralogia i petrografia soli czechstyńskich kopalni "Kłodawa". Doktroská práce, Uniwersytet Jagiellonski, Instytut nauk geologicznych, 1967.)
    Republic of Congo (Brazzaville)
     
    

    • Kouilou Department
    
    		www.uoguelph.ca/~geology/rocks_for_crops/20congo_rep.PDF
    

Henry Rauche (2009) Updated Reserve and Resource Estimate for MagMinerals Kouilou Potash Project, Republic of Congo
    Romania
     
    

    • Alba Co.
    

      • Apuseni District
    
    		A.H. Damman et al. , Eur. J. Mineral. , 1996, 8, pp. 1081-1096.
    Russia
     
    

    • Eastern-Siberian Region
    

      • Prebaikalia (Pribaikal'e)
    

        • Irkutskaya Oblast'
    

          • Lena-Angara salt Basin
    
    		Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow
    




          • Lower Tunguska
    

            • Nepa River basin
    
    		American Mineralogist, Volume 87, pages 1509–1513, 2002
    




          • Zheleznogorsk
    
    		Mazurov, M.P., Grishina, S.N., Istomin, V.E., and Titov, A.T. (2007): Geology of Ore Deposits 49(4), 271-284.; Mazurov et al (2007) Geology of Ore Deposits, 49, 271–284.
    


      • Saha Republic (Sakha Republic; Yakutia)
    

        • Daldyn-Alakit kimberlite field
    

          • Daldyn
    
    		M. Kamenetsky et al. , Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 5, 2003.
    

    • Far-Eastern Region
    

      • Kamchatka Oblast'
    

        • Tolbachik volcano
    

          • Great Fissure (Main Fracture) eruption
    

            • Northern Breakthrough (North Breach)
    
    		Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow
    





L.P. Vergasova et al.: Eur. J. Mineral. 16:533-543 (2004); Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data, Elena Yu. Bykova material
    






European Journal of Mineralogy; October 2000; v. 12; no. 5; p. 1041-1044
    


Active Volcanoes of Kamchatka, vol 2, p 140, S.A. Fedotov
    


      • Primorskiy Kray
    

        • Khanka Lake
    
    		V.V. Seredin data
    


      • Sakhalinskaya Oblast'
    

        • Kuril Islands
    

          • Iturup Island
    
    		http://maurice.strahlen.org/kurilles/kurilles.htm; Yudovskaya, M.A. et al (2007) Zapiski RMO, 136, #5, 45-51.
    

    • Urals Region
    

      • Middle Urals
    

        • Permskaya Oblast'
    

          • Kama river
    

            • Solikamsk
    
    		P.M. Kartashov data
    Seychelles
     
    
Gorshkov, A.I., Baturin, G.N., Bogdanova, O.Y., and Magazina, L.O. (2000): Lithology and Mineral Resources 35(2), 183-188.
    South Africa
     
    

    • Northwest Province
    

      • Marico District
    
    		Minerals of South Africa
    Spain
     
    

    

    • Catalonia
    

      • Barcelona
    

        • Bages
    

          • Cardona
    
    		Calvo, M. (2006): Minerales y Minas de España. Vol. III, Halogenuros. Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Álava, 267 pp
    

    • Extremadura
    

      • Badajoz
    

        • Mérida
    
    		J.C. Fernandez-caliani et al. , Eur. J. Mineral. , 1996, 8, pp. 1015-1026.
    Sweden
     
    

    • Lappland
    

      • Kiruna district
    
    		Lindblom, S.,Broman, C. and Martinsson, O.(1996): Magmatic-hydrothermal fluids in the Pahtohavare Cu-Au deposit in greenstone at Kiruna, Sweden. Mineralium Deposita Volume 31: 307-318
    

    • Medelpad
    

      • Sundsvall
    
    		Kresten,P. (1990): The Alnø area (in Swedish). In: Lundqvist, T. (Ed.), Beskrivning Till Bergrundskartan Over Västernorrlands län. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning serie Ba, 31, 238–278.
    Tanzania
     
    

    • Arusha Region
    
    		Mitchell, R.H. (2006) Mineralogy of stalactites formed by subaerial weathering of natrocarbonatite hornitos at Oldoinyo Lengai, Tanzania. Mineralogical Magazine: 70: 437-444
    The Moon
     
    

    • Mare Crisium
    
    		P.M. Kartashov data
    U.S. Virgin Islands
    Alminas, Henry V.; Foord, Eugene E.; Tucker, Robert E. (1994) Geochemistry, mineralogy, and geochronology of the U.S. Virgin Islands USGS Bulletin 2057 36p
    UK
     
    

    • England
    

      • Co. Durham
    

        • Billingham
    
    		Mineralogical Magazine 1959 32 : 172-175.
    


      • North Yorkshire
    

        • Eskdale
    
    		Mineralogical Magazine 1951 29 : 667-689.
    



Mineralogical Magazine 1951 29 : 667-689.
    



Mineralogical Magazine 1951 29 : 667-689.
    



        • Loftus
    
    		UK Journal of Mines and Minerals, No. 14 p4-7
    Ukraine
     
    

    • Ivano-Frankivs'k Oblast' (Ivanovo-Frankovsk Oblast')
    
    		Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Seventh edition, Volume II, John Wiley & Sons, New York: 9.; Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow
    

    • L'viv Oblast' (Lviv Oblast'; Lwiw Oblast')
    

      • Drohobych
    
    		Griniv, S. P., Iorysh, Z. I. & Skul'skaya, L. I. (1986): Kalistrontite from the Stebnik deposit of potassium salts. Mineralogicheskii Sbornik (Lvov) 40, 74-78. (in Russian)
    

    • Zhytomyr Oblast' (Zhitomir Oblast')
    
    		Lyckberg, P., Chornousenko, V. & Wilson, W. E. (2009): Volodarsk-Volynski, Zhitomir Oblast, Ukraine. Mineralogical Record, 40, 473-506.; Bailey, J. C: Formation of cryolite and other aluminofluorides: A petrologic review. Bull. geol. Soc. Denmark, vol. 29, pp. 1-45. Copenhagen, June 10th, 1980.
    USA
     
    

    • Alabama
    

      • Clarke Co.
    
    		Mineralogy of Alabama Geol Surv Ala. Bull 120
    

    • Arizona
    

      • Apache & Navajo Cos.
    
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 387; Peirce, H.W. (1969), Salines, in Mineral and water resources of AZ, AZ Bur. of Mines Bull. 180: 417-424.
    

    • California
    

      • Imperial Co.
    
    		RRUFF Project Specimen ID: R050166
    


      • Inyo Co.
    

        • Deep Springs Valley
    
    		Jones, Blair Francis (1961), Zoning of saline minerals at Deep Spring Lake, California: USGS PP 424-B, Article 83: B200; Jones, Blair Francis (1965), The hydrology and mineralogy of Deep Spring Lake, Inyo County, California. USGS Professional Paper 502-A, 56 pp.: 44; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 357.
    

No reference listed
    

    • Colorado
    

      • Dolores Co.
    
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
    


      • Gunnison Co.
    

        • Dorchester District
    

          • Taylor Park
    
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
    


      • Montezuma Co.
    
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
    

    • Louisiana
    

      • Iberia Parish
    
    		R&M 69:3 pp 156-162
    


R&M 69:3 pp 156-162
    


      • Plaquemines Parish
    
    		R&M 69:3 pp 156-162
    


R&M 69:3 pp 156-162
    

    • Michigan
    
    		Mineralogy of Michigan (2004) Heinrich & Robinson
    

Mineralogy of Michigan (2004) Heinrich & Robinson
    

    • Nevada
    

      • Humboldt Co.
    

        • Sulfur District
    

          • Crofoot-Lewis mine (Hycroft mine)
    
    		NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
    


      • Lander Co.
    

        • Battle Mountain District
    

          • Copper Canyon mine
    
    		NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
    


      • White Pine Co.
    
    		NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
    

    • New Mexico
    

      • Eddy and Lea Counties
    
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 385, 595; Northrop, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd. rev. ed. (1996)
    


      • Eddy Co.
    
    		AmMin 47:152
    



        • Carlsbad Potash District
    
    		Keith Christy specimens
    



NMBMMR Bull 87 Mineral and Water Resources of New Mexico
    



NMBMMR Bull 87 Mineral and Water Resources of New Mexico
    



NMBMMR Bull 87 Mineral and Water Resources of New Mexico
    



NMBMMR Bull 87 Mineral and Water Resources of New Mexico
    



NMBMMR Bull 87 Mineral and Water Resources of New Mexico
    



NMBMMR Bull 87 Mineral and Water Resources of New Mexico
    



NMBMMR Bull 87 Mineral and Water Resources of New Mexico
    

Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
    


      • Lincoln Co.
    
    		Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
    

    • New York
    

      • Livingston Co.
    

        • Retsof
    
    		George Robinson & Steven Chamberlain (2007) Gazetteer of major New York State mineral localities. Rocks & Minerals, 82, #6, 472-483.
    



        • York
    
    		Jensen (1978) Minerals of New York State, p.164
    

    • North Dakota
    
    		Geology of Bottineau County, North Dakota. Bulletin (North Dakota Geological Survey) ;, 78,
    

https://www.dmr.nd.gov/ndgs/Mineral/nd_saltnew.asp
    

https://www.dmr.nd.gov/ndgs/Mineral/nd_saltnew.asp
    

    • Texas
    

      • Duval Co.
    
    		R&M 66:3 pp 196-224
    


      • Jefferson Co.
    

        • Hamshire
    
    		Darrell Munson, Stephen Bauer, Christopher Rautman, Brian Ehgartner, and Allan Sattler (2003) ANALYSIS OF THE MASSIVE SALT FALL IN BIG HILL CAVERN 103 SAND2003-0703
    


      • Matagorda Co.
    
    		R&M 45:6 pp 371-379
    


      • Presidio Co.
    

        • Shafter District
    
    		GSA Conference (2001) Paper No. 173-0 THE RED HILLS INTRUSIVE SYSTEM, PRESIDIO COUNTY, TEXAS: THE EASTERNMOST LARAMIDE PORPHYRY COPPER-MOLYBDENUM DEPOSIT IN SOUTHWESTERN NORTH AMERICA
    

    • Utah
    

      • Emery Co.
    

        • San Rafael District (San Rafael Swell)
    
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    


      • Grand Co.
    
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    


U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    



        • Crescent Eagle
    
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    



U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    


UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    



        • Interriver District
    
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    



UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    



UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    



        • Little Grand District (S. E. Green River)
    
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    



        • Mineral Canyon Area
    
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    



        • Moab District
    
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    


UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    


U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    


UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    


U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    


U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    



        • Thompsons District (S. E. Thomsons)
    
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    


      • San Juan Co.
    

        • Moab District
    
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    


UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    



        • Paradox Basin
    
    		Omer B. Raup and Beth M. Madsen (1986) Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 56, #2, 248-251
    



        • Paradox Valley
    
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    


      • Tooele Co.
    

        • Bonneville Salt Flats
    
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    



U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    


UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    



        • Great Salt Lake Desert
    
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    


UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    



        • Salt Flats
    
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    



U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    



U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    



U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    



        • Silver Island Mts
    

          • Silver Island District (Silver Islet District)
    
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    




U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    




U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    


UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    

    


    

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