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Vaesite

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Big Photo

Sasso delle Lucine, Castelluccio di Moscheda, Montese, Modena Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
© Knut Eldjarn

Show Vaesite Photos (16)



Formula:
NiS
 
2
Colour:Black, silver-grayHardness:4½ - 5½
Member of:Pyrite Group
Name:Named after Johannes F. Vaes, Belgian mineralogist with the Union Minière du Haut-Katanga, Shaba (Zaire).


Pyrite Group. Cattierite-Vaesite Series.

Classification of Vaesite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:2/D.17-50
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:2.EB.05a

2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
E : Metal Sulfides, M: S <= 1:2
B : M:S = 1:2, with Fe, Co, Ni, PGE, etc.
Dana 8th edition ID:2.12.1.2

2 : SULFIDES
12 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 1:2
Hey's CIM Ref.:3.11.5

3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
11 : Sulphides etc. of Ni
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Type Occurrence of Vaesite

Type Locality:Kasompi Mine (Menda Mine; Kasompi Hill), Swambo, Katanga Copper Crescent, Katanga (Shaba), Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre)
Year of Discovery:1945

Physical Properties of Vaesite

Lustre:Metallic
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Opaque
Colour:Black, silver-gray
Streak:Black
Hardness (Mohs):4½ - 5½

Chemical Properties of Vaesite

Formula:
NiS
 
2
Essential elements:Ni, S
All elements listed in formula:Ni, S
Common Impurities:Co,Fe

Relationship of Vaesite to other Species

Series:Forms a series with Cattierite (see here)
Member of:Pyrite Group
Other Members of Group:

- +
Aurostibite
AuSb
 
2
Cattierite
CoS
 
2
Dzharkenite
FeSe
 
2
Erlichmanite
OsS
 
2
Fukuchilite
Cu
 
3
FeS
 
8
Gaotaiite
Ir
 
3
Te
 
8
Geversite
PtSb
 
2
Hauerite
MnS
 
2
Insizwaite
Pt(Bi,Sb)
 
2
Krut'aite
CuSe
 
2
Krutovite
NiAs
 
2
Laurite
RuS
 
2
Mayingite
IrBiTe
Penroseite
(Ni,Co,Cu)Se
 
2
Pyrite
FeS
 
2
Sperrylite
PtAs
 
2
Trogtalite
CoSe
 
2
Villamaninite
(Cu,Ni,Co,Fe)S
 
2
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
2.EB.05aAurostibite
AuSb
 
2
2.EB.05bBambollaite
Cu(Se,Te)
 
2
2.EB.05aCattierite
CoS
 
2
2.EB.05aErlichmanite
OsS
 
2
2.EB.05aFukuchilite
Cu
 
3
FeS
 
8
2.EB.05aGeversite
PtSb
 
2
2.EB.05aHauerite
MnS
 
2
2.EB.05aInsizwaite
Pt(Bi,Sb)
 
2
2.EB.05aKrut'aite
CuSe
 
2
2.EB.05aLaurite
RuS
 
2
2.EB.05aPenroseite
(Ni,Co,Cu)Se
 
2
2.EB.05aPyrite
FeS
 
2
2.EB.05aSperrylite
PtAs
 
2
2.EB.05aTrogtalite
CoSe
 
2
2.EB.05aVillamaninite
(Cu,Ni,Co,Fe)S
 
2
2.EB.05aDzharkenite
FeSe
 
2
2.EB.05aGaotaiite
Ir
 
3
Te
 
8
2.EB.10bAlloclasite
Co
 
1-x
Fe
 
x
AsS
2.EB.10dCostibite
CoSbS
2.EB.10aFerroselite
FeSe
 
2
2.EB.10aFrohbergite
FeTe
 
2
2.EB.10cGlaucodot
(Co
 
0.50
Fe
 
0.50
)AsS
2.EB.10aKullerudite
NiSe
 
2
2.EB.10aMarcasite
FeS
 
2
2.EB.10aMattagamite
CoTe
 
2
2.EB.10eParacostibite
CoSbS
2.EB.10ePararammelsbergite
NiAs
 
2
2.EB.10fOenite
CoSbAs
2.EB.15aAnduoite
(Ru,Os)As
 
2
2.EB.15aClinosafflorite
(Co,Fe,Ni)As
 
2
2.EB.15aLöllingite
FeAs
 
2
2.EB.15aNisbite
NiSb
 
2
2.EB.15aOmeiite
(Os,Ru)As
 
2
2.EB.15cPaxite
CuAs
 
2
2.EB.15aRammelsbergite
NiAs
 
2
2.EB.15aSafflorite
(Co,Fe,Ni)As
 
2
2.EB.15bSeinäjokite
(Fe,Ni)(Sb,As)
 
2
2.EB.20Arsenopyrite
FeAsS
2.EB.20Gudmundite
FeSbS
2.EB.20Osarsite
(Os,Ru)AsS
2.EB.20Ruarsite
(Ru,Os)AsS
2.EB.25Cobaltite
CoAsS
2.EB.25Gersdorffite
NiAsS
2.EB.25Hollingworthite
(Rh,Pt,Pd)AsS
2.EB.25Irarsite
(Ir,Ru,Rh,Pt)AsS
2.EB.25Jolliffeite
NiAsSe
2.EB.25Krutovite
NiAs
 
2
2.EB.25Maslovite
PtBiTe
2.EB.25Michenerite
PdBiTe
2.EB.25Padmaite
PdBiSe
2.EB.25Platarsite
(Pt,Rh,Ru)AsS
2.EB.25Testibiopalladite
PdTe(Sb,Te)
2.EB.25Tolovkite
IrSbS
2.EB.25Ullmannite
NiSbS
2.EB.25Willyamite
(Co,Ni)SbS
2.EB.25Changchengite
IrBiS
2.EB.25Mayingite
IrBiTe
2.EB.25Hollingsworthite
2.EB.25Kalungaite
PdAsSe
2.EB.25Milotaite
PdSbSe
2.EB.30Urvantsevite
Pd(Bi,Pb)
 
2
2.EB.35Rheniite
ReS
 
2
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
3.11.1Heazlewoodite
Ni
 
3
S
 
2
3.11.2Godlevskite
(Ni,Fe)
 
9
S
 
8
3.11.3Millerite
NiS
3.11.4Polydymite
Ni
2+
 
Ni
3+
2
S
 
4
3.11.6Shandite
Ni
 
3
Pb
 
2
S
 
2
3.11.7Donharrisite
Ni
 
8
Hg
 
3
S
 
9
3.11.8Violarite
Fe
2+
 
Ni
3+
2
S
 
4
3.11.9Pentlandite
(Fe,Ni)
 
9
S
 
8
3.11.10Bravoite
(Fe,Ni)S
 
2
3.11.11Siegenite
CoNi
 
2
S
 
4
 -NiCo
 
2
S
 
4
3.11.12Fletcherite
Cu(Ni,Co)
 
2
S
 
4
3.11.13Villamaninite
(Cu,Ni,Co,Fe)S
 
2
3.11.14Mäkinenite
γ-NiSe
3.11.15Sederholmite
beta-NiSe
3.11.16Trüstedtite
Ni
 
3
Se
 
4
3.11.17Wilkmanite
Ni
 
3
Se
 
4
3.11.18Kullerudite
NiSe
 
2
3.11.19Penroseite
(Ni,Co,Cu)Se
 
2
3.11.20Tyrrellite
Cu(Co
3+
 
,Ni
3+
 
)
 
2
Se
 
4
3.11.21Imgreite
NiTe (?)
3.11.22Melonite
NiTe
 
2
3.11.23Kitkaite
NiTeSe
3.11.24Dienerite
3.11.25Orcelite
Ni
 
5-x
As
 
2
3.11.26Maucherite
Ni
 
11
As
 
8
3.11.27Nickeline
NiAs
3.11.28Rammelsbergite
NiAs
 
2
3.11.29Pararammelsbergite
NiAs
 
2
3.11.30Nickelskutterudite
NiAs
 
2-3
3.11.31Oregonite
Ni
 
2
FeAs
 
2
3.11.32Westerveldite
(Fe,Ni,Co)As
3.11.33Langisite
(Co,Ni)As
3.11.34Gersdorffite
NiAsS
3.11.35Jolliffeite
NiAsSe
3.11.36Breithauptite
NiSb
3.11.38Ullmannite
NiSbS
3.11.39Willyamite
(Co,Ni)SbS

Other Names for Vaesite

Other Languages:
German:Vaesit
Russian:Ваэсит
Simplified Chinese:方硫镍矿
Spanish:Vaesita

Other Information

Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Vaesite

Reference List:

- +
American Mineralogist (1945): 30: 483-497.

Mineralogical Magazine (1980): 43: 950.

Internet Links for Vaesite

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  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
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  • Vaesite details from Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF)
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    • Localities for Vaesite

    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    Hide Locality List
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Argentina
     
    • La Rioja
    		Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: "Handbook of Mineralogy", Vol. 1, 1990
    Australia
     
    • Western Australia
      • Goldfields-Esperance region
        • Kalgoorlie-Boulder City
          • Kalgoorlie
    		Nickel Mineralisation in Western Australia by R.J. Marston 1984.
    Nickel Mineralisation in Western Australia by R.J. Marston 1984.
    Austria
     
    • Salzburg
      • Radstädter Tauern Mts
    		Miner.Arch.Salzb., vol.14 (297)
    • Tyrol
      • North Tyrol
        • Inn valley
          • Brixlegg - Schwaz area
            • Brixlegg - Rattenberg
              • St Gertraudi
                • Großkogel (Reither Kogel) Mt.
    		Putz, H. & Poeverlein, R. (2007): Die Mineralien des Gertraudstollens und seiner Halde in St. Gertraudi, Tirol. Lapis 32 (6), 58-63.
    Azerbaijan
     
    • Kəlbəcər (Kalbacar; Kelbajar; Karavajar) District
    		Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: "Handbook of Mineralogy", Vol. 1, 1990
    Brazil
     
    • Pará
      • Carajás mineral province
        • Canaã dos Carajás
          • Sossego Mine
    		Monteiro, L.V.S., Xavier, R.P., Hitzman, M.W., Juliani, C., de Souza Filho, C.R., and de R. Carvalho, E. (2008): Ore Geology Reviews 34, 317-336.
    Monteiro, L.V.S., Xavier, R.P., Hitzman, M.W., Juliani, C., de Souza Filho, C.R., and de R. Carvalho, E. (2008): Ore Geology Reviews 34, 317-336.
        • Curionópolis
    		Monteiro, L.V.S., Xavier, R.P., de Carvalho, E.R., Hitzman, M.W., Johnson, C.A., de Souza Filho, C.R., and Torresi, I. (2008): Mineralium Deposita 43, 129-159.
    Bulgaria
     
    • Blagoevgrad Oblast
      • Rhodope Mountains
        • Gotse Delchev
    		Bul. Acad. Sci. (1998)
    • Haskovo Oblast (Khaskovo Oblast)
      • Rhodope Mts
    		Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: "Handbook of Mineralogy", Vol. 1, 1990
    • Pazardzhik (Pazardjik) Oblast
      • Panagyurishte (Panagurishte) Obshchina
        • Panagyurishte
    		Strashimirov, S., Petrunov, R., and Kanazirski, M. (2002): Mineralium Deposita 37, 587-598.; Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155
    • Sofiya Oblast (Sofia Oblast)
      • Zlatitsa
    		Georgiev, Georgi (2008) A genetic model of the Elatsite porphyry copper deposit, Bulgaria. GEOCHEMISTRY, MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY • SOFIA 46, 143-160.
    Canada
     
    • Ontario
      • Cochrane District
        • Timmins Area
          • Kidd Township
    		ontariominerals.com
      • Kenora District
        • Pickle Lake
    		Can Mineral 1984 22: 13-21
    China
     
    • Gansu Province
      • Gannan Autonomous Prefecture
        • Luqu Co.
    		Jiajun Liu, Minghua Zheng, Jianming Liu, and Wenchao Su (2000): Ore Geology Reviews 17, 91-111.
    • Guizhou Province
      • Zunyi Prefecture
        • Zunyi Co.
          • Zunyi Ni-Mo-PGE-Au ore field
    		Bin Chang, and Hanjie Wen (2008): Acta Mineralogica Sinica 28(4), 439-446
    Lishun Kao, Peacor, D.R., Coveney, Jr., R.M., Gengmei Zhao, Dungey, K.E., Curtis, M.D., Penner-Hahn, J.E. (2001): American Mineralogist 86, 852-861
    • Hunan Province
      • Chenzhou Prefecture
        • Chenzhou City (Chenxian Co.)
    		- Jian-Wei Li, Mei-Fou Zhou, Xian-Fu Li, Zi-Jin Li, and Zhao-Ren Fu (2002): Mineralium Deposita 37, 213-225.
      • Zhangjiajie Prefecture
        • Cili Co.
    		Wallis, E. (2006): PhD Thesis, Technical University of Berlin, Germany (in German with English abstract), Vol. 1, 136-154.
    • Sichuan Province
      • Ngawa (Aba) Autonomous Prefecture
        • Ruo'ergai Co. (Zoigê Co.)
    		Jiajun Liu, Minghua Zheng, Jianming Liu, and Wenchao Su (2000): Ore Geology Reviews 17, 91-111.
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • Liberec Region
    		Scharm, B.: Přehled minerálů nalezených v oblasti uranových koncentrací v severočeské křídě. Bulletin mineralogicko-petrografického oddělení Národního muzea v Praze, 1995, roč. 3, s. 169-172.
    Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre)
     
    • Katanga (Shaba)
      • Katanga Copper Crescent
        • Shinkolobwe
    		[MinRec 20:277]; Econ Geol (1997) 92:468-484
        • Swambo
    		Lapis 17(3), 13-40 (1992)
    Finland
     
    • Lapland Province
      • Kittilä
    • Oulu Province
    		Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: "Handbook of Mineralogy", Vol. 1, 1990; Econ Geol (1997) 92:468-484
    France
     
    • Midi-Pyrénées
      • Tarn
        • Villefranche d'Albigeois
    		Alain TUEL Collection
    Germany
     
    • Baden-Württemberg
      • Black Forest
        • Wolfach
          • Oberwolfach
            • Rankach valley
    		Walenta, K. (1992): Die Mineralien des Schwarzwaldes. Chr. Weise Verlag, München, 336 pp. (in German)
      • Odenwald
        • Weinheim
          • Hohensachsen
            • Kohlbach
    		Nickel, E., and Fettel, M. (1985): Odenwald. Sammlung geologischer Führer Vol. 65, 2nd ed., Bornträger (Berlin, Stuttgart), 231 pp.
    • Hesse
      • Richelsdorf District
        • Nentershausen
    		Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: "Handbook of Mineralogy", Vol. 1, 1990
        • Süss
          • Richelsdorf Smelter
    		S. Weiß: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1992
    • North Rhine-Westphalia
      • Aachen
        • Stolberg
          • Breinig
    		Graf, HW., (1990): Blei- und Zinkerzbergbau um Stolberg bei Aachen, Der Aufschluss, Vol. 41, 111-130
          • Mausbach
    		Aufschluss 90(2), 111-130
    Aufschluss 90(2), 111-130
    Aufschluss 90(2), 111-130
      • Eifel Mts
        • Mechernich
    		Klemm, D., (1962): Untersuchungen über die Misckristallbildung im Dreiecksdiagramm FeS2-CoS2-NiS2 und ihre Beziehungen im Aufbau der natürlichen "Bravoite", Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte, 76-91
      • Sauerland
    		Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: "Handbook of Mineralogy", Vol. 1, 1990
    • Saxony
      • Erzgebirge
        • Marienberg District
          • Lauta
    		Hajek, W. (2010): Kristallwelten Marienberg. Weise Verlag, München.
    Lapis 30(7/8):78-80 (2005)
    • Thuringia
      • Gera
        • Ronneburg U deposit
    		T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998(7/8), 26-64
    Hungary
     
    • Baranya Co.
      • Mecsek Mts.
    		Koch: Minerals of Hungary, 1985
    Italy
     
    • Emilia-Romagna
      • Bologna Province
        • Gaggio Montano
    		Calanchi, N. & Dalrio, G. (1975): Anatasio, brookite, millerite e vaesite in paragenesi nelle idrotermaliti dell'Appennino emiliano. Atti Accademia dei Lincei, 59(5), 445-454.
        • San Clemente
          • Sillaro Valley
    		J F Carpenter
    AA. VV., 1996. Collezionare minerali. Hobby & Work.
      • Modena Province
        • Frassinoro
    		Borghi E. et al., 1996. Minerali dell'ofiolite di Ca' de Giannasi (MO). Riv. Miner. Ital., 3: 259-267.
        • Montese
          • Castelluccio di Moscheda
    		 Calanchi N., Dalrio G. (1975) - Anatasio, Brookite, Millerite e vaesite in paragenesi nelle idrotermaliti dell'Appennino Emiliano - Atti acc. Naz. Lincei, vol. LIX, fasc. 5, pp 445-452 - Roma Dalrio G. - I Minerali di sasso delle Lucine, (Modena) - Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, vol. 4 - 1982 - Milano
      • Reggio Emilia Province
        • Villa Minozzo
    		I minerali di varie ofioliti attorno a Villa Minozzo (RE). O.Bartoli, M.Scacchetti & D.Bersani. Notiziario della Società Reggiana di Scienze Naturali - 2007 - Dicembre 2007
    • Sardinia
      • Medio Campidano Province
        • Gonnosfanadiga
    		Stara, P., Rizzo, R., Tanca, G.A. (1996): Iglesiente e Arburese. Miniere e Minerali. Edito a cura dell'EMSA e "varie associazioni mineralogiche", Volume 2°, 192 pp.
    • Tuscany
      • Florence Province
        • Greve in Chianti
          • Strada in Chianti
    		Bonechi M., 1994. La cava di Meleto ed i suoi minerali. Riv. Min. Ital., 17: 123-130.
      • Grosseto Province
        • Amiata Mt.
    		AGMT (Associazione Geomineralogica Toscana) - 2008
    AGMT (Associazione Geomineralogica Toscana) - 2008
      • Massa-Carrara Province
        • Apuan Alps
    		Orlandi P., Franzini M., 1994. I minerali del marmo di Carrara. Amilcare Pizzi S.p.A., Milano. ; Orlandi, P. & Criscuolo, A. (2009). Minerali del marmo delle Alpi Apuane. Pacini editore, Pisa, 180 pp.
    Orlandi P., Franzini M., 1994. I minerali del marmo di Carrara. Amilcare Pizzi S.p.A., Milano.
          • Massa
            • Ischignano
    		Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: "Handbook of Mineralogy", Vol. 1, 1990
    Japan
     
    • Honshu Island
      • Kanto Region
        • Gunma Prefecture
          • Fujioka
    		American Mineralogist (1986): 71, 1022-1027.
      • Tohoku Region
        • Akita Prefecture
          • Kosaka
    		Kato, A. (1973) Sakurai Koubutsu Hyohon, 14. (Kinichi Sakurai collection)
    Morocco
     
    • Souss-Massa-Draâ Region
      • Ouarzazate Province
        • Djebel Saghro (Jbel Saghro)
          • Imiter District
    		Barral, J.-P., Favreau, G. and Lheur, C. (2008). La mine d'argent d'Imiter (Maroc) - Géologie, histoire exploitation et description des espèces minérales. Le Cahier des Micromonteurs 3/2008, 1-110. (in French)
        • Tazenakht
    		S. Weiß: Lapis 31(7/8), 72-73 (2006)
    New Caledonia
     
    • Northern Province
      • Canala Commune
    		Ramdohr, P. (1967) On the wide-spread paragenesis of ore minerals originating during serpentinization. Geologiya Rudnykh Mestorozhdenii, No. 2, 32-43 (in Russian)
    Norway
     
    • Rogaland
      • Sokndal
        • Sandbekk
    		Krause, H. & Pape, H. (1975): Mikroskopische Untersuchungen der Mineralvergesellschaftung in Erz und Nebengestein der Ilmenitlagerstätte Storgangen (Süd-Norwegen). Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 55: 387-422; Neumann, H. (1985): Norges Mineraler. Norges geologiske Undersøkelse Skrifter 68. p 38.
    • Telemark
      • Bamble (Bamle)
        • Bamble Nickel Mines
    		R.E. Morton (speach at meeting in Kopenhagen 1970); Neumann (1985, p. 37).
    Poland
     
    • Lower Silesia (Dolnośląskie)
      • Legnica
        • Lubin District
          • Lubin
    		Harańczyk 1972: Mineralizacja kruszcowa dolnocechsztyńskich osadów euksenicznych monokliny przedsudeckiej. Arch. Miner. T. 30, z. 1-2
    Harańczyk 1972: Mineralizacja kruszcowa dolnocechsztyńskich osadów euksenicznych monokliny przedsudeckiej. Arch. Miner. T. 30, z. 1-2
    Serbia
     
    Am Min 51:209-215
    Slovakia
     
    • Banská Bystrica Region
      • Poltár Co.
    		Maťo,Ľ., Maťová, 1994: Mineralizácia v okolí Ozdína, výskyt zlata s obsahom Sb-Ni v tmavých bridliciach, JZ časti veporského kryštalinika (stredné Slovensko). Min.Slovaca, 26,1,30 – 37
    • Košice Region
      • Gelnica Co.
    		Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590k
      • Košice Co.
        • Medzev
    		Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590k
      • Slovenské Rudohorie Mts
        • Smolník Mining District
          • Smolnícka Huta
    		Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590
    Spain
     
    • Castile and Leon
      • León
    		Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: "Handbook of Mineralogy", Vol. 1, 1990
    • Catalonia
      • Tarragona
        • Conca de Barberà
          • Vimbodí
    		Econ Geol (1992) 87:142-153
        • Priorat
          • Bellmunt del Priorat
    		Joan Abella i Creus (2008): Minerals I Mines De La Conca De Bellmunt Del Priorat.
    UK
     
    • England
      • Northumberland
        • Tyne Valley
          • Fourstones
    USA
     
    • Arizona
      • Coconino Co.
        • Grand Canyon National Park
          • South Rim
            • Orphan District
              • Grand Canyon Village
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 409; Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: "Handbook of Mineralogy", Vol. 1, 1990; Gornitz, V. (2004), Grand Canyon Uranium: The Orphan Mine, Mineral News: 20(6): 7..
    • California
      • Sonoma Co.
        • Coast Range
          • Guerneville District
            • Guerneville
    		Henderson, F.B. (1969) Hydrothermal alteration and deposition in serpentine-type mercury deposits. Economic Geology: 64: 492; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 65.
    • Illinois
      • Hardin Co.
        • Illinois - Kentucky Fluorspar District
          • Cave-in-Rock Sub-District
    		Mineralogical Record, v. 28, no. 1, 1997
            • Ozark-Mahoning Group
    		Mineralogical Record (1997) 28:3-49
    • Missouri
      • Iron Co.
        • Viburnum Trend District
          • Bixby
    		R&M 73:2 pp 98-117
    Rocks & Min. Mar. 1998
      • Reynolds Co.
        • Viburnum Trend District
          • Centerville
    		R&M 73:2 pp 98-117
          • Ellington
    		MinRec 9:111-112; Rocks & Min.:64:22&26.
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