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Witherite

Big Photo

Alston Moor District, North Pennines, North and Western Region (Cumberland), Cumbria, England, UK
© Rob Lavinsky

Show Witherite Photos (108)
Formula:
BaCO
 
3
System:OrthorhombicColour:Colourless, white, ...
Lustre:Vitreous, ResinousHardness:3 - 3½
Name:
Named after William Withering (1741-1799), English physician and naturalist, who first described the mineral.


Aragonite Group

Found in low-temperature hydrothermal vein deposits.

Classification of Witherite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:5/B.04-30
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:5.AB.15

5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
A : Carbonates without additional anions, without H2O
B : Alkali-earth (and other M2+) carbonates
Dana 8th edition ID:14.1.3.2

14 : ANHYDROUS NORMAL CARBONATES
1 : A(XO3)
Hey's CIM Ref.:11.5.2

11 : Carbonates
5 : Carbonates of Sr and Ba
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Type Occurrence of Witherite

Type Locality:Brownley Hill Mine (Bloomsberry Horse Level), Nenthead, Alston Moor District, North Pennines, North and Western Region (Cumberland), Cumbria, England, UK
Year of Discovery:1789

Occurrences of Witherite

Geological Setting:Low-temperature hydrothermal veins.

Physical Properties of Witherite

Lustre:Vitreous, Resinous
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Transparent, Translucent
Colour:Colourless, white, greyish, light yellow; colourless in transmitted light.
Streak:White
Hardness (Mohs):3 - 3½
Cleavage:Distinct/Good
On {010} distinct; on {110} imperfect. Possibly also on {110} and {112}.
Fracture:Irregular/Uneven
Density (measured):4.289 - 4.293 g/cm3
Density (calculated):4.29 g/cm3

Crystallography of Witherite

Crystal System:Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Cell Parameters:a = 5.31Å, b = 8.9Å, c = 6.43Å
Ratio:a:b:c = 0.597 : 1 : 0.722
Unit Cell Volume:V 303.88 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:Crystals universally twinned on {110}, yielding pseudo-hexagonal dipyramids; also short prismatic [001] or tabular to lenticular with a convex base. Faces commonly rough and horizontally striated. Globular, tuberose, and botryoidal; structure columnar, granular, or coarse fibrous.
Twinning:On {110}, universal.
Crystal Atlas:
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Witherite no.9 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Witherite no.10 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Witherite no.11 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Witherite no.19 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Witherite no.22 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

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Epitaxial Relationships of Witherite

Epitaxial Minerals:
BarytocalciteBaryte
Epitaxi Comments:Witherites in parallel growth on Barytocalcite (Blagill). Baryte on witherite, with baryte [010]{102} parallel with witherite [100]{011} and {031}; also otherwise oriented.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
Image Loading

Radiation - Copper Kα
Data Set:
Horizontal Axis: ° to ° Vertical Axis: % Source Data: Filtered Data: Peaks:
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.

Optical Data of Witherite

Type:Biaxial (-)
RI values: nα = 1.529 nβ = 1.676 nγ = 1.677
2V:Measured: 16° , Calculated: 8°
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.148

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:High
Dispersion:relatively weak

Chemical Properties of Witherite

Formula:
BaCO
 
3
Essential elements:Ba, C, O
All elements listed in formula:Ba, C, O
CAS Registry number:513-77-9

CAS Registry numbers are published by the American Chemical Society
Common Impurities:Ca,Sr

Relationship of Witherite to other Species

Member of Group:
Aragonite Group:
Common Associates:
GalenaFluoriteBaryte
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
5.AB.05Calcite
CaCO
 
3
5.AB.05Gaspéite
(Ni,Mg,Fe)CO
 
3
5.AB.05Magnesite
MgCO
 
3
5.AB.05Otavite
CdCO
 
3
5.AB.05Rhodochrosite
MnCO
 
3
5.AB.05Siderite
FeCO
 
3
5.AB.05Smithsonite
ZnCO
 
3
5.AB.05Spherocobaltite
CoCO
 
3
5.AB.10Ankerite
Ca(Fe
2+
 
 ,Mg,Mn
2+
 
)(CO
 
3
)
 
2
5.AB.10Dolomite
CaMg(CO
 
3
)
 
2
5.AB.10Kutnohorite
Ca(Mn,Mg,Fe)(CO
 
3
)
 
2
5.AB.10Minrecordite
CaZn(CO
 
3
)
 
2
5.AB.15Aragonite
CaCO
 
3
5.AB.15Cerussite
PbCO
 
3
5.AB.15Strontianite
SrCO
 
3
5.AB.20Vaterite
CaCO
 
3
5.AB.25Huntite
CaMg
 
3
(CO
 
3
)
 
4
5.AB.30Norsethite
BaMg(CO
 
3
)
 
2
5.AB.35Alstonite
BaCa(CO
 
3
)
 
2
5.AB.40Olekminskite
Sr(Sr,Ba)(CO
 
3
)
 
2
5.AB.40Paralstonite
BaCa(CO
 
3
)
 
2
5.AB.45Barytocalcite
BaCa(CO
 
3
)
 
2
5.AB.50Carbocernaite
(Ca,Na)(Sr,Ce,Ba)(CO
 
3
)
 
2
5.AB.55Benstonite
(Ba,Sr)
 
6
(Ca,Mn)
 
6
Mg(CO
 
3
)
 
13
5.AB.60Juangodoyite
Na
 
2
Cu(CO
 
3
)
 
2
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
11.5.1Strontianite
SrCO
 
3
11.5.3Norsethite
BaMg(CO
 
3
)
 
2
11.5.4Alstonite
BaCa(CO
 
3
)
 
2
11.5.5Paralstonite
BaCa(CO
 
3
)
 
2
11.5.6Barytocalcite
BaCa(CO
 
3
)
 
2
11.5.7Benstonite
(Ba,Sr)
 
6
(Ca,Mn)
 
6
Mg(CO
 
3
)
 
13

Other Names for Witherite

Synonyms:
Aerated barytesBaroliteBarolite (of Kirwan)Sulphato-Carbonate of BarytaViterite
Other Languages:
French:Baryte carbonatée
German:Barolit
Kohlensaurer Baryt
Viterit
Witherit
Latin:Terra ponderosa aerata
Russian:Витерит
Spanish:Barolita
Viterita
Witherita

Other Information

Thermal Behaviour:Inverts under CO2 pressure to a hexagonal (?), and then an isometric modification upon heating.
Other Information:Soluble in dilute HCl.
Health Warning:Barium Carbonate is toxic if ingested. Handling of Witherite is not a major cause of concern as long as you avoid breathing in dust and you wash your hands after handling.

MSDS Data sheet on Barium Carbonate - NOTE this refers to the powder which is more dangerous to handle than crystalline Witherite.
External LinksSearch for toxicity information at the United States National Library of Medicine

References for Witherite

Reference List:Withering (1783) Phil. Trans.: 293 (as Terra ponderosa aerata).

Watt (1790) Mem. Manchester Society: 3: 599 (as Aerated Barytes).

Werner (1790) Bergmaaennusches Journal, Freiberg (Neues Bergmannische Journal): 2: 225 (as Witherit).

Kirwan, R. (1794) Elements of Mineralogy. (1784), second edition. London: 1: 134 (as Barolite).

Des Cloizeaux, A. (1874) Manuel de minéralogie. 2 volumes and Atlas, Paris. volume 2: 75.

Dana, E.S. (1892) System of Mineralogy, 6th. Edition, New York: 284.

Jackson (1894) Journal of the Chemical Society, London: 65: 734 (luminescence).

Mallard (1895) Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie: 18: 8.

Bary (1900) Comptes rendu de l’Académie des sciences de Paris: 130: 776.

Kunz and Baskerville (1903) Science: 769.

Mügge (1903) Jb. Min., Beil.-Bd.: 16: 399.

Boeke (1906) Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie, Hamburg, Leipzig: 50: 244.

Groth, P. (1908) Chemische Krystallographie. Leipzig. 5 volumes: vol. 2: 209.

Boeke (1913) Mitt. Naturfor. Ges. Halle: 3: 1.

Samojloff (1915) Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paleontologie, Stuttgart: 161.

Madelung and Fuchs (1921) Annalen der Physik, Halle, Leipzig: 65: 289.

Goldschmidt, V. (1923) Atlas der Krystallformen. 9 volumes, atlas, and text. Heidelberg. vol. 9: 80.

Hintze, Carl (1926) Handbuch der Mineralogie. Berlin and Leipzig. 6 volumes: 1 [3A]: 3045.

Szebellédy (1926) Inaugural Dissertation, Budapest [Min. Abs.: 3: 261 (1927)].

Wilson (1928) Physical Review, a Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics: 31: 305.

Cork and Gerhard (1931) American Mineralogist: 16: 71.

Köhler and Leitmeier (1934) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 87: 146.

Colby and LaCoste (1935) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 90: 1.

Hackspill and Wolf (1937) Comptes rendu de l’Académie des sciences de Paris: 204: 1820.

Faivre (1946) Comptes rendu de l’Académie des sciences de Paris: 222: 227.

Sidorenko (1947) Comptes rendus de l’académie des sciences de l’U.R.S.S., n.s.: 55: 149.

Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Etc. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged: 194-196.

American Mineralogist (1971): 56: 758.

Holl C.M., J.R. Smyth, H.M.S. Laustsen, S.D. Jacobsen, & R.T. Downs (2000), Compression of witherite to 8 GPa and the crystal structure of BaCO3-II: Physics and Chemistry of Minerals: 27: 467-473.

Reviews in Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America 11.

Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie (1988): 111: 139.

Internet Links for Witherite

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  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
  • American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database
  • Search for Witherite in the Natural History Museum (London) online catalogue
  • Witherite details from Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF)
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    Localities for Witherite

    Hide Locality List
    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Australia
     
    • South Australia
      • Flinders Ranges
        • North Flinders Ranges
          • Mt Painter area
    		No reference listed
      • Mt Lofty Ranges
        • South Mt Lofty Ranges
          • Glen Osmond
    Austria
     
    • Carinthia
      • Klagenfurt
        • Magdalensberg massif
          • Mairist
    		G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995
    • Salzburg
      • Hohe Tauern Mts
        • Rauris valley
          • Hüttwinkl valley
            • Alteck Mt. - Hoher Sonnblick Mt. area
              • Kolm-Saigurn
    		A. Strasser: Die MInerale Salzburgs (1989)
      • Saalfelden
        • Leogang
          • Hütten
            • Schwarzleograben
    		E. Fugger: "Die Mineralien des Herzogthumes Salzburg", 11. Jahresber. d. k. k. Ober-Realschule in Salzburg (1878)
    • Styria
      • Mariazell
        • Gollrad
    		http://www.vstm.at/Sammeln/Gollrad.htm
        • Niederalpl
    		R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993)
      • Neuberg an der Mürz
    		historic locality
      • Peggau
    		R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993)
    • Tyrol
      • North Tyrol
        • Inn valley
          • Brixlegg - Schwaz area
            • Brixlegg - Rattenberg
    		Lapis 19(7/8):13-78 (1994)
            • Schwaz
    		Lapis 19(7/8):13-78 (1994)
    Brazil
     
    • Southeast Region
      • Minas Gerais
        • Doce valley
          • Galiléia
            • Laranjeiras
    		No reference listed
    Canada
     
    • Northwest Territories
    • Ontario
      • Thunder Bay District
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 196.
    Robert Hauck, Sterling Hill Mining Museum, based on data provided by current owner.
        • O'Connor Township
    		Dana, E.S. (1892) System of Mineralogy, 6th. Edition, New York: 1101.
        • Rabbit Mountain
    		Willet Miller (1905) Sessional Papers (Mines Report) By Ontario. Legislative Assembly (11th Session)
    • Yukon Territory
      • Watson Lake Mining District
        • Itsy Mts
          • MacMillian Pass
    		CanMin:11:444
        • Macmillan Pass
    		Econ Geol (1985) 80:1257-1276
    Econ Geol (1989)84:841-856
    China
     
    • Chongqing Municipality
      • Chengkou Co.
    		http://www.chuanyumining.com/template/resou-e.htm
    • Gansu (Ganzu) Province
      • Jiuquan Prefecture
        • Subei Co.
    		Kamitani, M., Okumura, K., Teraoka, Y., Miyano, S., and Watanabe, Y. (2007): Mineral Resources Map of East Asia. Geological Survey of Japan.
    • Hubei Province
      • Shiyan Prefecture
        • Zhushan Co.
    		Lü Zhi-cheng, Liu Cong-qiang, Liu Jia-jun, Zhao Zhi-qi, Wu Feng-chang, and Li Jian (2005): Geochimica 34(6), 557-573.
    • Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
      • Baotou League
        • Darhan Muminggan United Banner
          • Bayan Obo
    • Shaanxi Province
      • Ankang Prefecture
        • Ziyang Co.
    		Lü Zhi-cheng, Liu Cong-qiang, Liu Jia-jun, Zhao Zhi-qi, Wu Feng-chang, and Li Jian (2005): Geochimica 34(6), 557-573.
    • Sichuan Province
      • Dazhou Prefecture
        • Wanyuan Co.
    		T. Juxing et al.: Mineral Deposits 17(3): 264-276 (1998)
      • Liangshan Autonomous Prefecture
        • Dechang Co.
    		Zengqian Hou, Shihong Tian, Yuling Xie, Zhusen Yang, Zhongxin Yuan, Shuping Yin, Longsheng Yi, Hongcai Fei, Tianren Zou, Ge Bai, and Xiaoyu Li (2009): Ore Geology Reviews (in press)
        • Mianning Co.
    		Zengqian Hou, Shihong Tian, Yuling Xie, Zhusen Yang, Zhongxin Yuan, Shuping Yin, Longsheng Yi, Hongcai Fei, Tianren Zou, Ge Bai, and Xiaoyu Li (2009): Ore Geology Reviews (in press)
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • Central Bohemia Region
        • Příbram
          • Březové Hory (Birkenberg)
            • Březové Hory deposit
    		[Bull.N.M.Praha 2002, 10, p.43-77]
      • Pardubice Region
        • Třemošnice
    		Fengl, M., Jansa, J., Novák, F.: Witherit z fluoritového ložiska Běstvina. Časopis pro mineralogii a geologii, 1987, roč. 32, č. 1, s. 105.
    • Moravia (Mähren; Maehren)
      • Moravia-Silesia Region
        • Frýdlant nad Ostravicí
    		Kudělásek, V., Mandour, M. A., Matýsek, D.: Výskyt witheritu a barytu v těšínitických horninách na lokalitě Kunčice pod Ondřejníkem. Časopis pro mineralogii a geologii, 1989, roč. 34, č. 2, s. 205-207.
    Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre)
     
    • Katanga (Shaba)
      • Kipushi
    		No reference listed
    France
     
    • Auvergne
      • Cantal
        • Lanobre
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 195; "Les minéraux, leurs gisements, leurs associations", P. Bariand, F. Cesbron et J. Geffroy (1977), Editions Minéraux et Fossiles, BRGM
      • Haute-Loire
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 195.
        • Paulhaguet
          • La Chomette
          • Mazerat-Aurouze
            • Aurouze
    		P.G. Pélisson : "Etude Minéralogique et Métallogénique du District Filonien Polytype de Paulhaguet (Haute-Loire, Massif Central Français)", Doctorate Thesis, Orléans, France, 1989
          • Salzuit
    Germany
     
    • Hesse
      • North Hesse
        • Richelsdorf District
          • Süss
            • Richelsdorf Smelter
    		S. Weiß: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
    • Lower Saxony
      • Harz Mts
        • Clausthal-Zellerfeld
          • Bad Grund
            • Wildemann
              • Hütschen valley
    		No reference listed
        • St Andreasberg District
          • St Andreasberg
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 195; Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990; Dana 7:II:195.
    • Saxony
      • Erzgebirge
        • Freiberg District
          • Brand-Erbisdorf
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 195.
        • Schlema-Hartenstein District
      • Vogtland
        • Oelsnitz
          • Schönbrunn
    		Lapis, 17 (7/8), 13-25+90.
    Italy
     
    • Piedmont
      • Verbano-Cusio-Ossola Province
        • Mergozzo
          • Candoglia
    		; American Mineralogist, Volume 69, pages 358-373, 1984
    • Sardinia
      • Cagliari Province
        • Donori
    Japan
     
    • Honshu Island
      • Kanto Region
        • Gunma Prefecture
    		Hirowatari and Fukuoka (1983) Sankai-Gakko Kou\'en-Youshi, 104.
      • Tohoku region
        • Akita Prefecture
          • Hinshu
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 195; Ryoichi SADANAGA and Michiaki BUNNO (1974) THE WAKABAYASHI MINERAL COLLECTION Bulletin No. 7 The University Museum, The University of Tokyo
    Mexico
     
    • Baja California Norte
      • Tres Pozos
    		American Mineralogist, Volume 69, pages 358-373, 1984
    Namibia
     
    • Karas Region
      • Lüderitz District
        • Rosh Pinah
    		Econ Geol (1985) 80:1257-1276
    • Otjikoto (Oshikoto) Region
      • Tsumeb
    		Mineralogical Record () Tsumeb: 8: 34/85.
    • Otjozondjupa Region
      • Grootfontein District
        • Kombat
    		Mineralogical Record: 22: 421.
    Netherlands
     
    • Gelderland
      • Winterswijk
        • Vosseveld
    		T.G. Nijland, J.C. Zwaan, D. Visser, J. Leloux - De mineralen van Nederland - 2007
    Norway
     
    • Svalbard
    		33rd International Geological Congress (2008) session AAA-11 Metallogeny of the Arctic region
    Nordrum, F.S. (2001): Noen funn av mineraler i Norge 2000-2001, part II. STEIN 28 (3): 16- 24
    33rd International Geological Congress (2008) session AAA-11 Metallogeny of the Arctic region
    Russia
     
    • Eastern-Siberian Region
      • Saha Republic (Sakha Republic; Yakutia)
        • Aldan Shield
          • Chara and Tokko Rivers Confluence
    		[Lapis 1993:4 p.13-20]
    • Northern Caucasus Region
      • Karachaevo-Cherkesskaya (Karachai-Cherkess; Karachay-Cherkessia) Republic
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 195.
        • Djalankol
    		Groth (1891) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Kristallgeometrie, Kristallphysik, Kristallchemie (1891): 18: 631; Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 195.
    • Northern Region
      • Murmanskaja Oblast'
        • Kola Peninsula
          • Khibiny Massif
    		Pekov, I.V. & Podlesnyi, A.S. (2004): Kukisvumchorr Deposit: Mineralogy of Alkaline Pegmatites and Hydrotermalites. Mineralogical Almanac, vol. 7, 140 pages + xxiv photo's pages
    • Western-Siberian Region
      • Altaiskii Krai
        • Rudnyi Altai
          • Alei River Basin
            • Korbalikha River
              • Zmeevka Stream
    		Lapis Nov -94 p48-49
    Slovakia
     
    • Banská Bystrica Region
      • Southern Low Tatra Mts
        • Jarabá
    		Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590k
    • Košice Region
      • Eastern Slovenské Rudohorie Mts
    		Koděra et all.,1990: Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, I-III, 1590p
        • Vyšná Slaná
    		Koděra et all.,1990: Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, I-III, 1590p
    • Žilina Region
      • Northern Low Tatra Mts
    		Novotný P. & Pauliš P., 2005: Witherit z Vyšné Boce, Slovenská republika. Zprávy Vlastivědného muzea v Olomouci, 283, 68-71.
    South Africa
     
    • Limpopo Province
      • Phalaborwa
    UK
     
    • England
      • Cheshire
        • Alderley Edge
    		No reference listed
      • Co. Durham
        • Durham Coalfield
          • Annfield Plain
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 195.
          • Brandon
          • Craghead
          • Deerness Valley
    		Dunham, Sir K. C. Geology of the North Pennine Orefield, Volume 1 Tyne to Stainmore (2nd Edition), pp 278-279
    No reference listed
          • South Moor
          • Tantobie
        • North Pennines
          • Lunedale
    		Dunham KC. 1990. Geology of the Northern Pennine Orefield. Vol 1 Tyne to Stainmore. HMSO
          • Teesdale
            • Cowgreen area
    		Dunham, Sir K. C. Geology of the North Pennine Orefield, Volume 1 Tyne to Stainmore (2nd Edition), pp 232, 234-235.
    Dunham, Sir K. C. Geology of the North Pennine Orefield, Volume 1 Tyne to Stainmore (2nd Edition), pp 90, 231-234.
      • Cumbria
        • North and Western Region (Cumberland)
          • Caldbeck Fells
            • Potts Gill
    		No reference listed
          • Mungrisdale
    		BMS Database
          • North Pennines
            • Alston Moor District
              • Nent Valley
    BMS Database
              • Nenthead
    		GREEN, D.I., McCALLUM, D. and WOOD, M. (2000) Famous mineral localities: The Brownley Hill Mine, Alston Moor District, Cumbria, England. Mineralogical Record, 31, 231-250.
    Dunham, Sir K. C. Geology of the North Pennine Orefield, Volume 1 Tyne to Stainmore (2nd Edition), pp 136-138, 143-144
        • South Eastern Region (Westmorland)
          • North Pennines
            • Escarpment District
              • Dufton
    		[Specimen in the Natural History Museum, London]
              • Hilton
                • Scordale
    		Rocks and Minerals (2009) 84: 114-121
    Dunham K C, Geology of the Northern Pennine Orefield, Vol 1, Tyne to Stainmore. HMSO
              • Milburn
                • Dun Fell
    		Dunham, Sir K. C. Geology of the North Pennine Orefield, Volume 1 Tyne to Stainmore (2nd Edition), pp 106, 112.
          • Ullswater
            • Glenridding
    		No reference listed
      • Devon
        • Tavistock District
          • Peter Tavy
    		UKJMM Vol.29 p.49-52
      • North Yorkshire
        • North Pennines
          • Arkengarthdale
            • Hoove Hill
            • Whaw
              • Northside Mines
    		Dunham Sir K C. Geology of the Northern Pennine Orefield. Vol 2. Stainmore to Craven. HMSO
          • Richmond
    Dunham, Sir K. C. Geology of the North Pennine Orefield, Volume 2 Stainmore to Craven (2nd Edition), pp 156-158.
          • Swaledale
            • Gunnerside Gill
    		Dunham, Sir K. C. Geology of the North Pennine Orefield, Volume 2 Stainmore to Craven (2nd Edition), pp 130, 139-140.
              • Friarfold Mine
    Dunham, Sir K. C. Geology of the North Pennine Orefield, Volume 2 Stainmore to Craven (2nd Edition), pp 129-131.
    Dunham, Sir K. C. Geology of the North Pennine Orefield, Volume 2 Stainmore to Craven (2nd Edition), pp 124-126.
    M Wood, Strontianite in Gunnerside Gill, UKJMM No 12
    M Wood, Strontianite from Gunnerside Gill, in UKJMM No 12
            • Keld
            • Marrick
            • Reeth
              • Kearton
    		Braithwaite, R.S.W., Kampf, A.R., Pritchard, R.G., Lamb, R.P.H. (1993): The occurrence of thiosulfates and other unstable sulfur species as natural weathering products of old smelting slags. Mineralogy and Petrology, 47, 255-261.
    Dunham, Sir K. C. Geology of the North Pennine Orefield, Volume 2 Stainmore to Craven (2nd Edition), pp 132-133.
      • Northumberland
        • North Pennines
          • Alston Moor District
            • South Tynedale
    		Dunham, Sir K. C. Geology of the North Pennine Orefield, Volume 1 Tyne to Stainmore (2nd Edition), pp 119, 120.
          • West Allendale
            • Carrshield
    		Dunham, Sir K. C. Geology of the North Pennine Orefield, Volume 1 Tyne to Stainmore (2nd Edition), pp 154
    Dunham, Sir K. C. Geology of the North Pennine Orefield, Volume 1 Tyne to Stainmore (2nd Edition), pp 153-154
    Dunham, Sir K. C. Geology of the North Pennine Orefield, Volume 1 Tyne to Stainmore (2nd Edition), pp 156-158
            • Ninebanks
    		Dunham, Sir K. C. Geology of the North Pennine Orefield, Volume 1 Tyne to Stainmore (2nd Edition), pp 152-153
    Dunham: The Geology of the Northern Pennine Orefield, Vol I Tyne to Stainmore pp 140.
        • Tyne Valley
          • Acomb
    		Dunham, Sir K. C. Geology of the North Pennine Orefield, Volume 1 Tyne to Stainmore (2nd Edition), pp 271
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 195.
          • Fourstones
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 195.
      • Shropshire
        • Callow Hill-Bog District
          • Snailbeach
    		[Specimen in the Natural History Museum, London]
        • Chirbury
    		BMS Database
    • Scotland
      • Dumfries & Galloway (Dumfries-shire)
        • Wanlockhead
    		[MinRec 12:293]
      • Lothian (West Lothian)
        • Linlithgow
    		BMS Database
    • Wales
      • Powys (Montgomeryshire)
        • Llangynog
    		BMS Database
    BMS Database
    BMS Database
    BMS Database
        • Llanidloes
    BMS Database
    BMS Database
    [www.thamesvalleyminerals.com]
    No reference listed
      • Powys (Radnorshire)
        • Old Radnor
          • Wethel
    		National Museum of Wales Database
      • Rhondda-Cynon-Taff (Mid Glamorgan; Glamorgan)
        • Llantrisant
    No reference listed
    USA
     
    • Alaska
      • North Slope Borough
        • Noatak District
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
      • Skagway-Hoonah-Angoon Borough
        • Juneau District
          • Glacier Bay District
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
      • Wrangell-Petersburg Borough
        • Kupreanof District
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
    • Arizona
      • Mohave Co.
    		Phillips, K.A. (1987), Arizona Industrial Minerals AZ Dept. of Mines and Mineral Resources Mineral Rpt. 4; MRDS file #10064848.
      • Pima Co.
        • Sierrita Mts
          • Pima District (Olive District; Mineral Hill District; Twin Buttes District)
            • San Xavier
              • Mission complex
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 421.
      • Yuma Co.
        • Castle Dome Mts
    		No reference listed
            • Kofa Game Range
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 421; Galbraith, F.W. & D.J. Brennan (1959), Minerals of AZ: 49.
    • Arkansas
      • Montgomery Co.
        • Glenwood
    		Rocks & Min.: 56:248 & 63:113.
    • California
      • Fresno Co.
        • Big Creek-Rush Creek District
    		Alfors, J.T., M.C. Stinson, R.A. Matthews & A. Pabst (1965), Seven new barium minerals from eastern Fresno County, California: American Mineralogist: 50: 318, 322-324; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 464.
            • Big Creek
    		American Mineralogist (1981), Volume 66, pages 1050-1053
    Bob Walstrom, p.c.
            • Rush Creek
    		Mineralogical Record (2002): 33: 163.
      • Kern Co.
        • Kramer District
          • Boron
    		Cal Div of Mines & Geology "Mineral Information Service" V. 22 N. 10 Oct 1969
      • Mariposa Co.
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 196.
    Brobst, D.A. (1958), Barite Resources of the United States, USGS Bull. 1072-B: 97; Fitch, A.A. (1931), Barite and witherite from near El Portal, Mariposa County, California: Am.Min.: 16(10): 461-468.
        • Incline
    		[MinRec 30:414]; American Mineralogist (1981), Volume 66, pages 1050-1053; Can.Min.22:653-658
      • Plumas Co.
        • Last Chance District
          • Spring Creek area
    		Mineralogical Record (In press)
      • San Benito Co.
        • Diablo Range
          • New Idria District
            • Clear Creek area
    		American Mineralogist, Volume 69, pages 358-373, 1984
      • Santa Cruz Co.
        • Santa Cruz
    		Am Min 50:1164-1169
      • Shasta Co.
        • Harrison Gulch District
          • Platina
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 196.
      • Trinity Co.
        • Mad River Ridge
    		Tony Kampf (PXRD analysis)
      • Tulare Co.
        • Chickencoop Canyon
    		American Mineralogist, Volume 69, pages 358-373, 1984
    • Illinois
      • Hardin Co.
        • Illinois - Kentucky Fluorspar District
          • Cave-in-Rock Sub-District
    		No reference listed
    Mineralogical Record: 5: 266-269; Rocks & Minerals: 63: 221.
            • Ozark-Mahoning Group
    		Rocks & Min.: 63:211.
    Rocks & Min.: 63: 211, 222 & 226.
              • Saline Mines
    		Rocks & Min.: 24:359; 57:71.
    Christian Bracke Collection.
    www.missourigeologists.org/Min-Loc2.pdf.
    Anderson (1994) Kentucky Geol. Survey Ser. XI Spec. Pub 20
      • Boyle Co.
        • Danville
          • Caldwell Stone Company Quarry
      • Fayette Co.
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 196.
    • Massachusetts
      • Hampshire Co.
        • Easthampton
    		Gleba, 1978. Massachusetts Mineral & Fossil Localities
    • Michigan
      • Arenac Co.
    		Mineralogy of Michigan (E. W. Heinrich & G. W. Robinson)
    • Missouri
      • Washington Co.
    		R&M 73:2 pp 98-117
    • Montana
      • Glacier Co.
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 196; Ross (1959), USGS Professional Paper 296.
    • Nevada
      • Esmeralda Co.
        • Lone Mountain District
    		NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Eureka Co.
        • Lynn District
          • Elko
    		NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
        • Maggie Creek District
    		NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Lander Co.
        • Argenta District
    		NBMG Bull 80 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Lander County, Nevada
      • Nye Co.
        • Northumberland District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    • New Mexico
      • Bernalillo Co.
    		Northrop, 3rd rev. ed. (1996) Minerals of New Mexico
      • Eddy Co.
        • Carlsbad
    		Northrop, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd. Rev. Ed., 1996
      • Sierra Co.
    		Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
      • Socorro Co.
    		Northrop, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd Rev. ed., 1996
    • New York
      • Montgomery Co.
    		George Robinson & Steven Chamberlain (2007) Gazetteer of major New York State mineral localities. Rocks & Minerals, 82, #6, 472-483.
      • Onondaga Co.
        • Jamesville
    		George Robinson & Steven Chamberlain (2007) Gazetteer of major New York State mineral localities. Rocks & Minerals, 82, #6, 472-483.
      • Seneca Co.
        • Covert
    		Rocks & Min.:64(5):388.
    • Utah
      • Tooele Co.
        • Wild Cat Mts
    • Wyoming
      • Sweetwater Co.
        • Green River formation
    		Am Min 46:420-429
    Mineral and/or Locality
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