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Carminite

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Big Photo

Clara Mine, Rankach valley, Oberwolfach, Wolfach, Black Forest, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
© Stephan Wolfsried

Show Carminite Photos (304)



Formula:
PbFe
3+
2
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
2
System:OrthorhombicColour:Carmine-red, terra ...
Hardness:3½
Name:Named for its carmine-red colour.
Dimorph of:Mawbyite


The lead analogue of Sewardite. The orthorhombic dimorph of Mawbyite.

A rare secondary mineral formed as an alteration product of arsenopyrite in the oxidized zones of lead-bearing deposits.
Structurally related to palermoite.

Not to be confused with caminite.

Classification of Carminite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:7/B.28-40
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:8.BH.30

8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
H : With medium-sized and large cations, (OH,etc.):RO4 = 1:1
Dana 8th edition ID:41.10.6.1

41 : ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
10 : (AB)3(XO4)2Zq
Hey's CIM Ref.:20.5.12

20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
5 : Arsenates of Ti and Pb
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Type Occurrence of Carminite

Type Locality:Louise Mine, Bürdenbach, Altenkirchen, Wied Iron Spar District, Westerwald, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
Year of Discovery:1850
Associated Minerals at type locality:
Beudantite

Physical Properties of Carminite

Lustre:Vitreous, Pearly
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Translucent
Comment:Lustre pearly on cleavages.
Colour:Carmine-red, terra cotta-red, reddish brown; red in transmitted light.
Streak:Reddish yellow
Hardness (Mohs):3½
Tenacity:Brittle
Cleavage:Distinct/Good
On {110}, distinct.
Density (measured):5.03 - 5.18 g/cm3
Density (calculated):5.405 g/cm3

Crystallography of Carminite

Crystal System:Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:Cccm {C2/c 2/c 2/m}
Cell Parameters:a = 16.591Å, b = 7.58Å, c = 12.285Å
Ratio:a:b:c = 2.189 : 1 : 1.621
Unit Cell Volume:V 1,544.96 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:8
Morphology:Crystals lath-like, flattened on {010}, elongated [001] and exhibiting {010}, {110}, {011} plus other forms. As needle-like crystals; tufted or spherical aggregates; fibrous, drusy, massive.

Optical Data of Carminite

Type:Biaxial (+)
RI values: nα = 2.050 - 2.070 nβ = 2.050 - 2.070 nγ = 2.060 - 2.080
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.010

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:Very High
Dispersion:r < v strong
Pleochroism:Visible
Comments:X = Light yellowish red
Y = Dark carmine-red
Z = Dark carmine-red

Chemical Properties of Carminite

Formula:
PbFe
3+
2
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
2
Essential elements:As, Fe, H, O, Pb
All elements listed in formula:As, Fe, H, O, Pb

Relationship of Carminite to other Species

Common Associates:
WulfeniteScoroditePlumbojarositeMimetiteDussertite
CerussiteBeudantiteBayldoniteArseniosideriteAnglesite
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
8.BH.05Thadeuite
Ca(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)
 
3
(PO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH,F)
 
2
8.BH.10Durangite
NaAl(AsO
 
4
)F
8.BH.10Isokite
CaMg(PO
 
4
)F
8.BH.10Lacroixite
NaAl(PO
 
4
)F
8.BH.10Maxwellite
NaFe
3+
 
(AsO
 
4
)F
8.BH.10Panasqueiraite
CaMg(PO
 
4
)(OH,F)
8.BH.10Tilasite
CaMg(AsO
 
4
)F
8.BH.15Drugmanite
Pb(Fe
3+
 
,Al)
 
2
(PO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
2
8.BH.20Bjarebyite
(Ba,Sr)(Mn
2+
 
,Fe
2+
 
,Mg)
 
2
Al
 
2
(PO
 
4
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
8.BH.20Cirrolite
Ca
 
3
Al
 
2
(PO
 
4
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
 (?)
8.BH.20Kulanite
Ba(Fe
2+
 
,Mn
2+
 
,Mg)
 
2
(Al,Fe
3+
 
)
 
2
(PO
 
4
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
8.BH.20Penikisite
Ba(Mg,Fe
2+
 
,Ca)
 
2
Al
 
2
(PO
 
4
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
8.BH.20Perloffite
Ba(Mn
2+
 
,Fe
2+
 
)
 
2
Fe
3+
2
(PO
 
4
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
8.BH.20Johntomaite
BaFe
2+
2
Fe
3+
2
(PO
 
4
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
8.BH.25Bertossaite
(Li,Na)
 
2
(Ca,Fe
2+
 
,Mn
2+
 
)Al
 
4
(PO
 
4
)
 
4
(OH,F)
 
4
8.BH.25Palermoite
(Li,Na)
 
2
(Sr,Ca)Al
 
4
(PO
 
4
)
 
4
(OH)
 
4
8.BH.30Sewardite
CaFe
3+
2
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
2
8.BH.35Adelite
CaMg(AsO
 
4
)(OH)
8.BH.35Arsendescloizite
PbZn(AsO
 
4
)(OH)
8.BH.35Austinite
CaZn(AsO
 
4
)(OH)
8.BH.35Cobaltaustinite
CaCo(AsO
 
4
)(OH)
8.BH.35Conichalcite
CaCu(AsO
 
4
)(OH)
8.BH.35Duftite
PbCu(AsO
 
4
)(OH)
8.BH.35Gabrielsonite
PbFe(AsO
 
4
)(OH)
8.BH.35Nickelaustinite
Ca(Ni,Zn)(AsO
 
4
)(OH)
8.BH.35Tangeite
CaCu(VO
 
4
)(OH)
8.BH.35Gottlobite
CaMg(VO
 
4
,AsO
 
4
)(OH)
8.BH.35Hermannroseite
CaCu(PO
 
4
)(OH)
8.BH.40Čechite
Pb(Fe
2+
 
,Mn
2+
 
)(VO
 
4
)(OH)
8.BH.40Descloizite
Pb(Zn,Cu)(VO
 
4
)(OH)
8.BH.40Mottramite
PbCu(VO
 
4
)(OH)
8.BH.40Pyrobelonite
PbMn
2+
 
(VO
 
4
)(OH)
8.BH.45Bayldonite
PbCu
 
3
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
2
8.BH.45Vésigniéite
BaCu
 
3
(VO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
2
8.BH.50Paganoite
NiBi(AsO
 
4
)O
8.BH.55Jagowerite
BaAl
 
2
(PO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
2
8.BH.55Carlgieseckeite-(Nd)
NaNdCa
 
3
(PO
 
4
)
 
3
F
8.BH.60Attakolite
(Ca,Sr)Mn(Al,Fe)
 
4
(HPO
 
4
,PO
 
4
)
 
3
(SiO
 
4
,PO
 
4
)(OH)
 
4
8.BH.65Leningradite
PbCu
 
3
(VO
 
4
)
 
2
Cl
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
20.5.1Cafarsite
Ca
 
8
(Ti,Fe,Fe,Mn)
 
6-7
(AsO
 
3
)
 
12
 · 4H
 
2
O
20.5.2Schultenite
Pb(HAsO
 
4
)
20.5.3Duftite
PbCu(AsO
 
4
)(OH)
20.5.4Bayldonite
PbCu
 
3
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
2
20.5.5Philipsbornite
PbAl
 
3
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
5
 · H
 
2
O
20.5.6Arsendescloizite
PbZn(AsO
 
4
)(OH)
20.5.7Helmutwinklerite
Pb(Zn,Cu)
 
2
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 2H
 
2
O
20.5.8Thometzekite
Pb(Cu,Zn)
 
2
(AsO
 
4
,SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 2(H
 
2
O,OH)
20.5.9Caryinite
(Na,Pb)(Ca,Na)(Ca,Mn
2+
 
)(Mn
2+
 
,Mg,Fe
3+
 
)
 
2
(AsO
 
4
)
 
3
20.5.10Ludlockite
PbFe
3+
4
As
3+
10
O
 
22
20.5.11Gabrielsonite
PbFe(AsO
 
4
)(OH)
20.5.13Segnitite
PbFe
3+
3
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH,H
 
2
O)
 
6
20.5.14Tsumcorite
Pb(Zn,Fe
3+
 
)
 
2
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 2(H
 
2
O,OH)
20.5.15Jamesite
Pb
 
2
Zn(Fe
2+
 
,Zn)
 
2
Fe
3+
4
(AsO
 
4
)
 
4
(OH)
 
10
20.5.16Mawbyite
Pb(Fe
3+
 
,Zn)
 
2
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 2(OH,H
 
2
O)
20.5.17Arsenbrackenbuschite

Other Names for Carminite

Synonyms:
Carmine Spar
Other Languages:
German:Carminit
Carminspath
Karminit
Karminspat
Russian:Карминит
Spanish:Carminita

Other Information

Other Information:Slowly soluble in HCl with the separation of PbCl2 and totally soluble in HNO3.
Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Carminite

Reference List:

- +
Sandberger (1850) Annalen der Physik, Halle, Leipzig: 80: 391 (as Carminspath).

Dana, J.D. (1854) System of Mineralogy, 4th. Edition, New York: 410.

Sandberger (1858) Annalen der Physik, Halle, Leipzig: 103: 345 (as Carminspath).

Larsen, E.S. and Berman, H. (1934) The Microscopic Determination of the Nonopaque Minerals, Second edition, USGS Bulletin 848: 143.

Foshag (1937) American Mineralogist: 22: 479-484.

Le Mesurier (1939) Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia: 25: 137.

Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged, 1124 pp.: 912.

Rosenzweig, A. and J.J. Finney (1959) The unit cell of carminite. American Mineralogist: 44: 663–665.

Olmi, F. and C. Sabelli (1995) Carminite from three localities of Sardinia (Italy). Crystal structure refinements. Neues Jahrb. Mineral., Monatsh., 553–562.

Kharisun, M.R. Taylor, D.J.M. Bevan, and A. Pring (1996) The crystal structure of carminite: refinement and bond valence calculations. Mineralogical Magazine: 60: 805–811.

Internet Links for Carminite

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  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
  • American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database
  • Carminite details from Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF)
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    • Localities for Carminite

    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    Hide Locality List
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Australia
     
    • New South Wales
      • Yancowinna Co.
        • Broken Hill
    		Australian Mineralogist (1997): 3: 1.
    • South Australia
      • Mt Lofty Ranges
        • South Mt Lofty Ranges
          • Clarendon
    		Kolitsch, U. and Elliott, P. (1999): Mineralogy of the Mount Malvern Mine near Clarendon, South Australia. Australian J. Mineral. 5, 3-17.
    • Western Australia
      • Pilbara Region
        • Ashburton Shire
    		[MinRec 24:203]
    Min. Record 24,203-218(1993)
          • Wyloo
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 913; Lead, Zinc and Silver Deposits of Western Australia, 1999.
    Austria
     
    • Lower Austria
      • Industrieviertel
        • Bucklige Welt
          • Wiesmath
    		Kolitsch, U., Bernhardt, F., Brandstätter, F. & Schachinger, T. (2010): 1658) Arsenopyrit, Bariopharmakosiderit, Baryt, Covellin, Jarosit, Karminit?, Mawbyit?, Mimetesit, Philipsbornit, Plumbojarosit, Pyrit, Pyromorphit, Schwefel, Segnitit, Sphalerit und Wulfenit vom Sperkerriegel bei Wiesmath, Bucklige Welt. Pp. 243-245 in Niedermayr et al. (2010): Neue Mineralfunde aus Österreich LIX. Carinthia II, 200./120., 199-260.
    • Styria
      • Birkfeld
        • Gasen
    		Bojar, H.-P. (1993)
      • Fischbacher Alpen Mts
        • Rettenegg
          • Prinzkogel (Prinzenkogel) Mt.
            • Prinzkogel Mt. mines
              • Southern District
    		Jakely, D. et al. (2008)
    Belgium
     
    • Luxembourg Province
      • Stavelot Massif
        • Vielsalm
          • Grand Halleux
    		Lefevre, P., (2001). La présence d'arsenic dans les filons à sulfures du Devillien de Hourt, Massif de Stavelot, Belgium. Mémoire de licence en sciences géologiques et minéralogiques, Université de Liège, année 2000-2001.
    China
     
    • Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
      • Baise Prefecture
        • Debao Co.
    		Yi Li and Lairen Lai (1998): Acta Mineralogica Sinica 18(4), 441-444; Yi Li and Lairen Lai (2003): Mineral Resources and Geology 17(2), 170-172
      • Hezhou Prefecture
    		Yi Li and Lairen Lai (2004): Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology 24(2), 6-8
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • Ústí Region
        • Krušné Hory Mts (Erzgebirge)
          • Dubí
    		Sejkora, J.: Minerály ložiska Moldava v Krušných horách. Bulletin Mineralogicko-petrografického oddělení Národního muzea v Praze, 1994, roč. 2, s. 110-116.
    Sejkora, J., Škovíra, J., Čejka, J. & Plášil, J. (2009): Cu-rich members of the beudantite-segnitite series from the Krupka ore district, the Krušné hory Mountains, Czech Republic. Journal of Geosciences, 54, 355-371.
    France
     
    • Alsace
      • Bas-Rhin
        • Villé Valley
          • Urbeis
    		Thierry Brunsperger collection.
    • Auvergne
      • Allier
        • Ébreuil
          • Échassières
    		Pierre Le Roch & Jean-Marc Johannet collections
    Le Règne Minéral, (33), 5-25.
      • Puy-de-Dôme
        • Puy-Guillaume
    		http://perso.wanadoo.fr/roannemineraux/micromontage.htm
    P.-C. Guiollard (2002), L'uranium du Morvan et du Forez, Ed. P.-C. Guiollard, Fichous(64), 95 pp.
    • Brittany
      • Côtes-d'Armor
        • Gouarec
    		Le Roch, P. (2009): Travaux routiers... et découvertes dans les Côtes-d'Armor, Le Cahier des Micromonteurs, 103, 19-22.
      • Finistère
        • Châteauneuf-du-Faou
    		Germain C., Saget Ph., Tissier J.P. (1990), Le Cahier des Micromonteurs, n°1, pp: 11-19
    • Languedoc-Roussillon
      • Aude
        • Tuchan
          • Padern
    		http://www.zampano.com/minmax/fundort.php3?lang=US&fp=1975&foid=1549]
      • Gard
        • Mercoirol
    		Le Cahier des micromonteurs, 1995, n°4, 14-29
    • Limousin
      • Haute-Vienne
        • Nantiat
          • Vaulry
    		Queneau Patrice collection
        • Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat
    		Jean Chervet collection
        • Saint-Yrieix-la-Perche
    		Queneau Patrice collection
    • Midi-Pyrénées
      • Aveyron
        • Lunel
        • Monteils
    		No reference listed
    • Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
      • Var
        • Le Pradet
    		[UKJMM 2:11-15 "Cap Garonne Secondary Copper and Lead - W.R. van den Berg"]
    • Rhône-Alpes
      • Rhône
        • Beaujeu
          • Les Ardillats
    		Favreau G., Legris J-R., Dardillac M. (1996), La Verrière (Rhône): Histoire et Minéralogie, Le Cahier des Micromonteurs, n°3, pp:3-28
        • Poule-les-Echarmeaux
    		Valverde J. (1999) L'ancienne mine de plomb argentifère de Longefay (Rhône), Le Cahier des Micromonteurs, 66(4), 14-24.
    Germany
     
    • Baden-Württemberg
      • Black Forest
        • Emmendingen
          • Freiamt Pb-Cu mining District
    		S. Weiß: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
        • Gengenbach
          • Haigerach valley
    		Wittern,A. (1995) Mineralien finden im Schwarzwald
        • Lahr
          • Reichenbach
            • Weiler
    		Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
        • Münstertal
          • Belchen Mt.
    		S. Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
    Lapis 21(12), 43 (1996)
          • Hofsgrund (South field)
    		Holger Klapproth collection
        • Schramberg
          • Falkenstein valley
    		No reference listed
        • Todtnau
    		http://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/Deutschland/Baden-W%FCrttemberg/Schwarzwald/Todtnau/Lisb%FChl
        • Wolfach
          • Oberwolfach
            • Rankach valley
    		Walenta, K. (1992): Die Mineralien des Schwarzwaldes. Chr. Weise Verlag, München, 336 pp. (in German)
    • Bavaria
      • Upper Palatinate
        • Oberpfälzer Wald
          • Vohenstrauß
            • Waidhaus
    		M.E. Ciriotti - 05.06.2008 - Probed
    • Hesse
      • Odenwald
        • Lautertal (Odenwald)
          • Reichenbach
            • Hohenstein
    		S Wolfsried collection
    Lapis, 12 (10), 23-32+58.
    • Lower Saxony
      • Harz Mts
        • St Andreasberg District
    		No reference listed
    • North Rhine-Westphalia
      • Bergisches Land
        • Engelskirchen
          • Loope
    		Habel, B. & Linder, R. (2009): Die Grube "Castor" bei Loope und ihre Mineralien. Mineralien-Welt 20 (3), 10-23
      • Siegerland
        • Müsen
    		Schnorrer, K., Pfeiffer, F. (2008): Leogangit ein neues Mineral von der ehemaligen Grube Wildermann in Müsen im Siegerland, Der Aufschluss, Vol. 59, 405-408
    • Rhineland-Palatinate
      • Lahn valley
    		Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
          • Frücht
    		Der Aufschluss Vol.55, March/April 2004
      • Westerwald
        • Linz am Rhein
          • Kalenborn
            • Kasbach
    		Markl, G., (1990): Die Grube Clemenslust bei Kalenborn im Siebengebirge, Der Aufschluss, Vol. 41, 185-201
        • Wied Iron Spar District
          • Altenkirchen
            • Bürdenbach
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 913.
          • Neuwied
            • Dernbach
    		Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged, 1124 pp.: 14; Krause, W., (1988): Perroudit und Karminit von der Grube "Schöne Aussicht" bei Dernbach, Der Aufschluss, Vol. 39, 169-175
    • Saxony
      • Erzgebirge
        • Clausnitz - Sayda District
          • Sayda
    		Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
        • Ehrenfriedersdorf
    		Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
        • Niederschlag-Bärenstein District
          • Bärenstein
            • Niederschlag
    		Lapis, 19 (4), 13-22+50.
        • Schneeberg District
          • Neustädtel
    		Lapis 30(7/8):77 (2005)
        • Schwarzenberg District
          • Langenberg
            • Graul
    		http://www.dergraul.de
    http://www.dergraul.de
    Greece
     
    • Attikí (Attica; Attika) Prefecture
      • Lavrion (Laurion; Laurium) District
        • Lavrion District Mines
          • Agios Konstantinos [St Constantine] (Kamariza)
    		LAPIS 24 (7/8) 1999; Wendel, W. and Markl, G. (1999) Lavrion: Mineralogische Klassiker und Raritäten für Sammler. LAPIS 24 (7/8):34-52
            • Kamariza Mines (Kamareza Mines)
    		No reference listed
    Lapis No.7/8 1999 p.70-74
    Hungary
     
    • Fejér Co.
      • Velencei Mts.
        • Lovasberény
          • Meleg Hill
    		Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei: Mineral species of Hungary, 2005
    • Pest Co.
      • Börzsöny Mts.
        • Nagybörzsöny
    		HOM Collection,Own found
    Italy
     
    • Piedmont
      • Torino Province
        • Brosso
          • Cavallaria Mount
    		Barresi, A. A., & Ambrino, P., 2006. Monte Cavallaria. I minerali delle cave di quarzo "Alpetta, Piani e Rio Freddo". Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 30 (2): 76-97.
    • Sardinia
      • Carbonia-Iglesias Province
        • Fluminimaggiore
    		Stara, P., Rizzo, R., Tanca, G.A. (1996): Iglesiente e Arburese. Miniere e Minerali. Edito a cura dell'EMSA e "varie associazioni mineralogiche", Volume 2°, 192 pp.
    • Stara, P. Rizzo, R., Tanca, G., Vinci A. (1994): Su Zurfuru. 1° parte. Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 4/1993, 215-236.
        • Nuxis
          • Tamara Mt.
    		Rivista Mineralogica Italiana 3/1992-"I minerali del giacimento di Monte Tamara(Nuxis) 1 parte-pp. 167-180
      • Medio Campidano Province
        • Gonnosfanadiga
          • Fenugu Sibiri Mine
    		Brizzi, G., Olmi, F., Sabelli, C. (1994): Gli arseniati di Pira Inferida, Gonnofanadiga (CA). Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 3/1994, 193-206.
    Japan
     
    • Honshu Island
      • Chubu Region
        • Yamanashi Prefecture
    		Alfredo Petrov collection
      • Kanto Region
        • Gunma Prefecture
          • Katashina
    		Yamada, T. (2005) Suisyou, 17, 2-4.
        • Ibaraki Prefecture
          • Nishi-Ibaraki-gun
            • Nanakai-mura
              • Takatori mine
    		Kouno, M. & Watanabe, H. (2007) Chigaku Kenkyu, 56, #1, 11-16.
    • Kyushu Region
      • Miyazaki Prefecture
        • Takachiho
    		Kuwano, et al (1992) Chigaku Kenkyu, 41, 140-143.
      • Oita prefecture
        • Saeki city
    		Kuwano, et al (1992) Chigaku Kenkyu, 41, 140-143.
    Kazakhstan
     
    • Zhambyl Province (Jambyl Oblysy; Dzhambulskaya Oblast')
      • Akbakay
    		Brent Thorne collection
    Mexico
     
    • Durango
      • Mun. de Mapimí
        • Mapimí
    		Thomas P. Moore (2008) Lapis, 33, #7-8, 33-40.
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 840, 913, 954; Rocks & Minerals: 56: 247.
    Moore, T.P. and Megaw, P.K.M. (2003): Famous mineral localities: The Ojuela mine, Mapimi, Durango, Mexico. The Mineralogical Record, 34(5), 1-91
    Thomas P. Moore (2008) Lapis, 33, #7-8, 33-40.
    Thomas P. Moore (2008) Lapis, 33, #7-8, 33-40.
    Panczner (1987): 136.
    • Sonora
      • Mun. de Benjamin Hill
    		T. Kennedy collection
      • Mun. de Caborca
        • El Antimoneo
    		Panczner(1987):113, 136 & 361.
    Panczner (1987): 136.
        • Heróica Caborca
    		Panczner(1987):170.
      • Mun. de Trincheras
        • La Mur
    		Panczner(1987):87 - 295.
    Mongolia
     
    • Hovd Aimag (Khovd Aimag)
      • Altai Mts
    		G.M. Tsareva data
    Namibia
     
    • Otjikoto (Oshikoto) Region
      • Tsumeb
    		Gebhard, G. (1999): Tsumeb II. A Unique Mineral Locality. GG Publishing, Grossenseifen, Germany
    Portugal
     
    • Aveiro District
      • Albergaria-a-Velha
    		- J. Marques de Sá & C. Leal Gomes (2010): LES MINES DE CUIVRE ET NICKEL DE PALHAL ET TELHADELA, PORTUGAL. Le Regne Mineral, nº92, xx-xx.
    • Viana do Castelo District
      • Caminha
      • Ponte de Lima
        • Estorãos
    • Vila Real District
      • Ribeira de Pena
        • Cerva
    		Pedro Alves collection
    • Viseu District
      • São Pedro do Sul
        • Manhouce
          • Gestoso
            • Alto das Quelhas do Gestoso Mines
    		Pierre Rosseel collection
    South Africa
     
    • Gauteng Province
    		Minerals of South Africa
    • Mpumalanga Province
      • Marble Hall
        • Stavoren - Mutue tin field
    		Minerals of South Africa
    • Northwest Province
      • Western Bushveld Complex
        • Brits District
    		Robert O. Meyer collection; Dr. Hans Börner collection; collected by Dr. Hans Börner
    Robert O. Meyer collection; Dr. Hans Börner collection; collected by Dr. Hans Börner
    Switzerland
     
    • Glarus
      • Murg Valley
        • Mürtschenalp
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 237.
    UK
     
    • England
      • Cornwall
        • Callington District
          • Gunnislake Area
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 913.
        • Camborne - Redruth - St Day District
          • Gwennap
            • St Day United Mines (Poldice Mines)
    		No reference listed
        • Mount's Bay District
          • St Hilary
    		No reference listed
    Michael Merry, pers. commun.
    No reference listed
        • St Agnes District
          • Perranzabuloe
            • Perran Iron Lode (Great Perran Iron Lode)
    		No reference listed
        • St Erth - Gwithian Area
          • Gwinear
            • Fraddam
    		No reference listed
        • Wadebridge District
          • Area East of Wadebridge
            • St Endellion
    		No reference listed
            • St Kew
    		No reference listed
            • St Teath
    		No reference listed
      • Cumbria
        • North and Western Region (Cumberland)
          • Caldbeck Fells
            • Carrock Fell
    		No reference listed
            • Coombe Height
    		Journal of The Russell Society, Volume 8, 2003
    No reference listed
    No reference listed
    No reference listed
    No reference listed
    No reference listed
    BMS Database
            • Potts Gill
    		No reference listed
            • Roughton Gill
    		Journal of The Russell Society, Volume11, 2008
    No reference listed
    BMS Database
          • Threlkeld District
            • St John's in the Vale
    		BMS Database
    USA
     
    • Alabama
      • Clay Co.
    		Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333
      • Randolph Co.
        • Cragford District
    		Mineralogy of Alabama Geol Surv Ala. Bull120
    Mineralogy of Alabama Geol Surv Ala. Bull120
    Mineralogy of Alabama Geol Surv Ala. Bull120
    Mineralogy of Alabama Geol Surv Ala. Bull120
    • Alaska
      • Yukon-Koyukuk Borough
        • Kaiyuh District
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
    • Arizona
      • Pima Co.
        • Tucson Mts
          • Amole District
    		In collection of Tom Trebisky.
              • Amole Mine group
    		Cannon Microprobe, November 2008
    • California
      • San Bernardino Co.
        • Clark Mts (Clark Mountain Range)
          • Clark Mountain District
            • Pactolus
              • Mohawk Hill
    		[Mineralien Welt 1/93:44]
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
    • Maine
      • Penobscot Co.
        • Garland
    • Montana
      • Granite Co.
        • Philipsburg District (Flint Creek District)
          • John Long Mts
            • Flint Creek Valley
    		Per. Comm. from Eugene Ford re XRD results Mar. & Apr. 1994
    • Nevada
      • Elko Co.
        • Spruce Mountain District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Esmeralda Co.
        • Gilbert District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
        • Weepah District
    		Ron Layton collection specimen
    Rocks & Minerals, Nov. 1999
      • Eureka Co.
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 913; Rocks & Minerals, Nov. 1999
        • Lynn District
          • Elko
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Humboldt Co.
        • Iron Point District
          • Valmy
    		Collected by and in the collection of Brent Thorne.
      • Lander Co.
        • Battle Mountain District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
        • Bullion District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Lincoln Co.
        • Silver King District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Mineral Co.
        • Bell District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
        • Candelaria District
    		Collection of Kelly Starnes 1991
    Collection of Kelly Starnes 1992
      • Nye Co.
        • Lodi District
          • Quartz Mountain camp
    		Rocks & Minerals, Nov. 1999; Rocks & Minerals (2010) 85:512-524
    • New Mexico
      • Hidalgo Co.
        • San Simon District
          • Granite Gap
    		R&M 77:5 p298-305
    Twenty-fourth Annual New Mexico Mineral Symposium
      • Luna Co.
    		http://geoinfo.nmt.edu/staff/dunbar/abstract/dm99.html.
    • Utah
      • Juab Co.
        • East Tintic Mts
          • Tintic District
    		R&M 68:6 p406-416
    Collected by Brent Thorne
      • Tooele Co.
        • Deep Creek Mts
          • Gold Hill District (Clifton District)
            • Gold Hill
    		Kokinos, M. and Wise, W.S. (1993), Famous Mineral Localities: the Gold Hill mine, Tooele County, Utah. Mineralogical Record: 24(1): 11-22. ]
    Min Rec 24:1 pp11-22
    Min Rec 24:1 pp11-22
    Kokinos, M. and Wise, W.S. (1993), Famous Mineral Localities: the Gold Hill mine, Tooele County, Utah. Mineralogical Record: 24(1): 11-22.
    Kokinos, M. and Wise, W.S. (1993), Famous Mineral Localities: the Gold Hill mine, Tooele County, Utah. Mineralogical Record: 24(1): 11-22.
    collected by Brent Thorne
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