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Celsian

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Big Photo

Benallt Mine (Tyddyn Meirion mine; Ty Canol mine), Rhiw, Llanfaelrhys, Lleyn Peninsula, Gwynedd (Caernarvonshire), Wales, UK
© Steve Rust

Show Celsian Photos (11)



Formula:
BaAl
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
8
System:MonoclinicColour:Colourless, white, yellow
Hardness:6 - 6½
Member of:Feldspar Group
Name:
After Anders Celsius (1701-1744), Swedish astronomer and naturalist.
Dimorph of:Paracelsian


Feldspar Group. Celsian-Hyalophane Series; Celsian-Orthoclase Series.
The distinctly monoclinic (115.2°) dimorph of Paracelsian.
See also Barium-Nepheline.

Classification of Celsian

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:8/J.06-60
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:9.FA.30

9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
F : Tektosilicates without zeolitic H2O
A : Tektosilicates without additional non-tetrahedral anions
Dana 8th edition ID:76.1.1.4

76 : TECTOSILICATES Al-Si Framework
1 : Al-Si Framework with Al-Si frameworks
Hey's CIM Ref.:16.12.4

16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
12 : Aluminosilicates of Sr, Ba and Zn
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Type Occurrence of Celsian

Type Locality:Jakobsberg Mine, Nordmark (Nordmarksberg), Filipstad, Värmland, Sweden
Year of Discovery:1895

Occurrences of Celsian

Geological Setting:Amphibolite regional or contact metamorphic rocks rich in barium

Physical Properties of Celsian

Lustre:Vitreous
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Transparent
Colour:Colourless, white, yellow
Streak:White
Hardness (Mohs):6 - 6½
Tenacity:Brittle
Cleavage:Perfect
Perfect on {001}, good on {010}, poor on {110}
Density (measured):3.10 - 3.39 g/cm3
Density (calculated):3.26 g/cm3

Crystallography of Celsian

Crystal System:Monoclinic
Class (H-M):2/m - Prismatic
Cell Parameters:a = 8.622(4) Å, b = 13.078(6) Å, c = 14.411(8) Å
β = 115.2°
Ratio:a:b:c = 0.659 : 1 : 1.102
Unit Cell Volume:V 1,470.31 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:8
Morphology:Short prismatic to acicular crystals, commonly massive
Twinning:Simple twins in accordance with the
Manebach, Baveno, or Carlsbad laws.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
Image Loading

Radiation - Copper Kα
Data Set:
Horizontal Axis: ° to ° Vertical Axis: % Source Data: Filtered Data:
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.

Optical Data of Celsian

Type:Biaxial (+)
RI values: nα = 1.580 - 1.584 nβ = 1.585 - 1.587 nγ = 1.594 - 1.596
2V:Measured: 86° to 90°, Calculated: 62° to 74°
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.014

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:Moderate
Dispersion:none

Chemical Properties of Celsian

Formula:
BaAl
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
8
Essential elements:Al, Ba, O, Si
All elements listed in formula:Al, Ba, O, Si
Common Impurities:Fe,Mg,Ca,Na,K,F

Relationship of Celsian to other Species

Series:Forms a series with Hyalophane (see here)
Forms a series with Orthoclase (see here)
Member of:Feldspar Group
Other Members of Group:

- +
Albite
NaAlSi
 
3
O
 
8
Andesine
(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si
 
2
O
 
8
]
Anorthite
CaAl
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
8
Anorthoclase
(Na,K)AlSi
 
3
O
 
8
Banalsite
BaNa
 
2
[Al
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
8
]
 
2
Buddingtonite
(NH
 
4
)AlSi
 
3
O
 
8
Bytownite
(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si
 
2
O
 
8
]
Dmisteinbergite
CaAl
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
8
Hyalophane
(K,Ba)[Al(Si,Al)Si
 
2
O
 
8
]
Labradorite
(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si
 
2
O
 
8
]
Microcline
KAlSi
 
3
O
 
8
Oligoclase
(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si
 
2
O
 
8
]
Orthoclase
KAlSi
 
3
O
 
8
Paracelsian
BaAl
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
8
Reedmergnerite
Na[BSi
 
3
O
 
8
]
Sanidine
KAlSi
 
3
O
 
8
Slawsonite
(Sr,Ca)Al
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
8
Stronalsite
SrNa
 
2
[Al
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
8
]
 
2
Svyatoslavite
CaAl
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
8
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
9.FA.05Kaliophilite
KAlSiO
 
4
9.FA.05Kalsilite
KAlSiO
 
4
9.FA.05Nepheline
(Na,K)AlSiO
 
4
9.FA.05Panunzite
(Na,K)AlSiO
 
4
9.FA.05Trikalsilite
(Na,K)AlSiO
 
4
9.FA.05Yoshiokaite
(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)O
 
4
]
9.FA.05Megakalsilite
KAlSiO
 
4
9.FA.10Malinkoite
NaBSiO
 
4
9.FA.15Virgilite
LiAlSi
 
2
O
 
6
9.FA.25Lisitsynite
KBSi
 
2
O
 
6
9.FA.30Adularia
KAlSi
 
3
O
 
8
9.FA.30Anorthoclase
(Na,K)AlSi
 
3
O
 
8
9.FA.30Buddingtonite
(NH
 
4
)AlSi
 
3
O
 
8
9.FA.30Hyalophane
(K,Ba)[Al(Si,Al)Si
 
2
O
 
8
]
9.FA.30Microcline
KAlSi
 
3
O
 
8
9.FA.30Orthoclase
KAlSi
 
3
O
 
8
9.FA.30Sanidine
KAlSi
 
3
O
 
8
9.FA.30Rubicline
(Rb,K)AlSi
 
3
O
 
8
9.FA.30Monalbite
NaAlSi
 
3
O
 
8
9.FA.35Albite
NaAlSi
 
3
O
 
8
9.FA.35Andesine
(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si
 
2
O
 
8
]
9.FA.35Anorthite
CaAl
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
8
9.FA.35Bytownite
(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si
 
2
O
 
8
]
9.FA.35Labradorite
(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si
 
2
O
 
8
]
9.FA.35Oligoclase
(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si
 
2
O
 
8
]
9.FA.35Reedmergnerite
Na[BSi
 
3
O
 
8
]
9.FA.40Paracelsian
BaAl
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
8
9.FA.45Svyatoslavite
CaAl
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
8
9.FA.45Kumdykolite
NaAlSi
 
3
O
 
8
9.FA.50Slawsonite
(Sr,Ca)Al
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
8
9.FA.55Lisetite
CaNa
 
2
Al
 
4
Si
 
4
O
 
16
9.FA.60Banalsite
BaNa
 
2
[Al
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
8
]
 
2
9.FA.60Stronalsite
SrNa
 
2
[Al
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
8
]
 
2
9.FA.65Danburite
CaB
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
8
9.FA.65Maleevite
BaB
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
8
9.FA.65Pekovite
SrB
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
8
9.FA.70Lingunite
(Na,Ca)AlSi
 
3
O
 
8
9.FA.75Kokchetavite
KAlSi
 
3
O
 
8
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
16.12.1Stronalsite
SrNa
 
2
[Al
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
8
]
 
2
16.12.2Slawsonite
(Sr,Ca)Al
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
8
16.12.3Brewsterite
16.12.5Paracelsian
BaAl
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
8
16.12.6Cymrite
BaAl
 
2
Si
 
2
(O,OH)
 
8
 · H
 
2
O
16.12.7Edingtonite
Ba[Al
 
2
Si
 
3
O
 
10
] · 4H
 
2
O
16.12.8Banalsite
BaNa
 
2
[Al
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
8
]
 
2
16.12.9Harmotome
(Ba
 
0.5
,Ca
 
0.5
,K,Na)
 
5
[Al
 
5
Si
 
11
O
 
32
] · 12H
 
2
O
16.12.10Hyalophane
(K,Ba)[Al(Si,Al)Si
 
2
O
 
8
]
16.12.11Balipholite
BaLiMg
 
2
Al
 
3
(Si
 
2
O
 
6
)
 
2
(OH)
 
4
16.12.12Armenite
BaCa
 
2
Al
 
6
Si
 
9
O
 
30
 · 2H
 
2
O
16.12.13Wellsite
(Ba,Ca,K
 
2
)Al
 
2
Si
 
6
O
 
16
 · 6H
 
2
O
16.12.14Merlinoite
(K,Na)
 
5
(Ca,Ba)
 
2
Al
 
9
Si
 
23
O
 
64
 · 23H
 
2
O
16.12.15Anandite
(Ba,K)(Fe
2+
 
,Mg)
 
3
((Si,Al,Fe)
 
4
O
 
10
)(S,OH)
 
2
16.12.16Fraipontite
(Zn,Al)
 
3
((Si,Al)
 
2
O
 
5
)(OH)
 
4
16.12.17Sauconite
Na
 
0.3
Zn
 
3
((Si,Al)
 
4
O
 
10
)(OH)
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O
16.12.18Minehillite
(K,Na)
 
2-3
Ca
 
28
Zn
 
4
Al
 
4
Si
 
40
O
 
112
(OH)
 
16
16.12.19Hendricksite
K(Zn,Mg,Mn
2+
 
)
 
3
(AlSi
 
3
O
 
10
)(OH)
 
2
16.12.20Baileychlore
(Zn,Fe,Al,Mg)
 
6
((Si,Al)
 
4
O
 
10
)(OH)
 
8

Other Names for Celsian

Synonyms:
Barium-Anorthite (of Sjögren)
Other Languages:
Dutch:Celsiaan
German:Celsian
Italian:Celsiana
Portuguese:Celsiana
Russian:Цельзиан
Simplified Chinese:钡长石
Varieties:
Germanate-celsian

Other Information

Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Celsian

Reference List:

- +
Dana, E.S. (1899) Dana's system of mineralogy, (6th edition), appendix I, 15.

Spencer, L.J. (1942) Barium feldspars, (celsian and paracelsian) from Wales. Mineralogical Magazine, 26, 231-245.

Deer, W.A., R.A. Howie, and J. Zussman (1963) Rock-forming Minerals, vol. 4, framework silicates, 166-178.

Gay, P. (1965) An X-ray powder method for the estimation of (K,Ba) feldspars. Mineralogical Magazine, 34, 204-213.

Gay, P. & Roy, N.N. (1965): The mineralogy of the potassium-barium feldspar series: III. Subsolid relationships. Mineralogical Magazine 36, 914-932.

A. P. Mall und V. Rudert (1974): Studies in the system KAlSiO4-BaAl2Si2O8-SiO2-H2O. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 48, 81-88.

Griffen, D.T. and P.H. Ribbe (1976): Refinement of the crystal structure of celsian. American Mineralogist, 61, 414-418.

Fortey, N.J. and B. Beddoe-Stephens (1982): Barium silicates in stratabound Ba-Zn mineralization in the Scottish Dalradian. Mineralogical Magazine, 46, 63-72.

Internet Links for Celsian

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  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
  • American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database
  • Celsian details from Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF)
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    • Localities for Celsian

    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    Hide Locality List
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Australia
     
    • New South Wales
      • Yancowinna Co.
    		No reference listed
    • Queensland
      • Mount Isa - Cloncurry area
        • Mount Isa district
          • Hilton deposits
    		Knights, J.G., 1985, Hilton Silver-Lead-Zinc-Copper Ore Mineralogy. unpublished
    • Tasmania
      • Rosebery district
        • Rosebery
    		Bottrill, R.S. & Baker, W.E. (2008) A Catalogue of the Minerals of Tasmania. Bull. 73. Tasmanian Geological Survey
    Canada
     
    • British Columbia
      • Revelstoke Mining Division
    		Am Min 90: 1655-1660
    • New Brunswick
      • Gloucester Co.
        • Bathurst Parish
          • Bathurst Mining Camp
    		McClenaghan, S.H., Lentz, D.R., Martin, J., and Diegor, W.G. (2009): Mineralium Deposita 44, 523-557.
    • Yukon Territory
      • Watson Lake Mining District
        • Itsy Mts
          • MacMillian Pass
    		Can.Min.22:653-658
        • Macmillan Pass
    		Econ Geol (1985) 80:1257-1276
    Econ Geol (1989)84:841-856
    China
     
    • Gansu Province
      • Longnan Prefecture
        • Cheng Co.
    		Can. J. Earth Sci. 44: 479–492 (2007)
    • Henan Province
      • Luoyang Prefecture
        • Luanchuan Co.
    		Haiqi Yan, Yuhua Pei, Yaowu Song, and Hui Yun (2007): Mineral Resources and Geology 21(3), 245-250
    Czech Republic
     
    • Moravia (Mähren; Maehren)
      • Moravia-Silesia Region
        • Rýmařov
    		Fojt, B. et al.: Paragenetická charakteristika ložisek Pb-Zn rud v širším okolí Horního Města u Rýmařova. Acta Mus. Moraviae, Sci. geol., 2007, 92, 3-57.
      • Olomouc Region
        • Šumperk (Mährisch Schönberg)
          • Ruda nad Moravou
    		Novák M. Gadas P. (2010) ZONED, ANORTHITE- AND GROSSULARITE-BEARING, LEUCOTONALITIC PEGMATITE FROM SERPENTINIZED LHERZOLITE AT RUDA NAD MORAVOU, STARÉ MĚSTO UNIT, CZECH REPUBLIC. Can Miner 48 (3): 629-650.
    Souček, J., Jelínek, E.: Celsian v kvarcitu ze Zlatých Hor. Acta Universitatis Carolinae – Geologica, 1973, vol. 17, nos. 1-2, s. 97-109.
    Pauliš, P.: Die interessanten mineralogische Fundstellen in Mähren und Schlesien. Kutná Hora: Kuttna, 2001.
    Greece
     
    • Aegean Islands (Aiyaíon) Department
      • Kykládes Prefecture
        • Cyclade Islands (Cyclades; Kikladhes; Nomos Kikladhon)
          • Andros Island
    		Reinecke, T. (1982): Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 79, 333-336.
    India
     
    • West Bengal
      • Purulia District
    		Baidya, Tapan Kumar, Sen, Gautam, and Chakravorty, Priya Shankar, 1981, Uranium Occurrences in and Around Nawahatu, Purulia District, West Bengal, India - A Preliminay Report, Economic Geology, v 76, p. 970-973.
        • Nawahatu
    		Baidya, Tapan Kumar, Sen, Gautam, and Chakravorty, Priya Shankar, 1981, Uranium Occurrences in and Around Nawahatu, Purulia District, West Bengal, India - A Preliminay Report, Economic Geology, v 76, p. 970-973.
    Baidya, Tapan Kumar, Sen, Gautam, and Chakravorty, Priya Shankar, 1981, Uranium Occurrences in and Around Nawahatu, Purulia District, West Bengal, India - A Preliminay Report, Economic Geology, v 76, p. 970-973.
    Baidya, Tapan Kumar, Sen, Gautam, and Chakravorty, Priya Shankar, 1981, Uranium Occurrences in and Around Nawahatu, Purulia District, West Bengal, India - A Preliminay Report, Economic Geology, v 76, p. 970-973.
    Italy
     
    • Lombardy
      • Varese Province
        • Ceresio Valley
    		No reference listed
    • Piedmont
      • Verbano-Cusio-Ossola Province
        • Baveno
          • Oltrefiume
            • Mount Camoscio
    		American Mineralogist, 84(5-6), 782-789
        • Mergozzo
          • Candoglia
    		De Michele, V. (1974). Guida mineralogica d'Italia. Istituto Geografico De Agostini, Novara, 2 vol.
        • Ossola Valley
          • Divedro Valley
            • Trasquera
    		Piccoli, G.C., Maletto, G., Bosio, P., Lombardo, B. (2007). Minerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta. Associazione Amici del Museo "F. Eusebio" Alba, Ed., Alba (Cuneo) 607 pp.
    • Sardinia
      • Carbonia-Iglesias Province
        • Fluminimaggiore
    		• Stara, P. Rizzo, R., Tanca, G., Vinci A. (1994): Su Zurfuru. 1° parte. Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 4/1993, 215-236.
    Japan
     
    • Honshu Island
      • Chubu Region
        • Niigata Prefecture
          • Itoigawa City
    		www.city.itoigawa.niigata.jp/fmm/detail-menu2/min109-corundum/corundum.html (in matrix of corundum-bearing river cobbles)
      • Kanto Region
        • Tochigi Prefecture
          • Kanuma City
    		No reference listed
        • Tokyo Prefecture
          • Nishi-Tama-gun
            • Okutama-cho
    		[MinRec 32:419]
      • Kinki Region
        • Kyoto Prefecture
          • Kyoto City
    		Masutomi Museum specimen (Kyoto)
          • Sohraku-gun
    		Am Min 85:242-250
      • Tohoku Region
        • Iwate Prefecture
          • Noda
    		Am Min 85:242-250
    • Shikoku Island
      • Kochi Prefecture
        • Konan City
    		Handbook of Mineralogy, (c) 2001.
    Kazakhstan
     
    • Almaty Province (Almaty Oblysy; Almati Oblast')
      • Tekeli
    		Am Min 90:1163-1166
    Mexico
     
    • Baja California (Baja California Norte; BC Norte)
      • Tres Pozos
    		American Mineralogist, Volume 69, pages 358-373, 1984
    • Baja California Sur (BC Sur)
      • Mun. de Mulegé
        • Vizcaíno Peninsula
          • Sierra San Andres
    		Mikhail Ostrooumov and Alfredo Victoria Morales (2010) Mexican jadeite-bearing rock: a first mineralogical and gemmological approach. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 32, No. 1–4.
    Namibia
     
    • Karas Region
      • Lüderitz District
        • Rosh Pinah
    		Bezing, L. von, Bode, R. & Jahn, S. (2007): Namibia. Minerals and Localities. Edition Schloss Freudenstein, Bode Verlag, Haltern, 395 pp. (in English)
    • Otjozondjupa Region
    		No reference listed
    Romania
     
    • Suceava Co.
      • Suceava district
    		http://minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu
    Russia
     
    • Eastern-Siberian Region
      • Saha Republic (Sakha Republic; Yakutia)
    		[World of Stones 12:49]
    • Far-Eastern Region
      • Khabarovskiy Kray
        • Taikan Ridge
    		Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data
    • Urals Region
      • Middle Urals
        • Ekaterinburgskaya (Sverdlovskaya) Oblast'
          • Ekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk)
            • Sedel'nikovo
    		Brusnitsyn A.I. (2000) Rhodonite deposits of Middle Ural, - S.-Peterburg Univercity press, p. 200 (in Rus.).
    South Korea
     
    • Chungcheongbukdo (Chungchong-pukto)
      • Goesan-gun (Koesan-gun)
    		Gi Young Jeong (2006): Mineralium Deposita 41, 469-481.
    • Gyeonggi-do (Kyonggi-do)
    		Jeong, G. Y & Kim, Y. H. (1999): Goldmanite from the black slates of the Ogcheon belt, Korea. Mineralogical Magazine, 63, 253-256.
    Spain
     
    • Castile and Leon
    		Moro, M.C., Cembranos, M.L., and Fernandez, A. (2001): Canadian Mineralogist 39, 1039-1051.
    Sweden
     
    • Södermanland
      • Nyköping
    • Värmland
      • Filipstad
    		Nysten, P., Holtstam, D. and Jonsson, E. (1999) The Långban minerals. In Långban - The mines,their minerals, geology and explorers (D. Holtstam and J. Langhof, eds.), Swedish Museum of Natural History and Raster Förlag, Stockholm & Chr. Weise Verlag, Munich, pp. 89-183.
        • Nordmark (Nordmarksberg)
    		GFF (1895) 17, 578; Holtstam, D. & Norrestam, R. (1993): Lindqvistite Pb2MeFe16O27,a novel hexagonal ferrite mineral from Jakobsberg, Filipstad, Sweden. American Mineralogist. 78, 1304-1312
        • Persberg district
          • Pajsberg
    		Nysten, P. (2004): Harstigen ett mineralogisk eldorado i Bergslagen. Norsk Bergverksmuseum Skrift 28: 5-13
    Switzerland
     
    • Wallis (Valais)
      • Brig
        • Simplon pass area
          • Ganter valley
            • Wasen Alp
    		Lapis 29(2), 37-40 (2004)
    UK
     
    • Scotland
      • Tayside (Perthshire)
        • Aberfeldy
    		No reference listed
    • Wales
      • Gwynedd (Caernarvonshire)
        • Lleyn Peninsula
          • Llanfaelrhys
            • Nant-y-Gadwen
    		Cotterell, T.F., 2006. Caryopilite and pyroxmangite from Nant Mine, Nant-y-Gadwen, Llanfaelrhys, Pen Llyn, Gwynedd, Wales UK Journal of Mines and Minerals, 27, 51-53.
            • Rhiw
    		Spencer, L.J. (1942) Barium feldspars, (celsian and paracelsian) from Wales. Mineralogical Magazine, 26, 231-245; BMS Collection.; UKJMM Vol.29 p.14
    USA
     
    • Alaska
      • Juneau Borough
        • Admiralty District
    		Cliff D. Taylor (April 2001) The Greens Creek massive sulfide deposit, southeastern Alaska. Denver Region Exploration Geologists' Society abstracts
      • Southeast Fairbanks Borough
        • Fortymile District
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
      • Yukon-Koyukuk Borough
        • Alaska Range
    		Amer. Mineral (1929) 14:319-322
    • Arizona
      • Yavapai Co.
    		Galbraith, F.W. & Brennan (1959), Minerals of AZ: 48.
    • California
      • Fresno Co.
        • Big Creek-Rush Creek District
          • Rush Creek deposit
            • Big Creek
    		[MinRec 33:161]; American Mineralogist (1981), Volume 66, pages 1050-1053; Canadian Mineralogist (2001): 39:1053-1058.
            • Rush Creek
    		Mineralogical Record (2002): 33: 163.
      • Mariposa Co.
        • Incline
          • Trumbull Peak
    		Rogers, Austin Flint (1932), Sanbornite, a new barium silicate mineral from Maricopa County, California: American Mineralogist: 17: 171; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 361; Mineralogical Record (1999): 30: 414; American Mineralogist (1981): 66: 1050-1053; Canadian Mineralogist (1984): 22: 653-658.
      • Santa Cruz Co.
        • Santa Cruz
    		Gross, E.B., Chesterman, C.W., Dunning, G.E., and Cooper, J.F. (1967) Mineralogy of the Kalkar quarry, Santa Cruz, California. California Division Mines and Geol. Special Report 92: 8; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 365.
      • Tulare Co.
        • Exeter area
          • Chickencoop Canyon
    		American Mineralogist, Volume 69, pages 358-373, 1984; Mineralogical Record: 34(2): 159-166
    • Nevada
      • Elko Co.
        • Corral Creek District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada; U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Open-File Report 98-338 chapter 11
        • Lee District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada; U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Open-File Report 98-338 chapter 11
      • Humboldt Co.
        • Golconda District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Lander Co.
        • Battle Mountain District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Nye Co.
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    • New Jersey
      • Sussex Co.
        • Franklin Mining District
          • Franklin
    		Frondel, et al: Am. Min.:51:1388-1393 (1966); Frondel, C.: The minerals of Franklin and Sterling Hill - a checklist (1972); Dunn(1995):Pt4:509.
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