The mineralogy of Rubidium
General Properties | |
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Symbol: | Rb |
Atomic Number: | 37 |
Standard atomic weight (Ar): | 85.4678(3) |
Electron configuration: | [Kr] 5s1 |
Photos | ||
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< | Rubidium metal sample | > |
Atomic Properties | |
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Electronegativity (Pauling scale): | 0.82 |
Atomic Radius: | 265 pm |
Ionic Radius: | 152 pm (+1) |
1st Ionization energy: | 403 kJ/mol |
1st Electron affinity: | -47 kJ/mol |
Oxidation States: | 1 |
Physical Properties | |
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Standard State: | solid |
Bonding Type: | metallic |
Melting Point: | 312 K |
Boiling Point: | 961 K |
Density: | 1.53 g/cm3 |
Metal/Non-Metal: | alkali metal |
Main isotopes of Rubidium | ||||
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Isotope | % in Nature | Half Life | Decay type | Decay product |
83Rb | synthetic | 86.2d | ε | 83Kr |
84Rb | synthetic | 32.9d | ε | 84Kr |
β+ | 84Kr | |||
β− | 84Sr | |||
85Rb | 72.17% | stable | ||
86Rb | synthetic | 18.65d | β− | 86Sr |
87Rb | 27.83% | 4.9×1010 | β− | 87Sr |
Main ions of Rubidium | ||||
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Name | Ion | Example minerals | ||
rubidium | Rb+ | Rubicline |
Other Information | |
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Year Discovered: | 1861 |
Discovered By: | |
Named For: | From Latin: rubidus - "deepest red" |
CPK color coding: | #702EB0 |
External Links: | WikipediaWebElementsLos Alamos National LaboratoryTheodore Gray's PeriodicTable.com |
Simple Compounds | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Sulfides | dirubidium sulphide | Rb2S | +1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
dirubidium disulphide | Rb2S2 | +1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
dirubidium trisulphide | Rb2S3 | +1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
dirubidium hexaasulphide | Rb2S6 | +1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
dirubidium pentasulphide | Rb2S5 | +1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Selenides | dirubidium selenide | Rb2Se | +1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tellurides | dirubidium telluride | Rb2Te | +1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hydrides | rubidium hydride | HRb | +1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fluorides | rubidium fluoride | RbF | +1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chlorides | rubidium chloride | RbCl | +1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Iodides | rubidium iodide | RbI | +1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Oxides | dirubidium oxide | Rb2O | +1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
rubidium superoxide | RbO2 | +1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
dirubidium peroxide | Rb2O2 | +1 |
Mineral Diversity of Rubidium | |
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6. Borates | 1 valid mineral species |
9. Silicates | 2 valid mineral species |
Total: | 3 valid species containing essential Rubidium |
Geochemistry of Rubidium | |
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Goldschmidt classification: | Lithophile |
Rb+ enters later phases in igneous rocks due to its large size. |
Elemental Abundance for Rubidium | ||
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Crust (CRC Handbook) | 9.0 x 10-5 | mass fraction, kg/kg |
Crust (Kaye & Laby) | 7.0 x 10-5 | mass fraction, kg/kg |
Crust (Greenwood) | 7.8 x 10-5 | mass fraction, kg/kg |
Crust (Ahrens/Taylor) | 3.2 x 10-5 | mass fraction, kg/kg |
Crust (Ahrens/Wänke) | 7.90 x 10-5 | mass fraction, kg/kg |
Crust (Ahrens/Weaver) | 6.1 x 10-5 | mass fraction, kg/kg |
Upper Crust (Ahrens/Taylor) | 1.12 x 10-4 | mass fraction, kg/kg |
Upper Crust (Ahrens/Shaw) | 1.10 x 10-4 | mass fraction, kg/kg |
Sea Water (CRC Handbook) | 1.2 x 10-7 | mass per volume fraction, kg/L |
Sea Water (Kaye & Laby) | 1.2 x 10-7 | mass per volume fraction, kg/L |
The Sun (Kaye & Laby) | 1.1 x 10-5 | atom mole fraction relative to Si=1 |
Solar System (Kaye & Laby) | 7.0 x 10-6 | atom mole fraction relative to Si=1 |
Solar System (Ahrens) | 7.09 x 10-6 (6.6%) | atom mole fraction relative to Si=1 (% uncertainty) |
Element association of Rubidium in the Mineral World | |||
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This table compares the known valid mineral species listed listed with Rubidium and the other elements listed based on the official IMA formula. Note that unlike other sections on this page this includes non-essential elements. The first data column contains the total number of minerals listed with Rubidium and the element listed for that row. The second data column lists this number as a percentage of all minerals listed with Rubidium. The final data column compares this percentage against the percentage of all minerals that contain the element listed in each row. Click on a heading to sort. |
Element | Valid Minerals listed with element and Rubidium | % of Rb minerals | Relative to % in all minerals |
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Oxygen | 6 minerals with Rb and O | 100.00% | 23.12% higher |
Aluminium | 4 minerals with Rb and Al | 66.67% | 230.54% higher |
Potassium | 3 minerals with Rb and K | 50.00% | 397.85% higher |
Silicon | 3 minerals with Rb and Si | 50.00% | 80.33% higher |
Lithium | 2 minerals with Rb and Li | 33.33% | 1,548.63% higher |
Boron | 2 minerals with Rb and B | 33.33% | 561.62% higher |
Hydrogen | 2 minerals with Rb and H | 33.33% | 40.69% lower |
Fluorine | 2 minerals with Rb and F | 33.33% | 313.00% higher |
Caesium | 2 minerals with Rb and Cs | 33.33% | 6,388.17% higher |
Beryllium | 1 mineral with Rb and Be | 16.67% | 656.14% higher |
Vanadium | 1 mineral with Rb and V | 16.67% | 246.78% higher |
Chlorine | 1 mineral with Rb and Cl | 16.67% | 124.98% higher |
Manganese | 1 mineral with Rb and Mn | 16.67% | 40.06% higher |
Copper | 1 mineral with Rb and Cu | 16.67% | 22.64% higher |
Arsenic | 1 mineral with Rb and As | 16.67% | 28.77% higher |
Lead | 1 mineral with Rb and Pb | 16.67% | 57.88% higher |
Periodic Table | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Krypton << Rubidium >> Strontium |
Most widespread minerals containing Rubidium | |||||||||||||||||||
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This list of minerals containing Rubidium is built from the mindat.org locality database. This is based on the number of localities entered for mineral species and is therefore slanted towards minerals interesting to collectors with less coverage of common rock-forming-minerals so it does not give an undistorted distribution of Rubidium mineral species. It is more useful when comparing rare species rather than common species. |
Name | Formula | Crystal System | Mindat Localities |
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Rubicline | Rb(AlSi3O8) | Monoclinic | 8 |
Voloshinite | Rb(LiAl1.5◻0.5)(Al0.5Si3.5)O10F2 | Monoclinic | 2 |
Ramanite-(Rb) | Rb[B5O6(OH)4] · 2H2O | Orthorhombic | 1 |
Photos |
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Localities with greatest number of different Rubidium mineral species |
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Significant minerals containing Rubidium | |||||||||||||||||||
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Name | Formula | Crystal System |
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Londonite | (Cs,K,Rb)Al4Be4(B,Be)12O28 | Isometric |
Masutomilite | (K,Rb)(Li,Mn3+,Al)3(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2 | Monoclinic |
Ramanite-(Rb) | Rb[B5O6(OH)4] · 2H2O | Orthorhombic |
Rubicline | Rb(AlSi3O8) | Monoclinic |
Rubidium-bearing Muscovite | (K,Rb)Al2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
Photos |
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Spotted a mistake/omission? - These pages are a work in progress, so please send all comments/corrections to jolyon@mindat.org. Thank you.
Constants and physical property data from:
David R. Lide (ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005).
Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical & Chemical Constants (2005). Section 3.1.3, Abundances of the elements
A. Earnshaw, N. Greenwood, Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, (1997)
Thomas J. Ahrens (ed.), Global Earth Physics : A Handbook of Physical Constants, American Geophysical Union (1995)
L.B. Railsback, An Earth Scientist's Periodic Table of the Elements and Their Ions : Geology 31:9 p737-740 (2003)
Emsley, J. Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. New York: Oxford University Press (2001)