Click here to view [url=http://www.mindat.org/msgboard-89.html][b]Best Minerals W[/b][/url] and here for [url=http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?tab=65][b]Best Minerals A to Z[/b][/url] and here for [url=http://www.mindat.org/mesg-63-159134.html][b]Fast Navigation of completed Best Minerals articles[/b].[/url] Can you help make this a better article? What good localities have we missed? Can you supply pictures of better specimens than those we show here? Can you give us more and better information about the specimens from these localities? Can you supply better geological or historical information on these localities? [url=http://www.mindat.org/min-4322.html][b]Wulfenite[/b][/url] [b]PbMoO[sub]4[/sub][/b] tetragonal [pic id=211348 width=850 float=centre]Wulfenite, Red Cloud Mine, La Paz Co. Arizona, USA, 6.3cm wide[/pic] Mindat currently lists 1515 (June 2012) localities for wulfenite, but only a tiny fraction of those localities produce crystals that are of interest to collectors. Wulfenite crystals from Tsumeb have been reported up 60cm across have been reported (Mineralogical Record 1977, Pinch & Wilson p. 44 & Key p. 50. Dick Bideaux in his Handbook of Mineralogy gives 11 cm as the largest size for wulfenite, but he may have been referring only to pier reviewed articles or his own personal experience of crystals from the Glove mine of which perhaps 11cm was about as large as they got from that locality. If you want the largest by weight, it might be the [url=http://www.mindat.org/photo-53100.html]1.8kg wulfenite from M'fouati Mine, Republic of Congo (Brazzaville)[/url] There may be something like a dozen localities that have produced really fine specimens and of those, the crystals from the Red Cloud Mine in Arizona, USA are perhaps the most highly regarded by collectors. For some reason, many of the good wulfenite producing localities are found in Southern Arizona, and Northern Mexico. Why they should have been concentrated here is open to speculation. It is usually not a robust mineral, and if you have specimens of it, you should treat them gently, for many of them are quite fragile. Perhaps the most robust of them are the highly regarded blocky orange crystals from Los Lamentos, Mexico. Austria, China and Morocco have all produced many fine wulfenite specimens. Which are really the best? Well you will have to look at the eye candy below and make up your own mind. Keep in mind that the pictures shown are only of specimens that have been uploaded to the mindat image gallery and that in many cases there are better specimens lurking out there. Sometimes, when Wulfenite is found in mines, it is found in large quantities and tons of specimens are available, but most of the time they are shipped off to the smelter. [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Argentina[/b] [b]Mendoza, Altiplano de Payún Matru, Payún volcano[/b] [pic id=351037 width=600 float=left]Wulfenite on Hematite after magnetite FOV~6mm[/pic] These wulfenites are not particularly "displayable" because of their tiny size, but this is an exceptional photo micrograph of one and I think they deserve a mention just for the fact that they have a different origin than other wulfenites: primary deposit from fumarole gases rather than secondary oxide zone. Similar finds have been made in fumaroles on Iou-jima (Japan) and perhaps Tolbachik (Russia) too. [Alfredo Petrov 2012] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Argentina[/b] [b][url=http://www.mindat.org/loc-28337.html]Río Negro, Sierra Grande, Complejo Gonzalito district, Gonzalito mine[/url][/b] [pic id=181388 height=320 float=left]Wulfenite, 7cm wide[/pic] [pic id=31294 height=320 float=center]Wulfenite, FOV 7mm[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Australia[/b] [b][url=http:///www.mindat.org/loc-146995.html]Western Australia, Pilbara Region, Roebourne Shire, Whim Creek[/url][/b] [pic id=65861 height=300 float=left]Wulfenite, 6x3,5cm[/pic] [pic id=235275 height=300 float=center]Wulfenite FOV 2cm[/pic] [pic id=246656 height=310 float=left]Wulfenite ~1.1mm[/pic] [pic id=302418 height=310 float=center]Wulfenite FOV 0,4cm[/pic] [pic id=248439 height=315 float=left]Wulfenite, FOV 1cm[/pic] [pic id=119652 height=315 float=center]Wulfenite xl 3mm with Chrysocolla[/pic] [pic id=218272 height=330 float=left]Wulfenite, 3.4cm wide[/pic][pic id=186694 height=330 float=center]Wulfenite & Calcite, 7.5cm[/pic] The Wulfenite specimen thus far produced in Australia are quite modest compared to Mexico and the USA and tend to be mostly micro crystals, though they have certainly produced some fine micro crystals. [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Austria[/b] [pic id=454183 width=400 float=center]Franz Xaver von Wulfen (1728-1805)[/pic] Wulfenite was named after Franz Xaver von Wulfen (1728-1805), Jesuit and mineralogist. He wrote the Book "Abhandlung vom kärnthnerischen Bleyspate", 1785, Vienna. At his honor the mineral Wulfenite was named. The picture of von Wulfen was taken from the book: Schroll, Erich (2008): Blei-Zink-Lagerstätte Bleiberg; die Geschichte ihrer Erforschung. - publishing Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein f. Kärnten, Austria (in german). [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Austria[/b] [b][url=http://www.mindat.org/loc-238.html]Carinthia, Gailtaler Alpen & Karnische Alpen Mts, Bleiberg District, Bad Bleiberg, Stefanie Mine[/url][/b] [pic id=453145 height=344 float=left]Wulfenite, 12cm wide[/pic] [pic id=452452 height=344 float=center]Wulfenite, 6cm wide[/pic] [pic id=452461 height=225 float=left]Wulfenite, 7,5cm wide[/pic] [pic id=453031 height=225 float=center]Wulfenite, 6,5cm wide[/pic] [pic id=158520 height=405 float=left]Wulfenite, 8cm tall[/pic][pic id=147602 height=405 float=center]Wulfenite, 3.2cm wide[/pic] [pic id=232855 height=295 float=left]Wulfenite, 2.5cm wide[/pic] [pic id=1272 height=295 float=center]Wulfenite, 4.5cm wide[/pic] [pic id=460367 height=323 float=left]Wulfenite, 8cm wide[/pic] [pic id=147523 height=323 float=center]Wulfenite, 4.5cm wide[/pic] [pic id=459793 height=316 float=left]Wulfenite 12 cm wide[/pic] [pic id=518458 height=316 float=center]Wulfenite on Hydrozincite 15cm wide[/pic] [pic id=452308 height=309 float=left]Wulfenite FOV 4,5 cm[/pic] [pic id=452578 height=309 float=center]Wulfenite 5cm wide [/pic] [pic id=452458 height=341 float=left]Wulfenite on Barite 7cm wide[/pic] [pic id=463249 height=341 float=center]Wulfenite & Hemimorphite 9cm wide[/pic] [pic id=452462 height=411 float=left]Wulfenite & Hemimorphite 5.5cm high[/pic] [pic id=452706 height=411 float=center]Wulfenite on Hemimorphite 5cm wide[/pic] [pic id=463284 height=358 float=left]Wulfenite 8cm wide[/pic] [pic id=465080 height=358 float=center]Wulfenite on Hemimorphite 6x6cm[/pic] [pic id=468537 height=355 float=left]Wulfenite FOV 6cm[/pic] [pic id=468682 height=355 float=center]Wulfenite FOV 12cm[/pic] [pic id=468681 width=400 float=left]Wulfenite FOV 7cm[/pic][pic id=453035 width=410 float=center]Wulfenite 10cm wide [/pic] [pic id=463908 height=470 float=center]Wulfenite on Hydrozincite 13cm wide[/pic] Bad Bleiberg is the type locality of Wulfenite. Bad Bleiberg a village near Villach in Carinthia is very closely connected with the mineral Wulfenite as it was named after the Austrian Jesuit mineralogist and biologist Franz Xaver von Wulfen who had published the monograph "Abhandlung vom Kärnthnerischen Bleyspate" in 1785. In this book he mainly described the specimens collected at Bleiberg. He already was fascinated by the bright colors and perfectly shaped crystals. There has been a very long mining tradition reaching back to ancient times at Bleiberg until in 1993 the mine had to be closed because of the falling prizes for zinc and lead. Together with the inhabitants of the village many collectors were very disappointed as there had been hope that the marvelous finds of the 2 last decades could be topped. Reason for this was the circumstance that the deeper the Stefanie shaft was driven the better and larger the crystals were which the face workers brought out. The largest thin plated crystals measured incredible 10 centimeters on an edge. At the 13th level of Stefanie Mine which was 695 meters below the surface the very best specimens could be found in the years between 1982 and 1987. The good quality of the minerals especially Wulfenite encouraged the BBU (Mining Company) to let one miner just concentrate on rescuing these treasures. In this time collectors were able to buy minerals at the Mining Company's Directory. But although some enormous Wulfenite pockets were opened perfect pieces still were very rare and not easy to get. The most striking pieces were those found between 12th and 13th level in yellow to orange color with a brilliance which in Europe never had been seen before. A great find also was the man-sized pocket with the green Wulfenites in 1986. Today the mine below the 5th level is flooded so the probably very best Wulfenites are preserved for the next generations. [Rudolf Hasler 2012] The Stefanie Mine is also the type locality for Hydrozincite and Ilsemannite. Bleiberg is the largest Lead/Zinc deposit in Alpine Europe and at the time of its closure having produced an estimated 1.1 mil. tons Pb, 1.1 mil. tons Zn, 993 tons Cd, 172 tons Ge and 500 tons Mo with remaining reserves of ~1.3 million tons of metal. The Triassic ore bodies are situated in limestones of somewhat different ages. The origin of the ore is not clear, but is thought to be 100% epigenetic. During the orogenesis of the alps the orebody was modified. The beautiful Wulfenite, Vanadinite etc, are the result of oxidation of the primary sulfides. The oxidation zone of the deposit extends as deep at 700 meters below the surface. There is a museum which can be visited in one of the adits of the mine. [Martin Rich 2012] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Austria[/b] [b][url=http://www.mindat.org/loc-42680.html]Carinthia, Gailtaler Alpen & Karnische Alpen Mts, Bleiberg District, Heiligengeist, Franz Josef Mine[/url][/b] [pic id=463767 width=412 float=left]Wulfenite 13cm wide[/pic] [pic id=463762 width=398 float=center]Wulfenite FOV 6cm wide[/pic] [pic id=157244 height=296 float=left]Wulfenite, 12.5cm wide[/pic] [pic id=458970 height=296 float=center]Wulfenite FOV 12x9cm[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Austria[/b] [b][url=http://www.mindat.org/loc-236.html]Carinthia, Gailtaler Alpen & Karnische Alpen Mts, Bleiberg District, Heiligengeist, Kadutschen, Alt-Stefanie Mine (dump)[/url][/b] [pic id=152984 height=300 float=left]Wulfenite 13cm wide[/pic] [pic id=152750 height=300 float=center]Wulfenite FOV 9cm[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Austria[/b] [b][url=http://www.mindat.org/loc-42665.html]Carinthia, Gailtaler Alpen & Karnische Alpen Mts, Kötschach-Mauthen, Dellach, Jaukenhöhe Mt.[/url][/b] [pic id=147763 height=300 float=left]Wulfenite, 2.3cm wide[/pic] [pic id=173217 height=300 float=center]Wulfenite, FOV 1.1cm[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Austria[/b] [b][url=http://www.mindat.org/loc-46715.html]Carinthia, Karawanken Mts, Hochobir Mt., Zauchen, Schäffler Alp District[/url][/b] [pic id=135642 height=300 float=left]Wulfenite, xls ~.7mm[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Belgium[/b] [b]Luxembourg Province, Stavelot Massif, Vielsalm, Cahai (Cahay), Tier des Carrières[/b] [pic id=5929 height=300 float=left]Wulfenite, FOV 1mm[/pic] [pic id=5930 height=300 float=center]Wulfenite, FOV 1mm[/pic] Certainly not great wulfenite specimens, but the white one is quite unusual, but I think that pure lead molybdate should be white if pure. Also, whou would have thought that Belgium would have any Wulfenites at all? [edit Harjo: Apart from the Stavelot massif Wulfenite has been found in the Quartz veins around Bastogne and Bertrix as well as Richelle] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Chile[/b] [b]Antofagasta Region, Tocopilla Province, Tocopilla District, Santa Ana Mine (Chapacase Mine)[/b] [pic id=180731 height=300 float=left]Wulfenite 9.6cm wide[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Chile[/b] [b]Atacama Region, Copiapó Province, Cachiyuyo de Llampos district, Dulcinea de Llampos Mine[/b] [pic id=148210 width=400 float=left]Wulfenite & Mimetite, FOV 4mm[/pic] Chile has produced little in the way of Wulfenite specimens. Mostly micro material and perhaps the largest crystals are in the cm range. [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]China[/b] [b]Sichuan[/b] [pic id=74244 width=400 float=left]Wulfenite, 5.5cm[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]China[/b] [b]Sichuan Province, Liangshan Autonomous Prefecture, Mianning Co., Maoniuping REE deposit[/b] [pic id=56789 width=835 float=centre]Wulfenite on Barite, 3.9cm wide[/pic] [pic id=7872 height=280 float=left]wulfenite, FOV 1.1mm[/pic] [pic id=115860 height=280 float=center]Wulfenite on Barite, FOV 1cm[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]China[/b] [b]Xinjiang (Xinjiang-Uygur) Autonomous Region, Bayin'gholin (Bayingolin; Bayinguoleng) Autonomous Prefecture, Ruoqiang (Qakilik; Chaqiliq) Co., Jianshan Mine[/b] [pic id=147938 height=400 float=left]Wulfenite, 7.6 cm tall[/pic] [pic id=156113 height=400 float=center]Wulfenite, 5.4cm wide[/pic] [pic id=147942 height=305 float=left]Wulfenite, 8.4 cm wide[/pic] [pic id=146933 height=305 float=center]Wulfenite, 5.8 cm wide[/pic] [pic id=147958 height=450 float=left]Wulfenite, 3cm tall[/pic] [pic id=147930 height=450 float=center]Wulfenite, 5.2cm wide[/pic] [pic id=147960 height=300 float=left]Wulfenite, 4.7cm wide[/pic][pic id=147943 height=300 float=center]Wulfenite, 8.1cm wide[/pic] [pic id=147959 height=450 float=left]Wulfenite, 4.1cm wide[/pic] [pic id=147935 height=450 float=center]Wulfenite, 4.2cm wide[/pic] [pic id=113394 height=435 float=left]Wulfenite, 1.4cm[/pic] [pic id=147928 height=435 float=center]Wulfenite, 5.2cm wide[/pic] [pic id=147931 height=270 float=left]Wulfenite, 7cm wide[/pic] [pic id=147939 height=270 float=center]Wulfenite, 9.6cm wide[/pic] China has only recently begun to produce specimens of Wulfenite, but from the pictures shown here you can easily understand why most collectors would like to have one in their collection. The demand for these is greater than the supply. [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Czech Republic[/b] [b]Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen), Ústí Region, Krušné Hory Mts (Erzgebirge), Krupka (Graupen), Barbora adit, Knöttel (Knötel; Knödel) area[/b] [pic id=150340 width=400 float=left]Wulfenite, 1.5mm[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre)[/b] [b]Katanga (Shaba), Katanga Copper Crescent, Central area, Shinkolobwe, Shinkolobwe Mine (Kasolo Mine)[/b] [pic id=202328 width=500 float=left]Wulfenite & Uranophane, FOV 2mm[/pic] So far the only crystals that have been produced by the mines of the Democratic Republic of the Congo are micromounts, but their association with nice crystals of various uranium minerals makes them popular with micromount collectors, if they can get one. Though it is not likely, one wonders if radiation can turn wulfenite black as it does most Quartz crystals. [Rock Currier, 2009] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre)[/b] [b]Katanga (Shaba), Katanga Copper Crescent, Western area, Kolwezi, Musonoi Mine[/b] [pic id=34194 height=300 float=left]Wulfenite, Kasolite etc. FOV 3mm[/pic] [pic id=84322 height=300 float=center]Wulfenite, Kasolite etc. FOV 4mm[/pic] [pic id=13177 height=300 float=left]Wulfenite xl .8mm on Malachite[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]France[/b] [b]Rhône-Alpes, Ardèche, Ste Marguerite Lafigère, Rouvière mine[/b] [pic id=120275 width=400 float=left]Wulfenite xl. 4mm with Anglesite[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]France[/b] [b]Rhône-Alpes, Rhône, Lantignié, Monterniers Mines[/b] [pic id=190966 height=370 float=left]Wulfenite, 9.7cm tall[/pic] [pic id=214979 height=370 float=center]Wulfenite on Mimetite, 2cm wide[/pic] [pic id=206532 height=305 float=left]Wulfenite on Barite ~6cm wide[/pic] [pic id=212652 height=305 float=center]Wulfenite xls, 6mm wide[/pic] [pic id=71590 height=280 float=left]Wulfenite crystal 0,8cm[/pic] [pic id=218157 height=280 float=center]Wulfenite xl. 1mm & Mimetite[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Germany[/b] [b]Baden-Württemberg, Black Forest, Wolfach, Oberwolfach, Rankach valley, Clara Mine[/b] [pic id=247129 height=300 float=left]Wulfenite, Pyromorphite FOV 3mm[/pic] [pic id=71863 height=300 float=centre]Wulfenite FOV 1,5mm[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Greece[/b] [b]Attikí (Attica; Attika) Prefecture, Lavrion (Laurion; Laurium) District, Lavrion District Mines, Plaka[/b] [pic id=259560 height=300 float=left]Wulfenite ~5.2cm wide[/pic] [pic id=202286 height=300 float=center]Wulfenite xl. 1.2mm wide[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Greece[/b] [b]Attikí (Attica; Attika) Prefecture, Lavrion (Laurion; Laurium) District, Lavrion District Mines, Plaka, Plaka Mines, Adami No. 02 Mine ("Adayir" Mine) & Others[/b] [pic id=3486 height=290 float=left]Wulfenite, 5.5cm wide[/pic] [pic id=188846 height=290 float=center]Wulfenite 1cm wide[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Greece[/b] [b]Attikí (Attica; Attika) Prefecture, Lavrion (Laurion; Laurium) District, Lavrion District Mines, Plaka, Plaka Mine No. 80, Plaka Mines[/b] [pic id=36076 width=400 float=left]Wulfenite on Mimetite, FOV 1.2 cm[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Iran[/b] [b]Esfahan Province (Isfahan Province; Aspadana Province), Anarak District, Chah Kharboze (Tchah-Kharboze),Chah Kharboze Mine (Tchah-Kharboze Mine; Chah-Karbuzeh Mine)[/b] This is the best locality in Iran for Wulfenite. It is a small mine and at one time Wulfenite crystals were the main ore of the mine and I was told that women used to gather the crystals in baskets to take to the smelter. In the 70s I went to the mine site and though it had been abandoned for a number of years, one could see countless tiny shards of red Wulfenite crystals in the soil at the mine site. I have never seen a crystal from here even as large as one inch, but the crystals were almost all a very intense red color. Not many specimens were saved. At least one group of German collectors made a trip to the mine and collected there before the lower level where the best crystals were found were flooded. Perhaps one of them will tell us the story about their collecting trip there. [Rock Currier, 2009] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Iran[/b] [b]Esfahan Province (Isfahan Province; Aspadana Province), Anarak District[/b] [pic id=112281 height=270 float=left]Wulfenite, 8mm wide[/pic] [pic id=46328 height=270 float=center]Wulfenite xl. .6mm wide[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Iran[/b] [b]Esfahan Province (Isfahan Province; Aspadana Province), Anarak District, Madan-e Nakhlak (Ma'dan-e-Nahlak), Nakhlak Mine (Nekhlak Mine)[/b] [pic id=61731 height=300 float=left]Wulfenite Cerussite16cm[/pic] [pic id=35603 height=300 float=center]Wulfenite xls. 4mm on Cerussite[/pic] Not a prolific mine for wulfenite and most of the crystals from here are micros growing on cerussite. At the time of my visit I saw one crack running up out of the sight of my mine lamp lined with one to two cm burrs of reticulated cerussite, many of which had micro Wulfenites growing on them. The rocks on the floor of the stope were about 10% crushed cerussite crystals. [Rock Currier 2012] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Italy[/b] [b]Lombardy, Bergamo Province, Seriana Valley, Riso Valley, Oneta[/b] [pic id=181884 height=330 float=left]Wulfenite, large xl. 1.2cm[/pic] [pic id=184105 height=330 float=center]Wulfenite, 9cm[/pic] [pic id=189522 height=330 float=left]Wulfenite, largest xl. 1cm[/pic] [pic id=246960 height=330 float=center]Wulfenite xl. 4.3mm[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Italy[/b] [b]Lombardy, Lecco Province, Abbadia Lariana, Linzanico, Monastero Valley, Cascina Mugarola, "Delle Grigne" Lead Mine[/b] [pic id=176175 width=400 float=left]Wulfenite, 5cm wide[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Italy[/b] [b]Piedmont, Biella Province, Cervo Valley, Quittengo, Le Forche[/b] [pic id=234502 width=400 float=left]Wulfenite, 1mm[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Mexico[/b] [b]Chihuahua, Mun. de Ahumada, Los Lamentos Mts (Sierra de Los Lamentos)[/b] [pic id=118642 height=395 float=left]Wulfenite, 3.5cm wide[/pic] [pic id=103320 height=395 float=center]Wulfenite, 2cm wide[/pic] [pic id=39953 height=320 float=left]Wulfenite, 5.3cm wide[/pic] [pic id=111864 height=320 float=center]Wulfenite, 3.8cm wide[/pic] [pic id=57251 height=515 float=left]Wulfenite, 4cm wide[/pic] [pic id=33943 height=515 float=center]Wulfenite, 5.8cm tall[/pic] [pic id=154353 height=370 float=left]Wulfenite 18cm wide[/pic] [pic id=67262 height=370 float=center]Wulfenite ~6cm wide[/pic] [pic id=56479 height=350 float=left]Wulfenite6.3cm[/pic] [pic id=231173 height=350 float=center]Wulfenite, 7.2cm[/pic] [pic id=33942 height=355 float=left]wulfenite, 4cm wide[/pic] [pic id=48216 height=355 float=center]Wulfenite, 3.9cm wide[/pic] [pic id=228500 height=470 float=left]Wulfenite & Calcite, 5.8cm wide[/pic] [pic id=33941 height=470 float=center]Wulfenite, 4.4cm wide[/pic] [pic id=65449 height=325 float=left]Wulfenite, 8.9cm wide[/pic] [pic id=181307 height=325 float=center]Wulfenite, 7.7cm wide[/pic] [pic id=64016 height=337 float=left]Wulfenite, 6.5cm wide[/pic][pic id=58990 height=338float=center]Wulfenite, 4.4cm wide[/pic] [pic id=64426 height=320 float=center]Wulfenite, 8.5cm wide[/pic] This mine is thought by many collectors to have produced the best specimens of Wulfenite of any mine in Mexico, but some think the San Francisco mine produced as good or better specimens. Many of the specimens from the mine were characterized by block orange crystals that have been likened to chunks of caramel candy. Some specimens were more than a foot across. Specimens from this mine were collected and sold to collectors for many years. For many years in the 50 and 60s collectors from the United States, possibly most California and Arizona made collecting trips to this mine and returned with hundreds of specimens that were sold and traded all over the world. Today, even good small specimens from this locality can rarely be found for less than $1000. Crystals rarely exceeded two inches and most of the fine specimens have crystals that are much smaller. As you can see from the pictures above that many different kinds of Wulfenite crystals were produced at this mine. [Rock Currier 2009] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Mexico[/b] [b]Durango, Mun. de Mapimí, Mapimí, Ojuela Mine[/b] [pic id=154597 height=383 float=left]Wulfenite, 8.2cm wide[/pic][pic id=154384 height=383 float=center]Wulfenite, 5.5cm tall[/pic] [pic id=164007 height=360 float=left]Wulfenite, 3.7cm wide[/pic] [pic id=173738 height=360 float=center]Wulfenite on Mimetite, 6.7cm wide[/pic] [pic id=153381 height=530 float=left]Wulfenite, 6.5cm tall[/pic] [pic id=154342 height=530 float=center]Wulfenite, 6.2cm tall[/pic] [pic id=154343 height=330 float=left]Wulfenite on Mimetite, 5.8cm wide[/pic] [pic id=228707 height=330 float=center]Wulfenite on Mimetite, 4.6cm wide[/pic] [pic id=233106 height=330 float=left]Wulfenite xl. 5mm, Calcite, Mimetite[/pic] [pic id=203182 height=330 float=center]Wulfenite on Mimetite, 5cm wide[/pic] [pic id=245632 height=340 float=left]Wulfenite on Mimetite, 4cm[/pic][pic id=232971 height=340 float=center]Wulfenite & Mimetite, 3.9cm wide[/pic] [pic id=182441 height=320 float=left]Wulfenite on Mimetite, 3cm wide[/pic] [pic id=222463 height=320 float=center]Wulfenite, FOV 1.5mm[/pic] [pic id=222459 height=290 float=left]Wulfenite & Mimetite, FOV 1.7mm[/pic] [pic id=102375 height=290 float=center]Wulfenite xl. 3mm & Mimetite[/pic] For most of its productive life, the Ojuela mine was better know for Mimetite, Legrandite and Adamite specimens rather than Wulfenite. Most of the Wulfenite produced in the 20th century were limited to very thin yellow and often rather transparent Wulfenite crystals, often in the cm size range, frequently associate with a light green Mimetite. Recently however, a small number of miners/collectors from the nearby town of Mapimi have gone into the old workings and have collected considerable numbers of strikingly good specimens of prismatic pyramidal orange Wulfenite crystals, many of them growing with and on dark green Mimetite. Hundreds of specimens have been produced, and some of the better ones are shown above. [Rock Currier, 2009] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Mexico[/b] [b]Sonora, Mun. de Cucurpe, Cucurpe, Cerro Prieto, San Francisco Mine (Cerro Prieto Mine)[/b] [pic id=119431 height=395 float=left]Wulfenite on Mimetite, 4.5cm wide[/pic] [pic id=20891 height=395 float=center]Wulfenite on Mimetite 3.5cm wide[/pic] [pic id=228988 height=405 float=left]Wulfenite & Mimetite, 4cm wide[/pic] [pic id=65792 height=405 float=center]Wulfenite ~5cm wide[/pic] [pic id=245209 height=350 float=left]Wulfenite on Mimetite, 4cm wide[/pic] [pic id=172111 height=350 float=center]Wulfenite & Barite, 6cm wide[/pic] [pic id=186443 height=330 float=left]Wulfenite, 7cm wide[/pic] [pic id=229583 height=330 float=center]Wulfenite, 4cm wide[/pic] In the last part of the 20th century, this mine was exploited by a number of groups of collectors to produce many fine specimens of Wulfenite. The crystals from this mine were almost always thin and delicate and sometimes associated with little red balls of Mimetite which made them particularly attractive to collectors. Today a fine example of Wulfenites form this mine will bring thousands of dollars. Because the Wulfenite crystals from this mine are so delicate, many of the specimens have become chipped and broken. [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Mexico[/b] [b]Sonora, Mun. de Rayón, Rayón, Socorro Mine[/b] [pic id=35211 width=400 float=left]Wulfenite on Mimetite, 9.2cm wide[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Morocco[/b] [b]Meknès-Tafilalet Region, Khénifra Province, Midelt, Upper Moulouya lead district, Mibladene (Mibladén; Mibladan; Miblanden)[/b] [pic id=114160 height=340 float=left]Wulfenite, 4.5cm wide[/pic] [pic id=118654 height=340 float=center]Wulfenite, 7.5cm wide[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Morocco[/b] [b]Oriental Region, Oujda-Angad Province, Touissit District[/b] [pic id=61360 height=410 float=left]Wulfenite & Dolomite, 4.1cm wide[/pic] [pic id=241296 height=410 float=center]Wulfenite on Dolomite, 5.5cm wide[/pic] [pic id=14506 height=280 float=left]Wulfenite, 10cm wide[/pic] [pic id=22468 height=280 float=center]Wulfenite, 7cm wide[/pic] [pic id=105867 height=305 float=left]Wulfenite, 3.5cm wide[/pic] [pic id=217916 height=305 float=center]Wulfenite, Wulfenite, 6cm wide [/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Namibia[/b] [b]Otjikoto (Oshikoto) Region, Tsumeb, Tsumeb Mine (Tsumcorp Mine)[/b] [pic id=18704 height=345 float=left]Wulfenite,Dolomite 6cm[/pic] [pic id=18701 height=345 float=center]Wulfenite on Dolomite, 10cm[/pic] [pic id=120003 height=470 float=left]Wulfenite on Dioptase, 4.1cm wide[/pic][pic id=115538 height=470 float=Center]Wulfenite, Dioptase 1.7cm[/pic] [pic id=18700 height=300 float=left]Wulfenite, 5cm wide[/pic] [pic id=18702 height=300 float=center]Wulfenite on Dolomite, 8cm wide[/pic] [pic id=4338 height=390 float=left]Wulfenite, 3.5cm wide[/pic] [pic id=23907 height=390 float=center]Wulfenite, 4.2 cm wide[/pic] [pic id=4636 height=495 float=left]Wulfenite, 3.5cm tall[/pic] [pic id=235229 height=495 float=center]Wulfenite, 4cm tall[/pic] [pic id=216746 height=320 float=left]Wulfenite on Dolomite, 5.8cm wide[/pic] [pic id=3538 height=320 float=center]Wulfenite & Mimetite, 3cm wide[/pic] [pic id=261471 height=315 float=left]Wulfenite, 4.7cm wide[/pic] [pic id=18703 height=315 float=center]Wulfenite, 9cm wide[/pic] [pic id=60687 height=305 float=left]Wulfenite, 3.5cm wide[/pic] [pic id=84443 height=305 float=center]Wulfenite on Dolomite, 4.8cm wide[/pic] The mine at Tsumeb is not particularly known for its Wulfenite specimens, but it has produced some good ones, as you can see from the above images. Perhaps the most striking thing about the Wulfenite specimens from Tsumeb is the large number of different kinds of crystals that it has produced. Usually the pockets with Wulfenite specimens that are found are all different from each other and the pockets were always small and in most cases did not produce more than a few flats of specimens. One pocket of wulfenite was opened where crystals up to 60cm were found. They were very delicate and most if not all of these big crystals were heavily damaged as specimens were removed from the pocket. [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Congo, Republic of (Brazzaville)[/b] [b]Kouilou Region, Mvouti Prefecture, Mvouti (M'Fouati)[/b] [pic id=49536 height=370 float=left]Wulfenite, 1.5cm wide[/pic] [pic id=53100 height=370 float=center]Wulfenite, 11cm wide[/pic] This locality may have produced the largest Wulfenites in terms of wight. The 11 cm one pictured above is not particularly attractive but it does weigh 1.6kgs and may be the largest wulfenite known by weight. [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Slovenia[/b] [b]Mežica (Miess)[/b] [pic id=137427 height=380 float=left]Wulfenite, 8.1cm wide[/pic] [pic id=176293 height=380 float=center]Wulfenite, 3.5cm wide[/pic] The Wulfenite specimens from Miess have been known for perhaps 100 years and at times have been abundant. We need someone more familiar than I with these specimens to tell us about them. [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Sloveina[/b] [b]Mežica (Miess), Črna (Schwarzenbach), Helena Mine[/b] [pic id=56278 height=280 float=left]Wulfenite, 4cm wide[/pic] [pic id=186126 height=280 float=center]Wulfenite, 6.8cm wide[/pic] [pic id=184129 height=420 float=left]Wulfenite & Calcite, 2.5cm wide[/pic] [pic id=104081 height=420 float=center]Wulfenite, 8.6cm wide[/pic] [pic id=185510 height=410 float=left]Wulfenite & Calcite, 4cm wide[/pic] [pic id=192459 height=410 float=center]Wulfenite, 4cm wide[/pic] [pic id=14143 height=310 float=left]Wulfenite, 5cm wide[/pic] [pic id=212669 height=310 float=center]Wulfenite, 3.5cm wide[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Slovenia[/b] [b]Mežica (Miess), Mežica Mine[/b] [pic id=65633 height=315 float=left]Wulfenite, 6cm wide[/pic][pic id=5178 height=315 float=center]Wulfenite 4cm wide[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Slovenia[/b] [b]Mežica (Miess), Mežica Mine[/b] [pic id=226046 width=400 float=left]Wulfenite, 7cm wide[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Slovenia[/b] [b]Mežica (Miess), Staro Igrčevo Mine[/b] [pic id=186480 height=600 float=centre]Wulfenite, 2.1cm wide[/pic] [pic id=183608 height=400 float=left]Wulfenite, 1.1cm wide[/pic] [pic id=185667 height=400 float=center]Wulfenite, 2.5cm wide[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Slovenia[/b] [b]Mežica (Miess), Union Mine[/b] [pic id=252631 height=700 float=centre]Wulfenite, 40cm wide/25kg[/pic] [pic id=185255 height=300 float=left]Wulfenite, 4.6cm wide[/pic] [pic id=187794 height=300 float=center]Wulfenite, 2.5cm wide[/pic] [pic id=187423 height=370 float=left]Wulfenite, 2cm wide[/pic] [pic id=3866 height=370 float=center]Wulfenite, 6cm wide[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Spain[/b] [b][url=http://www.mindat.org/loc-105633.html]Andalusia, Granada, Albuñuelas, Barranco del Humo mines (Cortijo del Humo mines)[/url][/b] [pic id=261434 height=300 float=left]Wulfenite, 16x14cm[/pic] [pic id=261435 height=300 float=center]Wulfenite, 6x3,5cm[/pic] [pic id=263573 height=305 float=left]Wulfenite, 14cm[/pic] [pic id=262333 height=305 float=center]Wulfenite fov 0,8cm[/pic] [pic id=261319 height=320 float=left]Wulfenite fov 0,8cm[/pic] [pic id=261529 height=320 float=center]Wulfenite fov 1cm[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]Spain[/b] [b][url=http://www.mindat.org/loc-105636.html]Andalusia, Granada, Albuñuelas, Los Lastonares mines[/url][/b] [pic id=80654 height=310 float=left]Wulfenite, 6,2x3,4cm[/pic] [pic id=217296 height=310 float=center]Wulfenite fov 0,3cm[/pic] Several mines near the town of Albuñuelas, about one hour south of Granada, were mined for Galena from the 19th century up to their closure in the 1920s. During the war interest in the mines revived because the Molybdenum that was thrown on the dumps during the active mining period was in demand for the industry. Therefore hardly any dumps are visible and collecting is best done inside the mine. [personal info Paco Lopez] Very nice specimens have come out of the mines, Wulfenite in a variety of colours (brown, red, orange, yellow, green, gray, colourless) and a wide range of different forms. Individual crystals can get up to about 1 cm and large cabinet specimens have been found. The names of the individual mines in the area are: Barranco del Humo mines (Cortijo del Humo mines), Cerro de la Cruz mine, Cerro de la Jara mine, Cerro del Capón mines, Cortijo del Cura mine, El Centenillo mine, La Cunilla mine (El Cuco mine), Laura mine, Los Lastonares mine and San Antonio de Padua mine. [b]Wulfenite (Var: [url=http://www.mindat.org/min-9359.html]Chillagite[/url])[/b] [b]Spain[/b] [b][url=http://www.mindat.org/loc-143789.html]Catalonia, Barcelona, Vallès Oriental, Sant Fost de Campsentelles, Teresita mine[/url][/b] [pic id=154225 height=340 float=left]Chillagite, 2,3x2,1cm[/pic] [pic id=179577 height=340 float=center]Chillagite, 4,2x3,4cm[/pic] Classic Spanish locality for the Tungstenian variety of Wulfenite, Chillagite. [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]USA[/b] [b]Cochise Co., Chiricahua Mts, California District, Rustler Park, Hilltop Mine (Hand Mine; Kasper tunnel; Gray Mine; Dunn shaft; Blacksmith shaft; Rhem adit)[/b] [pic id=245194 width=400 float=left]Wulfenite, 6.1cm wide[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]USA[/b] [b]Arizona, Cochise Co., Dragoon Mts, Turquoise District (Courtland-Gleeson District), Gleeson, Costello Mine group (Costello claims), Defiance Mine[/b] [pic id=172100 height=320 float=left]Wulfenite & Calcite, 8.5cm wide[/pic] [pic id=247715 height=320 float=center]Wulfenite, 4.8cm wide[/pic] [pic id=43291 height=295 float=left]Wulfenite, 7.5cm wide[/pic] [pic id=42916 height=295 float=center]Wulfenite, 9.3cm wide[/pic] [pic id=193822 height=320 float=left]Wulfenite, 9.5cm wide[/pic] [pic id=201550 height=320 float=center]wulfenite, 3cm wide[/pic] [pic id=62622 height=415 float=left]Wulfenite, 3cm wide[/pic] [pic id=51603 height=415 float=center]Wulfenite ~10cm tall[/pic] [pic id=244437 height=405 float=left]Wulfenite, 10cm wide[/pic] [pic id=231645 height=405 float=center]Wulfenite, 6.5cm wide[/pic] The specimens from this mine at one time were abundant, but because of their delicate nature, many of them have been damaged or destroyed. Many of the specimens from this mine are instantly recognizable by their pagoda shaped crystals. Many of the specimens were found with tiny white calcite crystals growing on the tops of the Wulfenite crystals. Many specimens have had the calcite crystals removed to better show the Wulfenite. Some crystals are a rather brown color and others grade almost to a shiny orange color. Of course the brighter colors are worth more to collectors. [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]USA[/b] [b]Arizona, Cochise Co., Dragoon Mts, Turquoise District (Courtland-Gleeson District), Gleeson, Costello Mine group (Costello claims), Silver Bill Mine[/b] [pic id=55724 width=400 float=left]Wulfenite, 2.2cm tall[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]USA[/b] [b]Arizona, Cochise Co., Dragoon Mts, Turquoise District (Courtland-Gleeson District), Gleeson, Mystery Mine (Mystery Tunnel Mine; Minerals Exploration Co. property)[/b] [pic id=61764 width=400 float=left]Wulfenite, 7cm wide[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]USA[/b] [b]Cochise Co., Tombstone Hills, Tombstone District, Tombstone, Toughnut Mine (Tough Nut Mine; Northwest Mine; Hoodoo stopes; Tombstone group)[/b] [pic id=204053 width=400 float=left]Wulfenite, 3.5cm wide[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]USA[/b] [b]Arizona, Gila Co., Dripping Spring Mts, Banner District, Hayden area, Chilito, 79 Mine (79th Mine; Seventy-Nine Mine; Seventy-Nine property; McHur prospect)[/b] [pic id=37850 height=325 float=left]Wulfenite, 2.4cm wide[/pic] [pic id=27451 height=325 float=center]Wulfenite on Aurichalcite, 5.7cm wide[/pic] [pic id=1776 height=315 float=left]Wulfenite, 2.3cm wide[/pic] [pic id=102857 height=315 float=center]Wulfenite, 1.2cm wide[/pic] [pic id=52287 height=400 float=left]Wulfenite, 2.9cm wide[/pic] [pic id=237530 height=400 float=center]Wulfenite, 2.8cm wide[/pic] [pic id=202739 height=290 float=left]Wulfenite, 3.3cm wide[/pic] [pic id=133080 height=290 float=center]Wulfenite, 5cm wide[/pic] This mine produced a lot of Wulfenite specimens, but few of them were good. The most attractive of them were the thin yellow crystals growing on a black matrix. Most of these specimens were small. [Rock Currier, 2009] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]USA[/b] [b]Arizona, Gila Co., Dripping Spring Mts, Banner District, Hayden area, Chilito, Keystone Gulch, Finch Mine (Barking Spider Mine), Reagan claims (Regan/Reagan Camp prospects; Lee Reagan property; Lee Reagan prospects; Kullman-McCool group)[/b] [pic id=158446 height=320 float=left]Wulfenite & Quartz, 4.6cm wide[/pic] [pic id=117607 height=320 float=center]Wulfenite xls to .9cm under Quartz[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]USA[/b] [b]La Paz Co., Trigo Mts, Silver District, Pure Potential Mine (North Geronimo Mine)[/b] [pic id=247910 height=380 float=left]Wulfenite, 5.8cm tall[/pic] [pic id=247908 height=380 float=center]Wulfenite, 4.9cm wide[/pic] [pic id=504542 height=400 float=left]Wulfenite, xtl 1,7cm [/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]USA[/b] [b]Arizona, La Paz Co., Trigo Mts, Silver District, Red Cloud Mine[/b] [pic id=116423 height=520 float=left]Wulfenite, largest xl.=1.9cm[/pic] [pic id=39095 height=520 float=centre]Wulfenite 2.7cm tall[/pic] [pic id=7407 height=310 float=left]Wulfenite, 3cm wide[/pic] [pic id=142255 height=310 float=center]9mm wide Wulfenite on matrix[/pic] [pic id=29235 height=295 float=left]Wulfenite, 7cm wide[/pic] [pic id=178938 height=295 float=center]Wulfenite, 4.8cm wide[/pic] [pic id=167879 height=355 float=left] Wulfenite, 4.2cm tall[/pic] [pic id=69383 height=355 float=center]Wulfenite xls up to 2.5cm[/pic] [pic id=211348 height=315 float=left]Wulfenite, 6.3cm[/pic] [pic id=172515 height=315 float=center]Wulfenite, 7.2cm wide[/pic] The Red Cloud mine is famous among collectors for the beauty and quality of the red Wulfenite crystals that it produced. The specimens ere never abundant and you were lucky if you could come away after two or three days collecting in the mine with two or three flats of specimens, and these were with very rare exceptions never of the best quality. For years access to the mine was more or less unrestricted and the biggest worry was if your car could make it up the sandy road to the mine. Many collectors, myself included made many trips to the mine and never came away with a really fine specimen. The Red Cloud was a very small old silver mine and almost all the specimens produced from this mine were collected by collectors after the mine has ceased operation. It consisted of a steep incline and a vertical shaft. You could get down and up it without a rope, but almost all of us who collected in the mine used a rope to help navigate the incline. It went down perhaps 150 feet to a haulage level that intersected with the bottom of the shaft. The incline continued even more steeply below the haulage level, but after a fire burnt out the wooden ladder that led to the lower level, few collectors bothered to access this part of the mine. There was little incentive to go there because almost all of the good Wulfenite specimens were to be found in the stopped areas of the vein above the haulage level. The mine was also known for how dirty it was. After collecting there for a day, you always came out impregnated with the fine red limonite dust that was everywhere in the mine. You would take off your shirt, and if you were wearing a white undershirt, the undershirt was pink. If you took off the undershirt as well, you skin was a light pink color. Sometimes it took several baths to remove this dust completely from your body and often for a day or two after, if you blew your nose, you could still see evidence of this fine red dust still in your system. In the early part of the 20th century crystals were supplied to Wards Natural History establishment, but the first find of really good specimen, and some collectors still say the best were collected by the legendary field collector Ed Over in 1938. They were sold mostly back east by his partner Arthur Montgomery. The letters that Ed Over wrote to Arthur Montgomery about the find have been published in the Mineralogical record and they are the stuff of collecting legends. Some of the crystals he found were about two inches across, and some of the best ones, which Arthur kept in his collection will be shown above as soon as I can get my slide scanner up and running again. Other fine specimens were recovered when the main vein at the deposit was open pitted by a group of collectors and a number of fine specimens were produced from several small narrow pockets of less than 2 meters in length. "On the 9th (of February) I tried another brecciated seam that has pocketed three times... each pocket has been bigger and better. I can't compare this stuff with anything I've seen before...But I will say that these single crystals , clusters and groups are the finest wulfenite I've ever seen...the Pocket bottoms are covered with loose crystals...I think this seam is one in a million. I am shipping 8 boxes, 6 1/2 are from this place. P.S. Note large rose shaped cluster of crystals especially."[sup]1[/sup] Today any of the better specimens would bring thousands of dollars each and some specimens would probably sell for more than $100,000. From the second find of good specimens that was mined by Wayne Thompson's group in 1973 when they open pitted the vein, I even broke down and paid several thousand dollars for a decent, specimen from this find. It was not one of the best ones, but I knew that this would be probably my last change to get a good Wulfenite from this mine and after spending more than 100 hours collecting in the dirty old hole, I wanted a good one. 1, Mineralogical Record, Vol. 11, #3, May-June 1980: The Red Cloud Mine, Gary M. Edison, p141 to 152. [Rock Currier, 2009] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]USA[/b] [b]Arizona, Maricopa Co., Painted Rock Mts, Painted Rock District, Theba, Rowley Mine (Rawley Mine; Reliance Mine; Reliance Copper Mine; Rainbow Mine; Theba Mine; San Carlos patented claim #4524)[/b] [pic id=270004 height=600 float=centre]Wulfenite, 4cm wide[/pic] [pic id=103321 height=320 float=left]Wulfenite & Mimetite, 2cm wide[/pic] [pic id=86131 height=320 float=center]Wulfenite & Mimetite, 4cm wide[/pic] [pic id=145793 height=430 float=left]Wulfenite on Barite, 8cm wide[/pic] [pic id=222505 height=430 float=center]Wulfenite on Barite, 4.8cm wide[/pic] [pic id=32864 height=265 float=left]Wulfenite, 8.8cm wide[/pic] [pic id=117744 height=265 float=center]Wulfenite on Barite, 5cm[/pic] [pic id=238427 height=350 float=left]Wulfenite, 2cm wide[/pic] [pic id=221659 height=350 float=center]Wulfenite, Mimetite 2.7cm wide[/pic] The Rawley mine was accessible to collectors for years by collectors and at one time it was difficult to find a field collector who had not visited the mine at least once. Wulfenite was an abundant mineral in the mine, but you rarely good a good specimens from there. They were characterized by being small crystals, usually growing on Baryte, but very clear and delicate. You usually came away with several flats of specimens but rarely anything very good. It was a small mine and accessed by a fairly large incline shaft. I nearly got squashed by a big boulder that fell from the ceiling less than six inches from where I was standing. I don't go back to collect there after that. [Rock Currier 2009] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]USA[/b] [b]Arizona, Pima Co., Tucson Mts, Amole District, Saguaro National Monument, Old Yuma Mine (Yuma Mine)[/b] [pic id=139560 height=320 float=left]Wulfenite, 2.4cm wide[/pic] [pic id=173779 height=320 float=center]Wulfenite, 2.1cm wide[/pic] The Old Yuma Mine is located right on in the outskirts of Tucson and many years after it stopped production, the property was purchased by Dick Bideaux who could never get permission to open it up and collect in a part of the mine what was productive of specimens. He did so in his youth, and wanted to do so again, but was never able to. He fought with the government for years to patent the claim and in the end sold it to the government for a good price. We need someone like Gene Schlep who is still with us to tell us about the mine and the specimens it produced. [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]USA[/b] [b]Arizona, Pinal Co., Mammoth District, Tiger, St. Anthony deposit, Mammoth-Saint Anthony Mine (Mammoth-St Anthony Mine; Mammoth Mine; St. Anthony Mine)[/b] [pic id=154906 height=290 float=left]Wulfenite, 6cm wide[/pic] [pic id=66573 height=290 float=center]Wulfenite & Mimetite, 12.4cm wide[/pic] [pic id=108670 height=290 float=left]Wulfenite & Dioptase, FOV ~4.5cm[/pic] [pic id=35893 height=290 float=center]Wulfenite & Dioptase, 5.5cm wide[/pic] Tiger produced some good Wulfenite specimens, but they are quite delicate and you rarely see one today. In the early days, before it was called Tiger, the locality was generally know as Schulz, Arizona. The mine at that time produced some nice specimens of bladed orange Wulfenite that has a sort of smoky orange color. A fine example of this king is in the collection of Harvard University. [Rock Currier] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]USA[/b] [b]Arizona, Santa Cruz Co., Santa Rita Mts, Tyndall District, Cottonwood Canyon, Amado, Devil's Cash Box ridge, Glove Mine (Sunrise Mine), Glove Mine group (Zombie & Zeco claims; Festiago-Franklin; Blacksmith adit)[/b] [pic id=4160 height=340 float=left]Wulfenite, 8cm tall[/pic] [pic id=251130 height=340 float=centre]Wulfenite, 5.3cm wide[/pic] [pic id=230102 height=425 float=left]Wulfenite, 7.1cm wide[/pic] [pic id=43242 height=425 float=centre]Wulfenite, 6.5cm tall[/pic] [pic id=205347 height=280 float=left]Wulfenite, 2.9cm wide[/pic] [pic id=205346 height=280 float=center]Wulfenite on Psilomelane, 3cm wide[/pic] [pic id=3330 width=400 float=left]Wulfenite on Psilomelane 8cm wide[/pic] [pic id=120775 width=402 float=center]Wulfenite & Calcite, 9cm wide[/pic] This mine produced a large variety of Wulfenite specimens, but the specimens from this mine are dominated by specimens from a huge pocket of bladed curved brown/orange crystals that were dug by Al Haag and Dick Bideaux in the late 50s. When a "cave" full of Wulfenite was encountered at the mine, a deal was struck with the mining company to collect the specimens. Dick said they could collect the specimens as long as they did not disrupt the mining process. He told of walking on a mine tunnel that was covered with Wulfenite crystals that would crunch beneath his boots and laying in part of the pocket, collecting and handing out specimens as the miners were drilling holes near his feet to prepare for a blast that would destroy the specimens in that huge pocket of Wulfenite. He had to place some canvas in the bottom of the pocket to keep the sharp thin Wulfenite crystals from cutting his back. Several hundred good specimens were collected, but you rarely see them offered for sale today. Dick told me that the largest crystals from this mine measured about 11cm across. [Rock Currier, 2009] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]United States[/b] [b]California, Inyo County, Darwin, 1208 oxide stope[/b] [pic id=174446 height=300 float=left]Wulfenite, 8.9cm wide[/pic] [pic id=42054 height=300 float=center]Wulfenite largest xl 0.3mm[/pic] The best wulfenite from Darwin was found in the roof at the far end of the 1208 stope in 1973. Most of the little orange crystals found here were less than 5 mm but some were as large as 12 mm and most of these larger crystals were not particularly attractive. Most of the specimens were clusters of wall to wall small bright orange crystals. Most of the specimens were collected by Wolfgang Mueller during one evenings collecting. He collected about 15 flats of specimens of various qualities. The best specimen is a matrix specimen 10 x 15 cm tapering to a point on one in with excellent coverage of the small crystals which are associated with micro prismatic orange, mimetite crystals which are not evident until you look closely for them. Some of the better specimens sold for as much as $400. The best specimen was available for the price of a new Chevrolet Blazer and may still be[sup]1[/sup] 1. Personal communication, Wolfgang Mueller 2000 aprox. [Rock Currier 6 November 08] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]USA[/b] [b]Montana, Broadwater Co., Radersburg District (Cedar Plains District; Lone Mountain District), James R. Lee Mine[/b] [pic id=89303 height=370 float=left]Wulfenite, 5.5cm wide[/pic] [pic id=89307 height=370 float=center]Wulfenite, 4cm tall[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]USA[/b] [b]Montana, Madison Co., Silver Star District, Silver Star, Broadway Mine (Victoria Mine; Bowery; Delaware)[/b] [pic id=43696 height=350 float=left]Wulfenite ~5cm wide[/pic] [pic id=43694 height=350 float=center]Wulfenite, 5cm wide[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]USA[/b] [b]New Mexico, Doña Ana Co., Organ District, Stevenson-Bennett Mine (Stephenson-Bennett Mine)[/b] [pic id=966 height=390 float=left]Wulfenite, 4cm wide[/pic] [pic id=158432 height=390 float=center]Wulfenite, 5.2cm wide[/pic] [pic id=14569 height=295 float=left]Wulfenite, 4.3cm wide[/pic] [pic id=55564 height=295 float=center]Wulfenite, 5cm wide[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]USA[/b] [b]New Mexico, Grant Co., Burro Mountains District, Tyrone Area, Tyrone Mine[/b] [pic id=89407 width=400 float=left]Wulfenite, 3cm[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]USA[/b] [b]New Mexico, Grant Co., Central District, Vanadium, Groundhog Mine, Lucky Bill Mine (Lucky Bill shaft)[/b] [pic id=155730 width=400 float=left]Wulfenite ~6cm wide[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]USA[/b] [b]Pennsylvania, Chester Co.Schuylkill Township, Phoenixville Mining District, Wheatley Mines[/b] [pic id=141252 height=270 float=left]Wulfenite on Pyromorphite, ~12cm[/pic] [pic id=15533 height=270 float=center]Wulfenite, 4cm wide[/pic] The mine is much better know for its Pyromorphite crystals but I thought I would throw in a couple of pictures of the Wulfenite crystals from this famous old mine just to put thing in perspective. They rarely got to be larger than a mm or two. [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]USA[/b] [b]Utah, Beaver Co., Star Range, Star and North Star Districts, Milford, Harrington-Hickory Mine (Rocky; The Gomer Shaft)[/b] [pic id=247797 width=400 float=left]Wulfenite, 4.5cm wide[/pic] [b]Wulfenite[/b] [b]USA[/b] [b]Utah, Box Elder Co., Pilot Range, Lucin District, Tecoma Hill Mines[/b] [pic id=49734 width=400 float=left]Wulfenite, 6.5cm[/pic] Click here to view [url=http://www.mindat.org/msgboard-89.html][b]Best Minerals W[/b][/url] and here for [url=http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?tab=65][b]Best Minerals A to Z[/b][/url] and here for [url=http://www.mindat.org/mesg-63-159134.html][b]Fast Navigation of completed Best Minerals articles[/b].[/url] http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,115741#msg-115741 Sat, 25 May 2013 07:30:22 +0000 Phorum 5.2.15a http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,285249#msg-285249 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,285249#msg-285249 I have exchanged one of my pics of Stefanie Mine. I am sure you will like the new one as it is my best Wulfenite photo up to now.

Rudolf]]> Rudolf Hasler Best Minerals W Wed, 13 Feb 2013 16:52:39 +0000 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,284188#msg-284188 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,284188#msg-284188 Rock Currier Best Minerals W Thu, 31 Jan 2013 15:12:08 +0000 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,284184#msg-284184 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,284184#msg-284184 I have added Anton Watzl's Wulfenite from Pure Potential Mine into your article.
I hope that is in your interest.

Rudolf]]> Rudolf Hasler Best Minerals W Thu, 31 Jan 2013 13:16:50 +0000 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,279884#msg-279884 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,279884#msg-279884 Rock Currier Best Minerals W Fri, 21 Dec 2012 22:26:18 +0000 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,279878#msg-279878 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,279878#msg-279878 Anton Watzl uploaded a Wulfenite from the Pure Potential Mine yesterday which I think fits perfectly well for your article.
Here in Europe it is said that all the best specimens are bought by American collectors. Is it now the other way round?;-)

© Anton Watzl Sr.

Rudolf]]> Rudolf Hasler Best Minerals W Fri, 21 Dec 2012 20:02:18 +0000 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,279721#msg-279721 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,279721#msg-279721 I feel happy that you also like the article in Lapis.

Rudolf]]> Rudolf Hasler Best Minerals W Thu, 20 Dec 2012 08:15:28 +0000 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,279680#msg-279680 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,279680#msg-279680
Thank you for your fine work on Mindat and thank you for the article about Bleiberg in the Lapis mineral magacine. A very personally point of view about mineral collecting in Bleiberg - I love it!

Stay tuned!]]> Martin Rich Best Minerals W Wed, 19 Dec 2012 20:53:49 +0000 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,279677#msg-279677 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,279677#msg-279677 Rock Currier Best Minerals W Wed, 19 Dec 2012 20:31:28 +0000 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,279676#msg-279676 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,279676#msg-279676 I have added two pictures at Stefanie Mine. I think you might like them.

Rudolf]]> Rudolf Hasler Best Minerals W Wed, 19 Dec 2012 20:07:33 +0000 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,269253#msg-269253 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,269253#msg-269253 What makes you certain that the specimen is from that locality?]]> Rock Currier Best Minerals W Fri, 24 Aug 2012 05:18:27 +0000 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,269106#msg-269106 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,269106#msg-269106
I have attached photos of a fine example of a wulfenite from Mexico, Chihuahua, Cuchillo Parado, Mina Aurora from my collection. I am certain that it is from that locality. Typical crystal form for the local.

Miniature size specimen with the dimensions of 4.5 x 4 x 3 cm with the main Wulfenite crystal standing at 2.2 cm.

Cheers

Jean]]> Jean Sendero Best Minerals W Wed, 22 Aug 2012 14:18:39 +0000 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,267940#msg-267940 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,267940#msg-267940 Good sharp eyes you have. In principal, I can sit still for the authors of the best minerals articles having two images of the same specimen, but it is one of my articles and since you pointed out that they are the same specimen and since the quality of this wulfenite specimen from Austria is not particularly outstanding, certainly one of them is more than sufficient. We don't usually use images of micro minerals because of depth of field problems, but the crystal shape of the wulfenite was quite nice and I try to include micro images where ever I can so these collectors and photographers won't feel frozen out of the best minerals articles. I have removed one of the duplicates from the article.

The reverse images of the Mexican wulfenite listed with two different localities made me laugh. I removed both of them from the article and deleted the Aurora Mine, Cuchillo Parado, Mun. de Coyame, Chihuahua, Mexico locality entirely, until it can be better demonstrated that this is indeed a locality that produces worthwhile wulfenites. I also sent complaint letters to both the individuals who uploaded the images. It will be interesting to see what kind of resolution happens here. We may end up consigning both images to their personal galleries.

Again, thanks for your good sharp and critical eyes. We need more people like you helping to clean up errors on mindat and lord know there are plenty of them.]]> Rock Currier Best Minerals W Fri, 10 Aug 2012 09:35:14 +0000 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,267924#msg-267924 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,267924#msg-267924

For instance, here's the same wulfenite specimen with the image rotated 180 degrees:

[www.mindat.org]
[www.mindat.org]


And here's the same wulfenite specimen, image rotated 90 degrees, and supposedly from two different mines:

[www.mindat.org]
[www.mindat.org]]]> AJMI Best Minerals W Fri, 10 Aug 2012 02:52:50 +0000 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,262502#msg-262502 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,262502#msg-262502 I cannot stop making pictures of good Wulfenites. Here are 3 more of them. Just have a look at them and do not feel obliged to put them into the article.

Rudolf
[www.mindat.org]
[www.mindat.org]
[www.mindat.org]]]> Rudolf Hasler Best Minerals W Sun, 03 Jun 2012 09:11:10 +0000 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,262485#msg-262485 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,262485#msg-262485 Thanks for pointing me to the American Mineralogist article on large crystals. As to its references to wulfenite, it points to the Mineralogical Record data which is I think correct. As to the reference to the M'fouati locality, it indicates it is in Morocco which tells me that the author had the country wrong and is not reliable in this case. There is one picture of M'fouati wulfenite in our database of over a kg and this may be the largest by weight. I have adjusted the maximum size for wulfenite reference in the introductory remarks. I have made an inquiry as to a possible heavier M'fouati crystal and may revise that estimate upward later. Thanks again for helping make this Best Minerals article more accurate.]]> Rock Currier Best Minerals W Sat, 02 Jun 2012 21:57:34 +0000 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,262423#msg-262423 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,262423#msg-262423
66 is the number (volume) of the journal. The pages are 885-907. See [www.minsocam.org]

Volkmar]]> Volkmar Stingl Best Minerals W Sat, 02 Jun 2012 08:39:27 +0000 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,262418#msg-262418 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,262418#msg-262418 I was able to verify your references to the .6m size of Tsumeb Wulfenite in the Mineralogical Record. However you reference to page 66 of the 1981 American mineralogist put me in an article by Novak & Holdaway of the Metamorphic Petrology of South-Central Maine. Could you have made an error in your attribution here?]]> Rock Currier Best Minerals W Sat, 02 Jun 2012 07:27:08 +0000 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,262390#msg-262390 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,262390#msg-262390 astounding size of 2 feet (0.61 m) in diameter, but
they were so thin and fragile that damage was severe:
a sample from this occurrenoe is on display in the
American Museum." Pinch and Wilson (1977, p.34)
similar$ described ". . . thin crystals up to 60 cm
across intergrown with each other," as occurring at
this locality.<

This is cited from Peter C. Rickwood (1981): The largest crystals. - American Mineralogist, 66 (1981). It seems, that Tsumeb had the largest crystals of wulfenite worldwide (up to 61 cm according to this article).

Volkmar]]> Volkmar Stingl Best Minerals W Fri, 01 Jun 2012 22:41:06 +0000 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,262376#msg-262376 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,262376#msg-262376 Thanks for the good catch. The 4th one was actually .9cm wide and I have changed it to 9mm. Yes, the Wulfenite article is OK, but imagine how good it will be if ten more people like yourself help make it better and add more good information for the article. If we keep working on Best Minerals for another 20 years, imagine what it will look like then.]]> Rock Currier Best Minerals W Fri, 01 Jun 2012 19:47:11 +0000 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,262353#msg-262353 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,262353#msg-262353 The Best Minerals Wulfenite article really looks great already. I must say I always have been looking for something comprehensive like this before.
By scrolling through it I only found two minor mistakes that I think I have to tell you: At the Red Cloud Mine section the scales at the 2nd and the 4th image are not right. They say: 9cm wide instead of 2cm.

Rudolf]]> Rudolf Hasler Best Minerals W Fri, 01 Jun 2012 14:47:37 +0000 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,261987#msg-261987 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,261987#msg-261987 Harjo Neutkens Best Minerals W Mon, 28 May 2012 19:39:37 +0000 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,260196#msg-260196 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,260196#msg-260196 I could not resist. I added most of them to the wulfenite article.]]> Rock Currier Best Minerals W Tue, 08 May 2012 06:48:38 +0000 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,260086#msg-260086 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,260086#msg-260086 I particularly like the one with the hemimorphite.
Rock]]> Rock Currier Best Minerals W Mon, 07 May 2012 02:09:18 +0000 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,260060#msg-260060 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,260060#msg-260060 But now back to the Wulfenites. I have put in larger images in my article about Bad Bleiberg as you suggested and I am quite happy with it.
I also have taken photographs of some very good Wulfenites of the Prasnik collection that might be of interest for your project. The ID s are: 463767, 463762, 463284, 463249.

Rudolf]]> Rudolf Hasler Best Minerals W Sun, 06 May 2012 22:13:04 +0000 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,260029#msg-260029 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,260029#msg-260029 Rock Currier Best Minerals W Sun, 06 May 2012 16:28:19 +0000 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,260011#msg-260011 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,260011#msg-260011 Thanks a lot for all the information and help you are giving me. There are so many special words that one cannot find in a dictionary. The first thing I will do now is to correct the wrong ones.
I can imagine now that with your help I might be able to write a Best Mineral article. I am thinking of the wonderful mineral Titanite. So in case that you agree I would start with it in October this year as for the next months in summer I am awfully booked out.

Rudolf]]> Rudolf Hasler Best Minerals W Sun, 06 May 2012 12:05:26 +0000 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,259789#msg-259789 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,259789#msg-259789 Most of the work in doing a Best Mineral article on Mindat is selecting the localities and the images from our half million image gallery and the links to the best images of the best specimens and putting them in the article, reversing the locality strings and bringing the images into the article and adjusting the sizes so that they all look nice. After that you write as much as you know about the species and the localities, which I depressingly find is usually not very much. Also as you are doing this work, others will chip in with good information, corrections and advice. Sometimes this can help a lot. If you decide you want to do one, I can give you advice on how to save a lot of time in doing all the grunt work needed. But enough about that.

Not all of your images appear dark and some of them I didn't realize were dark till I minimized the shadowed areas using Photoshop and could see the improvement. Why make people click on them to see the larger pictures. Some don't even know how to click on the image and others have slow internet connections and must wait a long time for the large picture to appear. Why not just put in larger images to start with. The larger pictures also permit larger captions to be used.

You say "I was allowed by the Mine Directory to accompany a pit foreman in order to inspect the Wulfenite cleft hoping to find some more. But having only a few minutes at my disposal this wish did not come true." What year was this? You say you went with the pit foreman. Were they mining from an open pit mine at that time and you went into an open pit, or did you go into the underground mine. If you went underground you might say you went with a mine foreman, or a shift boss.

You say "The friendly pit foreman then showed me several empty clefts" Here in the west the think of clefts as alpine clefts. In the mines in Arizona the wulfenite is usually found in veins and you work the veins till they open out into pockets where there is space for the wulfenite and other minerals to grow. In Iran I visited a lead mine and in it saw what might be described as a cleft full of cerussite crystals with micro Wulfenites if you looked carefully. It looked like the earth had moved and a crack had been opened, up to perhaps a foot wide in places and covering the floor and ceiling of the "cleft" were TN size clusters of shiny cerussite crystals running back up as far as my light could reach. I wish I had spent more time collecting there.

You say "When working started at the ore deposits on the 13th level of Mine Stefanie. What year was this?

How does "Herbertschachtscholle" translate? Does "Hundertmetervererzung" translate at the hundred meter level?

mineral collector family. Was this your family or those collectors who were interested in specimens from the mine?

"Then several clefts containing a great variety of Wulfenite habits and colors were found. Most specimens had the paragenesis of Wulfenite and Hemimorphite. Strangely none of the Wulfenites from the 13th level Konradi ore deposit looked similar to those of the 12th level. The two most significant finds were the huge cleft with the green Wulfenites and the Hemimorphite pocket with crystals measuring up to 2,5cm." Are we still in the same mine? How large was the cleft/pocket?


"A single find remained the 2,5cm measuring Anglesite crystal." A single pocket... where was the pocket,what mine/level?

"One of the very last recovered specimens was this lovely one with almost reddish Wulfenite crystals in a beautiful paragenesis with Hemimorphite and Hydrozincite.". Where was this? Mine/level?

"Mineral collectors are still searching successfully the numerous slag heaps for micro mounts." Usually mineral collectors find their micros on the mine dumps where the waste rock from the mine are piles. Slag is something that has been heated to a molten state in refineries and becomes solid when it cools. There are often not much in the way of crystals in it unless it has had a chance to we weathered or immersed in sea water.]]> Rock Currier Best Minerals W Fri, 04 May 2012 10:18:20 +0000 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,259774#msg-259774 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,259774#msg-259774 First of all I have to thank you. You really helped me a lot with working at computers. I do know already how to make images larger. I did that with the last picture in my article. I just did not use this possibility with the other images as I noticed that the quality of the images is better when you click them on. That is why I left the small pictures.
I moved to Bad Bleiberg in 1975 when I started working as a teacher there and I am still living at this nice village. I met Herbert Stichauner the first time in 1980.
The pictures are not dark at all on my computer. I will have a look at them at one of my friend's computers. If they appear darker there I will lighten them up and upload them again.
I think I almost would have confidence enough as you say to do an article in Best Minerals. But there is this problem that I am little bit shortsighted with minerals. I think I know a lot about Wulfenites and minerals of Bad Bleiberg and the alpine section of Carinthia but if I had to write a Best Minerals article I simply do not have the knowledge about other localities to write a good article.
Thanks a lot.

Rudolf]]> Rudolf Hasler Best Minerals W Fri, 04 May 2012 06:53:19 +0000 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,259764#msg-259764 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,259764#msg-259764 May I ask you a few questions? You say "After 5 years at Bleiberg there was not even one Wulfenite crystal in my collection". Did you actually live in Bleiberg? If so, what year did you move there? So in what year did you meet Herbert Stichauner?

I have edited the first paragraph a little and enlarged the picture and the caption below it. If you click on the edit button below you article you can take a look at the code string that I modified and I think you will be able to figure out how to make the other images as large as you wish.

I did not want to do any more editing till you have had a chance to answer the questions above and you had a chance to read the changes I made and understand a little better how the code string for inserting images works.

I might also observe that some of your pictures are pretty dark on my computer, and I would be curious if you thought they were dark on yours as well? The first image is fine. If some of the others appear dark, you might lighten the dark ones up in a program like photoshop, and then just replace the current image in the Mindat database with a lighter one with less shadows. If you need help with this, let me know.

I think with a little more editing and a better sizing and arrangement of the images, the article will be more to your liking.

Editing articles and the images in these article construction fields is very much like what we are doing in the Best Minerals articles. After you finish fixing your Wulfenite article you may have confidence enough to do an article in Best Minerals.]]> Rock Currier Best Minerals W Fri, 04 May 2012 01:51:21 +0000 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,259757#msg-259757 http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,89,115741,259757#msg-259757 Yes. I will be very grateful if you are so kind to edit it.

Rudolf]]> Rudolf Hasler Best Minerals W Thu, 03 May 2012 21:56:57 +0000