Ref.: Katsui, Y., Oba, Y., Onuma, K., Suzuki, T., Kondo, Y., Watanabe, T., Niida, K., Uda, T., Hagiwara, S., Nagao, T., Nishikawa, J., Yamamoto, M., Ykeda, Y., Katagawa, H., Tsuchiya, N., Shirahase, M., Nemoto, S., Yokoyama, S., Soya, T., Fujita, T., Inaba, K., Koide, K. (1978a) Preliminary report of the ruption of the Usu volcano. Journal of the Facultyof Science, Hokkaido University, series IV: 18(3): 385-408.
Niida, K., Katsui, Y., Suzuki, T., Kondo, Y. (1980) The 1977-1978 erption of Usu volcano. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University: 19(3): 357-394.
Matsuo, S., Ossaka, J., Hirabayashi, J., Ozawa, T., and Kimishima, K. (1982) Chemical nature of volcanic gases of Usu volcano in Japan. Bulletin Volcanology: 45(3): 261-264.
Oba, Y., Katsui, Y., Kurasawa, H., Ikeda, Y., and Uda, T. (1983) Petrology of historic rhyolite and dacite from Usu volcano, North Japan. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, series IV: 20: 275-290.
Fujimaki, H. (1986) Fractional crystallization of the basaltic suite of Usu volcano, southwest Hokkaido, Japan, and its relationships with the associated felsic site. Lithos: 19: 129-140.
Bernard, A. and Symonds, R.B. (1988) The specification of trace metals in high temperature gases from Usu volcano Japan. EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Unon: 69: 514.
Giggenbach, W.F. and Matsuo, S. (1991) vauation of results from Second and Third IAVCEI Field Workshops on Volcanic Gases Mt Usu, Japan, and White Island, New Zealand. Applied Geochemistry: 6: 125-141.
Africano, F. and Bernard, A. (2000) Acid alteration in the fumarolic environment of Usu volcano, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research: 97: 475-495.
Fumaroles on active dangerous volcano near Tohya lake in southwestern Hokkaido. A new parasitic cone, Showa-shinzan, erupted dacite lava from the southeast flank of Usu-zan in 1944-1945, emitting very high-temperature steam (over 800 C) consisting of water vapor, hydrogen, HF, HCL, boric acid. Fumarole gases here have the highest concentration of tin vapour (7ppm) of any volcano (Giggenbach & Matsuo, 1991).
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Map Reference: 42°32'N , 140°50'E
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