Fumaroles on active dangerous volcano near Tohya lake in southwestern Hokkaido. A new parasitic cone, Showa-shinzan, erupted dacite lava from the southeast flank of Usu-zan in 1944-1945, emitting very high-temperature steam (over 800 C) consisting of water vapor, hydrogen, HF, HCl and boric acid. Fumarole gases here have the highest concentration of tin vapour (7 ppm) of any volcano (Giggenbach & Matsuo, 1991).
References
Katsui, Y., Oba, Y., Onuma, K., Suzuki, T., Kondo, Y., Watanabe, T., Niida, K., Uda, T., Hagiwara, S., Nagao, T., Nishikawa, J., Yamamoto, M., Ykeda, Y., Katagawa, H., Tsuchiya, N., Shirahase, M., Nemoto, S., Yokoyama, S., Soya, T., Fujita, T., Inaba, K., Koide, K. (1978a) Preliminary report of the ruption of the Usu volcano. Journal of the Facultyof Science, Hokkaido University, series IV: 18(3): 385-408.
Niida, K., Katsui, Y., Suzuki, T., Kondo, Y. (1980) The 1977-1978 erption of Usu volcano. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University: 19(3): 357-394.
Matsuo, S., Ossaka, J., Hirabayashi, J., Ozawa, T., and Kimishima, K. (1982) Chemical nature of volcanic gases of Usu volcano in Japan. Bulletin Volcanology: 45(3): 261-264.
Oba, Y., Katsui, Y., Kurasawa, H., Ikeda, Y., and Uda, T. (1983) Petrology of historic rhyolite and dacite from Usu volcano, North Japan. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, series IV: 20: 275-290.
Fujimaki, H. (1986) Fractional crystallization of the basaltic suite of Usu volcano, southwest Hokkaido, Japan, and its relationships with the associated felsic site. Lithos: 19: 129-140.
Bernard, A. and Symonds, R.B. (1988) The specification of trace metals in high temperature gases from Usu volcano Japan. EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Unon: 69: 514.
Giggenbach, W.F. and Matsuo, S. (1991) vauation of results from Second and Third IAVCEI Field Workshops on Volcanic Gases Mt Usu, Japan, and White Island, New Zealand. Applied Geochemistry: 6: 125-141.
Africano, F. and Bernard, A. (2000) Acid alteration in the fumarolic environment of Usu volcano, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research: 97: 475-495.
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