Heftetjern pegmatite, Tørdal, Drangedal, Telemark, Norway

A small pegmatite rich in Sc-minerals.
Located about 4.3 km NW of the small parish of Tørdal.
Collecting is only allowed with permission of the land owner.

References:
[Note: This is a complete list of references on this pegmatite]

- Bergstøl, S. & Juve, G. (1988): Scandian ixiolite, pyrochlore and bazzite in granite pegmatite in Tørdal, Telemark, Norway. Mineralogy and Petrology, 38: 229-243

- Juve, G. & Bergstøl, S. (1990): Caesian bazzite in granite pegmatite in Tørdal, Telemark, Norway. Mineralogy & Petrology, 43: 131-136

- Jambor, J. (1991): Scandium microlite. American Mineralogist, 76: 668

- Werner, R. (1993): Bazzitt fra pegmatitt nær Tørdal. STEIN 20: 184-187

- Juve, G. & Bergstøl, S. (1997): Granittpegmatittene i Tørdal, Telemark. Bergverksmuseets Skrift (Norsk Bergverkmuseum), 12: 56-57

- Kristiansen, R. (1998): Høydalen litium-pegmatitt, Tørdal i Telemark. STEIN, 25: 21-30

- Wise, M.A., Cerny, P. & Falster, A.U. (1998): Scandium substitution in columbite-groupminerals and ixiolite. Canadian Mineralogist 36: 673-680

- Raade, G. & Erambert, M. (1999): An intergrowth of scandiobabingtonite and cascandite from the Heftetjern granite pegmatite, Norway. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie Monatshefte 1999: 545-550

- Demartin, F., Gramaccioli, C.M. & Pilati, T. (2000): Structure refinement of bazzite from pegmatitic and miarolitic occurrences. Canadian Mineralogist, 38: 1419-1424

- Ferraris, G. et al. (2000): Solving the structure of a new Ca-Sc-Sn disilicate twinnned by metric merohedry. International Union of Crystallography Congress, Nancy

- Kristiansen, R. (2000): Mer om rynersonitt. STEIN 27 (1), 12-14

- Raade, G. & Kristiansen, R. (2000a): Mineralogy and geochemistry of the Heftetjern granite pegmatite, Tørdal: a progress report. Bergverksmuseets Skrift (Norsk Bergverkmuseum), 17: 19-25.

- Raade, G. & Kristiansen, R. (2000b): Scandium enrichment in the Heftetjern granite pegmatite, Telemark, Norway. 4th International Mineralogy in Museums Conference, Melbourne, Australia, p. 83

- Ferraris, G., Gula, A., Ivaldi, G., Nespolo, M. & Raade, G. (2001): Crystal structure of kristiansenite: a case of class IIB twinning by metric merohedry. Z. Kristallogr., 216: 442-448

- Nespolo, M., Ferraris, G., Gula, A., Ivaldi, G. & Raade, G. (2001): Unusual merohedrictwinning in kristiansenite. Progr. and Abstr., Ann. meeting, Miner. Soc. Japan, Akita, p.154 (in Japanese with English abstr.)

- Raade, G., Ferraris, G., Gula, A., Ivaldi, G. & Bernhard, F. (2002): Kristiansenite, a new calcium-scandium-tin sorosilicate from granite pegmatite in Tørdal, Telemark, Norway. Min. Petrol., 75: 89-99

- Eldjarn, K. (2002): Seltene Scandium-mineralien von Tørdal, Telemark, Norwegen. Mineralien-Welt, 2: 14-22 (in German)

- Ellingsen, H.V. & Haugen, A. (2002): Kristiansenitt – et nytt mineral fra Tørdal. STEIN, 29 (1): 32-34.

- Grew, E.S. (2002): Mineralogy, petrology and geochemistry of Beryllium: an introduction and list of Beryllium minerals. I “Beryllium: mineralogy, petrology and geochemistry” in: E.S. Grew (editor). Miner. Soc. Amer. Reviews in mineralogy and geochemistry, vol. 50: 1-76

- Hawthorne, F. (2002): The use of end-member charge-arrangements in defining new mineral species and heterovalent substitutions in complex minerals. Canadian Mineralogist, 40: 699-710

- Kristiansen, R. (2003): Scandium-mineraler i Norge. STEIN, 30: 14-23

- Raade, G. & Segalstad, T.V. (2003): International symposium on the Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Scandium. Geological museum, Natural History museum, University of Oslo, Abstracts and Proceedings no. 91

- Ferraris, G., Raade, G., Gula, A. & Ivaldi, G. (2003): Incorporation of scandium and other structural aspects in kristiansenite. International symposium on the mineralogy and geochemistry of Scandium, University of Oslo, Abstracts and Proceedings no. 2: 16-17

- Raade, G. (2003): An introduction to scandium: mineralogy and crystal chemistry. International symposium on the mineralogy and geochemistry of Scandium, University of Oslo, Abstracts and Proceedings no. 2: 31-33

- Raade, G. & Bernhard, F. (2003): Coexisting scandium minerals in the Heftetjern granite pegmatite. International symposium on the mineralogy and geochemistry of Scandium, University of Oslo, Abstracts and Proceedings no. 2: 34-35

- Raade, G. & Kristiansen, R. (2003): Scandium as a trace element in the Heftetjern pegmatite minerals. International symposium on the mineralogy and geochemistry of Scandium, University of Oslo, Abstracts and Proceedings no. 2: 36-37

- Ferraris, G., Makovicky, E. & Merlino. S. (2004): Crystallography of modular materials. Oxford University Press. 370 pp. (kristiansenite on p. 299).

- Nespolo, M. (2004): Twin point groups and the polychromatic symmetry of twins. Z. Kristallogr., 219: 57-71

- Kristiansen, R. (2005): Milarittgruppens mineraler i Norge. Bergverksmuseets Skrift (Norsk Bergverkmuseum), 30:21-29

- Raade, G., Bernhard, F. & Ottolini, L. Replacement textures involving four scandium silicate minerals in the Heftetjern granitic pegmatite, Norway. Eur. J. Miner., 16:945-950

- Cooper, M.A., Hawthorne, F.C., Ball, N.A., Černý, P., Kristiansen, R. (2006): Oftedalite, (ScCa)KBe3Si12O30, a new mineral species of the milarite group from the Heftetjern pegmatite, Tørdal, Norway: description and crystal structure. Canadian Mineralogist, 44, 943-949.

- Kristiansen, R. (2008): Nye mineralfunn i Norge. STEIN 35 (1): 17-21 [analysis of rynersonite and find of bismoclite]

- Laukert, G. (2008): Mineralien von Seltenerd-pegmatiten aus Norwegen und Schweden. Bachelor-Arbeit Geowissenschaften. Albert-Ludwigs Universität, Freiburg. 67 pp

- Kristiansen, R. (2009): A unique assemblage of Scandium-bearing minerals from the Heftetjern-pegmatite, Tørdal, south Norway. Bergverksmuseets Skrift (Norsk Bergverkmuseum), 41: 75-104

see also:
- http://www.nags.net/Nags/english/articles_werner/bazzite_from_toerdal.htm