‡Ref.: Bonillas, Y.S., Tenny, and Feuchere (1917), Geology of the Warren mining district: A.I.M.E. Transactions, Vol. 55: 329, 337-338.
Palache, C. & E.V. Shannon (1920), Higginsite, a new mineral of the olivenite group, American Mineralogist: 5: 155-157.
Ransome, F.L. (1920), Deposits of manganese ore in Arizona: Bisbee and Tombstone districts: USGS Bull. 710: 105-106.
Hewett, D.F. & O.N. Rove (1930), Occurrence and relations of alabandite, Economic Geology: 25: 36-56.
Taber, S. & W.T. Schaller (1930), Psittacinite from the Higgins mine, Bisbee, Arizona, American Mineralogist: 15: 575-579.
Wilson, E.D. & G.M. Butler (1930), Manganese ore deposits in Arizona, Arizona Bureau of Mines Bull. 127: 36-38, 53.
Schaller, W.T. (1934), Mottramite or psittacinite - a question of nomenclature, American Mineralogist: 16: 180-181.
Richmond, W.E. (1940), Crystal chemistry of the phosphates, arsenates and vanadates of the type A2XO4(Z), American Mineralogist: 25: 441-479.
Galbraith, F.W. (1941) Minerals of Arizona: Arizona Bureau of Mines Bulletin No. 149, 83 p.: 65.
Palache, C., Berman, H. & Frondel, C. (1944), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, 7th. edition, Volume I: 208.
Galbraith, F.W. (1947), Minerals of Arizona, Arizona Bureau of Mines Bull. 153: 18.
Hogue, W.G. & E.D. Wilson (1950), Bisbee or Warren district, in Arizona zinc and lead deposits, Arizona Bureau of Mines Bull. 156: 28-29.
Galbraith, F.W. & D.J. Brennan (1959), Minerals of Arizona: 28, 70.
Hewett, D.F. & M. Fleischer (1960), Deposits of the manganese oxides, Economic Geology: 55: 1-55.
Farnham, L.L., Stewart, L.A., and DeLong, C.W. (1961) Manganese deposits of eastern Arizona: U.S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular I.C. 7990, 178 p.: 13-14.
Radcliffe, D. & W.B. Simmons, Jr. (1971), Austinite: Chemical and physical properties in relation to conichalcite, American Mineralogist: 56: 1359-1365.
Keith, Stanton B. (1973), Arizona Bureau of Mines Bull. 187, Index of Mining Properties in Cochise County, AZ: 87 (Table 4).
Niemuth, N.J. & K.A. Phillips (1992), Copper Oxide Resources, Arizona Department of Mines & Mineral Resources Open File Report 92-10: 5 (Table 1).
Graeme, R. (1993), Bisbee revisited, Mineralogical Record: 24: 421-436.
Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 104, 136, 144, 182, 306, 308, 353.
Grant, Raymond W., Bideaux, R.A., and Williams, S.A. (2006) Minerals Added to the Arizona List 1995-2005: 7.
Arizona Bureau of Mines files.
MRDS database Dep. ID file #10026901, MRDS ID #M000919; and, Dep. ID #10112561, MAS ID #0040030624.
A former medium surface and underground Cu-Pb-Mn-Au-Ag-V mine located in the SE ¼ sec. 8, T.23S., R.24E. (Bisbee 7.5 minute topo map), ½ mile WSW of Bisbee Center at 6,100 feet of altitude, on private land. Discovered in 1900 by Thomas Higgins. Produced 1913-1920. Owned at times, or in part, by Mr. David H. White (Aug 1929); and, the Twilight Co. Operated by the Higgins Mining Co. and the Phelps Dodge Corp.
Mineralization is lead and copper sulfides and carbonates in irregular orebodies in Cambrian Abrigo Limestone and Escabrosa Limestone closely associated with a porphyry dike. The ore zone is 106.68 meters long, 45.72 meters wide and 30.48 meters thick. Hard Mn ore in relatively large masses along fracture zones in Mississippian limestone. Associated rock units include the Sacramento Hill Stock and the Shattuck dike. The main fault directions are N10W to N40E, S30W to N50W, pre-mineraliztion. Faulting and tilting occurred pre-mineralization. Ore concentration involved bornite replacing pyrite. Alteration is gossan with Mn and Fe oxides induced by hydrothermal metamorphism. The Higgins ore body is close to the Shattuck Dike.
Workings include a 70 foot deep shaft (1881), open cuts and tunnels, and a stope at 250 feet long. A 1200 foot long drift was driven at the end of the shaft. The mine is connected by tunnels to the Wolverine and Southwest groups. Workings ultimately went to a depth of 91.44 meters. About 33,000 tons of base metal ore were produced in 1913-1915 and some 21,000 tons of manganese ore shipped in 1913-1921, 1925-1929 and 1943.
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Map Reference: 31°26'17"N , 109°55'12"W
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