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N'Chwaning I Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari manganese fields, Northern Cape Province, South Africa

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A closed manganese mine owned by Assoc. Manganese Mines of South Africa, Ltd.
The north-western areas, where mining began, were noted for the presence of exceptional rhodochrosite specimens associated with mainly manganite and drusy secondary quartz. The ore consisted here mainly of the Hotazel Supergroup. Later mining shifted to the southern areas. Here well crystallized hausmannite, barite, hydroxyapophyllite, inesite, brucite and celestine where found and rhodochrosite became a rarity.



References:
- Mining Annual Review (1985): 90.
- Rocks & Minerals (1986): 61: 7.
- Cairncross, B. & Balayer, P. (2007): Neufund: Shigait aus den Kalahari-Manganfeldern, Südafrika. LAPIS 32 (4): 23-26 + 50.

- http://www.edu.uni-klu.ac.at/~mmessner/sites/rsa/kuruman/kuruman.htm





Mineral List:
  		•  Afwillite
    Ca
     
    3
    		[HSiO
     
    4
    		]
     
    2
    		 · 2H
     
    2
    		O
    Reference: [Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]
  		•  Andradite
    Ca
     
    3
    		Fe
    3+
    2
    		[SiO
     
    4
    		]
     
    3
    Reference: [Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]; various added photos]
    Site Photo
    N'Chwaning I Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari manganese fields, Northern Cape Province, South Africa
    © 2003 D. Schläfli
  		•  Apophyllite-(KOH)
    KCa
     
    4
    		[(OH,F)|Si
     
    8
    		O
     
    20
    		] · 8H
     
    2
    		O
    Reference: [Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]
  		•  Aragonite
    CaCO
     
    3
    Reference: [Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]
  		•  Baryte
    BaSO
     
    4
    Reference: [Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]
  		•  Bixbyite
    (Mn
    3+
     
    		,Fe
    3+
     
    		)
     
    2
    		O
     
    3
    Reference: [Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]
    Site Photo
    N'Chwaning I Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari manganese fields, Northern Cape Province, South Africa
    © Rob Lavinsky
  		•  Braunite
    Mn
    2+
     
    		Mn
    3+
    6
    		[O
     
    8
    		|SiO
     
    4
    		]
    Reference: [Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]
  		•  Brucite
    Mg(OH)
     
    2
    Reference: [Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]
  		•  Bultfonteinite
    Ca
     
    2
    		[F|HSiO
     
    4
    		] · H
     
    2
    		O
    Reference: [Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]
    Site Photo
    N'Chwaning I Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari manganese fields, Northern Cape Province, South Africa
    © vasco trancoso
  		• Bustamite
    (Mn
    2+
     
    		,Ca)[SiO
     
    3
    		]
    Reference: [Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]
  		•  Calcite
    CaCO
     
    3
    Reference: [Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]
    Site Photo
    N'Chwaning I Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari manganese fields, Northern Cape Province, South Africa
    © Geoffrey Krasnov
  		•  Caryopilite
    (Mn,Mg)
     
    3
    		Si
     
    2
    		O
     
    5
    		(OH)
     
    4
    Reference: [Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]
  		•  Celestine
    SrSO
     
    4
    Reference: [Minerals of South Africa]
  		•  'Chalcedony'
    Reference: [Minerals of South Africa]
  		•  Chalcopyrite
    CuFeS
     
    2
    Reference: [Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]
  		•  Creedite
    Ca
     
    3
    		[SO
     
    4
    		|Al
     
    2
    		F
     
    8
    		(OH)
     
    2
    		] · 2H
     
    2
    		O
    Reference: [Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]
  		•  Ettringite
    Ca
     
    6
    		Al
     
    2
    		[(OH)
     
    4
    		|SO
     
    4
    		]
     
    3
    		 · 26H
     
    2
    		O
    Reference: [No reference listed]
    Site Photo
    N'Chwaning I Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari manganese fields, Northern Cape Province, South Africa
    © Pete Nancarrow
  		•  Friedelite
    (Mn,Fe)
     
    8
    		Si
     
    6
    		O
     
    15
    		(OH,Cl)
     
    10
    Reference: [Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]
  		•  Gageite-2M
    (Mn,Mg,Zn)
     
    42
    		Si
     
    16
    		O
     
    54
    		(OH)
     
    40
    Reference: [www.excaliburmineral.com]
  		•  Galena
    PbS
    Reference: [Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]
  		•  Gaudefroyite
    Ca
     
    4
    		Mn
    3+
    2-3
    		[(O,OH)
     
    3
    		|CO
     
    3
    		|(BO
     
    3
    		)
     
    3
    		]
    Reference: [Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]
    Site Photo
    N'Chwaning I Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari manganese fields, Northern Cape Province, South Africa
    © Danny Jones
  		•  Glauconite
    K
     
    0.08
    		R
    1
    1.33
    		 R
    2
    0.67
    		 [][Al
     
    0.13
    		Si
     
    3.87
    		O
     
    10
    		](OH)
     
    2
    Reference: [Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]
  		•  Gowerite
    Ca[B
     
    5
    		O
     
    8
    		(OH)][B(OH)
     
    3
    		]·3H
     
    2
    		O
    Reference: [Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]
  		•  Groutite
    Mn
    3+
     
    		O(OH)
    Reference: [Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]
  		•  Gypsum
    Ca[SO
     
    4
    		] · 2H
     
    2
    		O
    Reference: [Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]
  		•  Hausmannite
    MnMn
     
    2
    		O
     
    4
    Reference: [Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]
    Site Photo
    N'Chwaning I Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari manganese fields, Northern Cape Province, South Africa
    © 2001 John H. Betts
  		•  Hematite
    Fe
     
    2
    		O
     
    3
    Reference: [Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]
    Site Photo
    N'Chwaning I Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari manganese fields, Northern Cape Province, South Africa
    © 2003 John H. Betts
  		•  Henritermierite
    Ca
     
    3
    		(Mn
    3+
     
    		,Al)
     
    2
    		[(OH)
     
    4
    		|(SiO
     
    4
    		)
     
    2
    		]
    Reference: [Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]
  		•  Inesite
    Ca
     
    2
    		(Mn,Fe)
     
    7
    		Si
     
    10
    		O
     
    28
    		(OH)
     
    2
    		·5H
     
    2
    		O
    Reference: []
    Site Photo
    N'Chwaning I Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari manganese fields, Northern Cape Province, South Africa
    © 2003 D. Schläfli
  		•  Jouravskite
    Ca
     
    6
    		Mn
    3+
    2
    		[(OH)
     
    4
    		|(SO
     
    4
    		,CO
     
    3
    		)]
     
    3
    		 · 26H
     
    2
    		O
    Reference: [Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]
    Site Photo
    N'Chwaning I Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari manganese fields, Northern Cape Province, South Africa
    © Knut Eldjarn
  		•  Kutnohorite
    Ca(Mn,Mg,Fe)(CO
     
    3
    		)
     
    2
    Reference: [Minerals of South Africa]
  		•  Lepidocrocite
    γ-Fe
    3+
     
    		O(OH)
    Reference: [Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]
  		•  Malachite
    Cu
     
    2
    		[(OH)
     
    2
    		|CO
     
    3
    		]
    Reference: [Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]
  		•  Manganite
    Mn
    3+
     
    		O(OH)
    Reference: [No reference listed]
    Site Photo
    N'Chwaning I Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari manganese fields, Northern Cape Province, South Africa
    © 2003 D. Schläfli
  		•  Marcasite
    FeS
     
    2
    Reference: [Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]
  		•  Orlymanite
    Ca
     
    4
    		Mn
     
    3
    		Si
     
    8
    		O
     
    20
    		(OH)
     
    6
    		·2H
     
    2
    		O
    Reference: []
  		•  Oyelite
    Ca
     
    10
    		Si
     
    8
    		B
     
    2
    		O
     
    29
    		·12.5H
     
    2
    		O
    Reference: [Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]
  		•  Poldervaartite
    CaCa[SiO
     
    3
    		OH](OH)
    Reference: [No reference listed]
    Site Photo
    N'Chwaning I Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari manganese fields, Northern Cape Province, South Africa
    © Wright's Rock Shop
  		•  Portlandite
    Ca(OH)
     
    2
    Reference: [Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]
    Site Photo
    N'Chwaning I Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari manganese fields, Northern Cape Province, South Africa
    © Martins da Pedra
  		•  Pyrite
    FeS
     
    2
    Reference: [Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]
  		•  Pyrochroite
    Mn(OH)
     
    2
    Reference: [Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]
  		•  Rhodochrosite
    MnCO
     
    3
    Habit: Scalenohedrons to 7cm., "wheat sheaf", spherical aggregates, rhombohedrons, fan shaped groups
    Colour: Wine-red to pale pink
    Description: Numerous pockets of rhodochrosite crystals were found during the shaft sinking as well as mining with major discoveries in 1976-1978. The largest pocket measured 0.5 by 1.0 meter in size and produced a 100kg specimen. The red scalenohedrons were sold for 4 figure prices during the 1970's and 1980's. Habits ScalenohedronThe scalenohedral habit was relatively common and one could obtain single crystals as well as plates containing many crystals. Wheat sheafThe wheat sheaf habit consists of a central group of pale pink crystals becomimg clearer and redder toward the terminations. Spherical aggregatesSpheres of rhodochrosite are extremely rare, with a purported dozen specimens in total. Fan shaped aggregatesFan shaped aggregates are also believed to be extremely rare. Scalenohedrons with a flat terminations
    Reference: [Wilson and Dunn (1978) Famous Mineral Localities: The Kalahari manganese field. Min Rec 22:137-153; Caircross, Beukes, Gutzmer (1997) The manganese adventure.; Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Min.Rec.: 22 (3), 279-302; Rocks & Min.: 61:7. ]
    Site Photo
    N'Chwaning I Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari manganese fields, Northern Cape Province, South Africa
     
  		•  Shigaite
    Al
     
    4
    		Mn
     
    7
    		(SO
     
    4
    		)
     
    2
    		(OH)
     
    22
    		·8H
     
    2
    		O
    Reference: [Cairncross, B. & Balayer, P. (2007): Neufund: Shigait aus den Kalahari-Manganfeldern, Südafrika. LAPIS 32 (4): 23-26 + 50]
  		•  Sturmanite
    Ca
     
    6
    		(Fe
    3+
     
    		,Al,Mn
    3+
     
    		)
     
    2
    		[(OH)
     
    12
    		|B(OH)
     
    4
    		|(SO
     
    4
    		)
     
    2
    		] · 25H
     
    2
    		O
    Reference: [No reference listed]
    Site Photo
    N'Chwaning I Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari manganese fields, Northern Cape Province, South Africa
    © Wright's Rock Shop
  		•  Sugilite
    KNa
     
    2
    		(Fe,Mn,Al)
     
    2
    		Li
     
    3
    		Si
     
    12
    		O
     
    30
    Reference: [Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]
  		•  Thaumasite
    Ca
     
    3
    		[CO
     
    3
    		|SO
     
    4
    		|Si(OH)
     
    6
    		] · 12H
     
    2
    		O
    Reference: [Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]
    Site Photo
    N'Chwaning I Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari manganese fields, Northern Cape Province, South Africa
    © Wright's Rock Shop
  		•  Todorokite
    (Ca,K,Na,Mg,Ba,Mn)(Mn,Mg,Al)
     
    6
    		O
     
    12
    		·3H
     
    2
    		O
    Reference: [Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]
  		•  Vesuvianite
    Ca
     
    10
    		(Mg,Fe)
     
    2
    		Al
     
    4
    		Si
     
    9
    		O
     
    34
    		(OH)
     
    4
    Reference: [Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]


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