Mindat Logo
Home Page Log In Message Board The Mindat Directory
Register Search Pages Chat Now! (2 online) Mindat Auctions

Etta Mine, Keystone, Keystone District, Pennington Co., South Dakota, USA

StandardDetailedBy ChemistryMineral Photos (5)Site Photos (1)Search Google

A lithium-niobium/tantalum-tin muscovite mine in pegmatite. Started in 1883. Owned by the Harney Peak Tin Co. This mine is famous for its huge crystals.

Originally exploited for muscovite in 1883, but acquired by the Harney Peak Tin Mining Company. Tin was never encountered in economic concentrations and the company collapsed by 1893 in "The Black Hills Tin Scandal".

Lithium (spodumene) mining commenced in 1898 and ceased in 1959. Over the years, the mine produced muscovite, niobium, tantalum, beryl and feldspar.



References:
Dana, E.S. (1892) System of Mineralogy, 6th. Edition, New York: 1088.

Rocks & Minerals: 10: 121-122, 146-147.

Rocks & Minerals: 57: 160.

Rocks & Minerals: 60: 110, 112.

Rocks & Minerals: 75(3): 156-169.

http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9506E0DB1338E533A25755C0A9649D94669FD7CF

http://giantcrystals.strahlen.org/america/etta.htm

"A History of Black Hills Pegmatites", Matrix Magazine, Volume 10, Number 3, Tom Loomis




Group 1 - Elements
  		• Bismuth1.CA.05
    Bi
  		• Graphite1.CB.05a
    C
    Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts
  		• Arsenopyrite2.EB.20
    FeAsS - (Fe
     
    0.90
    		Co
     
    0.10
    		)AsS
  		• Chalcocite2.BA.05
    Cu
     
    2
    		S
  		• Chalcopyrite2.CB.10a
    CuFeS
     
    2
  		• Galena2.CD.10
    PbS
  		• Kësterite2.CB.15a
    Cu
     
    2
    		(Zn,Fe)SnS
     
    4
  		• Löllingite2.EB.15a
    FeAs
     
    2
  		• Molybdenite2.EA.30
    MoS
     
    2
  		• Sphalerite2.CB.05a
    (Zn,Fe
    2+
     
    		)S
  		• Stannite2.CB.15a
    Cu
     
    2
    		(Fe,Zn)SnS
     
    4
    Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
  		• Arsenolite4.CB.50
    As
     
    2
    		O
     
    3
  		• Cassiterite4.DB.05
    SnO
     
    2
  		• Columbite-(Fe)4.DB.35
    FeNb
     
    2
    		O
     
    6
  		• Corundum4.CB.05
    Al
     
    2
    		O
     
    3
  		• Goethite4.FD.10
    α-Fe
    3+
     
    		O(OH)
  		• Hübnerite4.DB.30
    MnWO
     
    4
  		• Ilmenite4.CB.05
    Fe
    2+
     
    		TiO
     
    3
  		• Mushistonite4.FC.10
    (Cu,Zn,Fe
    2+
     
    		)[Sn(OH)
     
    6
    		]
  		• Opal4.DA.10
    SiO
     
    2
    		·nH
     
    2
    		O
  		• Quartz4.DA.05
    SiO
     
    2
  		• Rutile
    var: Strüverite    		4.DB.05
    (Ti,Ta,Fe)O
     
    2
  		• Spinel4.BB.05
    MgAl
     
    2
    		O
     
    4
  		• Todorokite4.DK.10
    (Ca,K,Na,Mg,Ba,Mn)(Mn,Mg,Al)
     
    6
    		O
     
    12
    		·3H
     
    2
    		O
  		• Uraninite4.DL.05
    UO
     
    2
  		• Varlamoffite4.DB.05
    (Sn,Fe)(O,OH)
     
    2
    Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates
  		• Azurite5.BA.05
    Cu
     
    3
    		[OH|CO
     
    3
    		]
     
    2
  		• Cerussite5.AB.15
    PbCO
     
    3
  		• Malachite5.BA.10
    Cu
     
    2
    		[(OH)
     
    2
    		|CO
     
    3
    		]
  		• Siderite5.AB.05
    FeCO
     
    3
    Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
  		• Baryte ?7.AD.35
    BaSO
     
    4
  		• Scheelite7.GA.05
    Ca[WO
     
    4
    		]
    Group 8 - Phosphates, Arsenates and Vanadates
  		• Alluaudite8.AC.10
    (Na,Ca)Mn
    2+
     
    		(Fe
    3+
     
    		,Mn
    2+
     
    		,Fe
    2+
     
    		,Mg)
     
    2
    		(PO
     
    4
    		)
     
    3
  		• Amblygonite8.BB.05
    (Li,Na)Al[(F,OH)|PO
     
    4
    		]
  		• Apatite-(CaF)8.BN.05
    Ca
     
    5
    		[F|(PO
     
    4
    		)
     
    3
    		]
      var: Carbonate-rich Apatite-(CaF)8.BN.05
    Ca
     
    5
    		[(F,O)|(PO
     
    4
    		,CO
     
    3
    		)
     
    3
    		]
  		• Arrojadite-(KFe)8.BF.05
    {KNa}{Fe
    2+
     
    		[ ]}{Ca}{Na
     
    2
    		[ ]}{Fe
    2+
    13
    		}{Al}[(OH)
     
    2
    		|HPO
     
    4
    		|(PO
     
    4
    		)
     
    11
    		]
  		• Augelite8.BE.05
    Al
     
    2
    		[(OH)
     
    3
    		|PO
     
    4
    		]
  		• Autunite8.EB.05
    Ca(UO
     
    2
    		)
     
    2
    		(PO
     
    4
    		)
     
    2
    		·11H
     
    2
    		O
  		• Cacoxenite8.DC.40
    Fe
    3+
    24
    		Al[(OH)
     
    12
    		|O
     
    6
    		|(PO
     
    4
    		)
     
    17
    		] · 17H
     
    2
    		O
  		• Dufrénite8.DK.15
    Ca
     
    0.5
    		Fe
    2+
     
    		Fe
    3+
    5
    		[(OH)
     
    3
    		|(PO
     
    4
    		)
     
    2
    		]
     
    2
    		 · 2H
     
    2
    		O
  		• Ferrisicklerite8.AB.10
    (Fe
    3+
     
    		,LiMn
    2+
     
    		)[PO
     
    4
    		]
  		• Frondelite8.BC.10
    Mn
    2+
     
    		Fe
    3+
    4
    		[(OH)
     
    5
    		|(PO
     
    4
    		)
     
    3
    		]
  		• Heterosite8.AB.10
    (Fe
    3+
     
    		,Mn
    3+
     
    		)[PO
     
    4
    		]
  		• Hureaulite8.CB.10
    (Mn,Fe)
     
    5
    		(PO
     
    3
    		OH)
     
    2
    		(PO
     
    4
    		)
     
    2
    		·4H
     
    2
    		O
  		• Jahnsite-(CaMnMg)8.DH.15
    CaMn
    2+
     
    		(Mg,Fe
    2+
     
    		)
     
    2
    		Fe
    3+
    2
    		(PO
     
    4
    		)
     
    4
    		(OH)
     
    2
    		 · 8H
     
    2
    		O
  		• Laueite8.DC.30
    Mn
    2+
     
    		Fe
    3+
    2
    		[OH|PO
     
    4
    		]
     
    2
    		 · 8H
     
    2
    		O
  		• Libethenite8.BB.30
    Cu
     
    2
    		[OH|PO
     
    4
    		]
  		• Lithiophilite8.AB.10
    LiMn
    2+
     
    		[PO
     
    4
    		]
  		• Ludlamite8.CD.20
    (Fe,Mn,Mg)
     
    3
    		(PO
     
    4
    		)
     
    2
    		·4H
     
    2
    		O
  		• Mitridatite8.DH.30
    Ca
     
    2
    		Fe
    3+
    3
    		[O
     
    2
    		|(PO
     
    4
    		)
     
    3
    		] · 3H
     
    2
    		O
  		• Monazite-(Ce)8.AD.50
    (Ce,La,Nd,Th)PO
     
    4
  		• Montgomeryite8.DH.25
    Ca
     
    4
    		MgAl
     
    4
    		[(OH)
     
    2
    		|(PO
     
    4
    		)
     
    3
    		]
     
    2
    		 · 12H
     
    2
    		O
  		• Olivenite8.BB.30
    Cu
     
    2
    		[OH|AsO
     
    4
    		]
  		• Phosphosiderite8.CD.05
    FePO
     
    4
    		·2H
     
    2
    		O
  		• Pseudomalachite8.BD.05
    Cu
     
    5
    		[(OH)
     
    2
    		|PO
     
    4
    		]
     
    2
  		• Rockbridgeite8.BC.10
    Fe
    2+
     
    		Fe
    3+
    4
    		[(OH)
     
    5
    		|(PO
     
    4
    		)
     
    3
    		]
  		• Scorodite8.CD.10
    Fe
    3+
     
    		AsO
     
    4
    		·2H
     
    2
    		O
  		• Stewartite8.DC.30
    Mn
    2+
     
    		Fe
    3+
    2
    		[OH|PO
     
    4
    		]
     
    2
    		 · 8H
     
    2
    		O
  		• Strengite8.CD.10
    FePO
     
    4
    		·2H
     
    2
    		O
  		• Strunzite8.DC.25
    Mn
    2+
     
    		Fe
    3+
    2
    		[OH|PO
     
    4
    		]
     
    2
    		 · 6H
     
    2
    		O
  		• Tavorite8.BB.05
    LiFe
    3+
     
    		[OH|PO
     
    4
    		]
  		• Torbernite8.EB.05
    Cu(UO
     
    2
    		)
     
    2
    		(PO
     
    4
    		)
     
    2
    		·12H
     
    2
    		O
  		• Triphylite8.AB.10
    LiFe
    2+
     
    		[PO
     
    4
    		]
  		• Triplite8.BB.10
    (Mn
    2+
     
    		,Fe
    2+
     
    		)
     
    2
    		[(F,OH)|PO
     
    4
    		]
  		• Vivianite8.CE.40
    Fe
    2+
    3
    		(PO
     
    4
    		)
     
    2
    		·8H
     
    2
    		O
  		• Xanthoxenite8.DH.40
    Ca
     
    4
    		Fe
    3+
    2
    		[OH|(PO
     
    4
    		)
     
    2
    		]
     
    2
    		 · 3H
     
    2
    		O
    Group 9 - Silicates
  		• 'Adularia'9.FA.30
    KAlSi
     
    3
    		O
     
    8
  		• Albite9.FA.35
    Na[AlSi
     
    3
    		O
     
    8
    		]
      var: Cleavelandite9.FA.35
    Na[AlSi
     
    3
    		O
     
    8
    		]
  		• Almandine9.AD.25
    Fe
    2+
    3
    		Al
     
    2
    		[SiO
     
    4
    		]
     
    3
  		• Andalusite9.AF.10
    Al
     
    2
    		[O|SiO
     
    4
    		]
  		• Beryl9.CJ.05
    Be
     
    3
    		Al
     
    2
    		Si
     
    6
    		O
     
    18
  		• Biotite9..
  		• Chrysocolla9.ED.20
    (Cu,Al)
     
    2
    		H
     
    2
    		Si
     
    2
    		O
     
    5
    		(OH)
     
    4
    		·nH
     
    2
    		O
  		• Elbaite9.CK.05
    [Na][(Li,Al)
     
    3
    		][Al
     
    6
    		][(OH)
     
    3
    		|OH|(BO
     
    3
    		)
     
    3
    		|Si
     
    6
    		O
     
    18
    		]
  		• Epidote9.BG.05
    {Ca
     
    2
    		}{Al
     
    2
    		Fe
    3+
     
    		}[O|OH|SiO
     
    4
    		|Si
     
    2
    		O
     
    7
    		]
  		• Eucryptite9.AA.05
    LiAl[SiO
     
    4
    		]
  		• Kaolinite9.ED.05
    Al
     
    2
    		Si
     
    2
    		O
     
    5
    		(OH)
     
    4
  		• Microcline9.FA.30
    K[AlSi
     
    3
    		O
     
    8
    		]
  		• Montmorillonite9.EC.40
    (Na,Ca)
     
    0.33
    		(Al,Mg)
     
    2
    		Si
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
    		(OH)
     
    2
    		·nH
     
    2
    		O
  		• Muscovite9.EC.15
    KAl
     
    2
    		[(OH)
     
    2
    		|AlSi
     
    3
    		O
     
    10
    		]
  		• Orthoclase9.FA.30
    K[AlSi
     
    3
    		O
     
    8
    		]
  		• Petalite9.EF.05
    LiAlSi
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
  		• Schorl9.CK.05
    [Na][Fe
    2+
    3
    		][Al
     
    6
    		][(OH)
     
    3
    		|OH|(BO
     
    3
    		)
     
    3
    		|Si
     
    6
    		O
     
    18
    		]
  		• Spodumene9.DA.30
    LiAl[Si
     
    2
    		O
     
    6
    		]
  		• Titanite9.AG.15
    CaTi[O|SiO
     
    4
    		]
  		• Zircon9.AD.30
    Zr[SiO
     
    4
    		]
    Unclassified Minerals
  		• 'Columbite-Tantalite'-
  		• Cuprocassiterite-
  		• Lepidolite-
  		• 'Tapiolite'-
    (Fe,Mn)(Ta,Nb)
     
    2
    		O
     
    6
  		• Wolframite-
    (Fe
    2+
     
    		)WO
     
    4
     
     
    		to (Mn
    2+
     
    		)WO
     
    4


    93 entries listed. 85 valid minerals.

    The above list contains all mineral locality references listed on mindat.org. This does not claim to be a complete list. If you know of more minerals from this site, please register so you can add to our database!
    This page is currently not sponsored. Click here to find out how you can sponsor this page.

    Mineral and/or Locality
    Google
     
    www.mindat.org Web
    Copyright © Jolyon Ralph and Ida Chau 1993-2009. Jobs in South Dakota, USA Site Map. Locality, mineral & photograph data are the copyright of the individuals who submitted them.Further information contact the Site hosted & developed by Jolyon Ralph. Mindat.org is an online information resource dedicated to providing free mineralogical information to all. Mindat relies on the contributions of hundreds of members and supporters. If you would like to add information to improve the quality of our database, then click here to register. Current server date and time: 29th Oct 2009 11:15:41