Gem Star Mine (Gem Lepidolite mine; Labaugh mine; Loughbaugh mine), Tourmaline Queen Mountain (Pala Mtn; Queen Mtn), Pala, Pala District, San Diego Co., California, USA

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Albite
Formula:	NaAlSi3O8
Colour:	Apple-green
Reference:	Jahns, Richard Henry & Lauren A. Wright (1951), Gem and lithium bearing pegmatites of the Pala district, San Diego County, California: California Division Mines Special Report 7-A: 57-59.
'Clay'
Colour:	Pale-pink to light-gray
Reference:	Jahns, Richard Henry & Lauren A. Wright (1951), Gem and lithium bearing pegmatites of the Pala district, San Diego County, California: California Division Mines Special Report 7-A: 57-59.
Helvite
Formula:	Mn2+4(Be3Si3O12)S
Habit:	Tetrahedra
Colour:	Honey-colored
Description:	An exceedingly rare constituent of the pegmatite in the Gem Star mine. It forms small honey-colored tetrahedral crystals that are less than 1 millimeter in diameter. They occur on the surfaces of cleavelandite and spodumene crystals, and in general are typical of the pocket-bearing parts of the dike.
Reference:	Jahns, Richard Henry & Lauren A. Wright (1951), Gem and lithium bearing pegmatites of the Pala district, San Diego County, California: California Division Mines Special Report 7-A: 31, 38; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 215; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 368.
Lepidolite
Colour:	Pink to lavender
Reference:	Merrill, F. J. H. 1914. Geology and Mineral Resources of San Diego and Imperial Counties: Gems, Lithia Minerals. California State Mining Bureau, San Francisco, Cal. California State Printing Office, December. Chapter 1, p. 67.
Muscovite
Formula:	KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Description:	Fine to medium grained plumose muscovite forms with albite-quartz-perthite footwall unit of the pegmatite that contains local concentrations of schorl.
Reference:	Jahns, Richard Henry & Lauren A. Wright (1951), Gem and lithium bearing pegmatites of the Pala district, San Diego County, California: California Division Mines Special Report 7-A: 57-59.
'Perthite'
Description:	Perthite forms giant euhedral crystals associated with massive quartz.
Reference:	Jahns, Richard Henry & Lauren A. Wright (1951), Gem and lithium bearing pegmatites of the Pala district, San Diego County, California: California Division Mines Special Report 7-A: 57-59.
Quartz
Formula:	SiO2
Reference:	Jahns, Richard Henry & Lauren A. Wright (1951), Gem and lithium bearing pegmatites of the Pala district, San Diego County, California: California Division Mines Special Report 7-A: 57-59.
Quartz var: Smoky Quartz
Formula:	SiO2
Reference:	Jahns, Richard Henry & Lauren A. Wright (1951), Gem and lithium bearing pegmatites of the Pala district, San Diego County, California: California Division Mines Special Report 7-A: 57-59.
Schorl
Formula:	Na(Fe2+3)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)
Reference:	Jahns, Richard Henry & Lauren A. Wright (1951), Gem and lithium bearing pegmatites of the Pala district, San Diego County, California: California Division Mines Special Report 7-A: 57-59.
Spodumene
Formula:	LiAlSi2O6
Colour:	Colorless
Description:	Fragments of clear, colorless spodumene associated with gem-quality tourmaline.
Reference:	Jahns, Richard Henry & Lauren A. Wright (1951), Gem and lithium bearing pegmatites of the Pala district, San Diego County, California: California Division Mines Special Report 7-A: 57-59.
Swinefordite
Formula:	Li(Al,Li,Mg)4((Si,Al)4O10)2(OH,F)4 · nH2O
Reference:	Harvard Museum of Natural History specimen no. 108086
Photo: © 2007 Peter Cristofono. Swinefordite from Gem Star Mine, Tourmaline Queen Mountain, Pala, Pala District, San Diego Co., California, USA
'Tourmaline'
Formula:	A(D3)G6(T6O18)(BO3)3Y3Z
Reference:	Merrill, F. J. H. 1914. Geology and Mineral Resources of San Diego and Imperial Counties: Gems, Lithia Minerals. California State Mining Bureau, San Francisco, Cal. California State Printing Office, December. Chapter 1, p. 67.
'Tourmaline var: Rubellite'
Colour:	Pink
Description:	Many clear fragments of small crystals are present in the dumps, and some clear, gem-quality crystals as much as 4 inches in diameter and 15 inches long were recovered.
Reference:	Jahns, Richard Henry & Lauren A. Wright (1951), Gem and lithium bearing pegmatites of the Pala district, San Diego County, California: California Division Mines Special Report 7-A: 57-59.
'Tourmaline var: Verdelite'
Reference:	Merrill, F. J. H. 1914. Geology and Mineral Resources of San Diego and Imperial Counties: Gems, Lithia Minerals. California State Mining Bureau, San Francisco, Cal. California State Printing Office, December. Chapter 1, p. 67.