| | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | Physicochemical Parametersof the Fluid in the Larderello-Travale Geothermal Field GIUSEPPECAVARRETTA...la Geologiadell'Italia Centrale,C. N. R., Rome,Italy GIOVANNI GIANELLI, AND MARIANO PUXEDDU Istituto...Internazionaleper le RicercheGeotermiche,C. N. R., Pisa,Italy Abstract Different authigenicmineral assemblages...compositions have been found in different areasof the Larderello-Travalegeothermalfield. In the peripheralareasthe...calcite,K-feldspar,and K-bearingmica, with which wairakite,hematite,anhydrite,and barite are sometimesassociated | | Bird, Dennis K., Schiffman, Peter, Elders, Wilfred A., Williams, Alan E., McDowell, S. Douglas (1984) Calc-silicate mineralization in active geothermal systems. Economic Geology, 79 (4) 671-695 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.79.4.671 | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | geothermal systems areheulandite, laumontite,wairakite,prehnite,epidote,garnet,sphene,clinopyroxene,...Alkalis substitutefor calciumin heulanditeand wairakite, and there is considerable octahedralsubstitution...disappearanceof one or more of the phasescalcite,prehnite,wairakite,or biotite. From the available datathereisnootherobvious...X X X X X X X X X leeland Larderclio, Italy X X Metamorphic B and sedi- mentary Geysers...calcium zeolites ispartialreplacement ofCa+2 of wairakite,generallyare foundin the lower tem- thermal perature | | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | Early Evolution of the Larderclio GeothermalField, Italy GIUSEPPE CAVARRETTA Centrodi Studioper la Geologiadell'Italia...Scienzedella Terra, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 100185 Rome,Italy AND MARIANO PUXEDDU Istituto Internazionaleper...RicercheGeotermiche,C.N.R., Piazza Solferino2, 1 56100 Pisa,Italy Abstract Electronmicroprobeandpetrographicdataon...hydrothermalmetamorphism in the Larderellogeothermalfield, Italy. During this earlystagedifferenthydrothermaleventsarecharacterized...1236 TOURMALINES FROMLARDERELLOGEOTHERMALFIELD, ITALY new dataon the complexhistoryof the hydrothermal | | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | epidote--prehnite--K-feldspar--chlorite zone; a wairakite--laumontite zone; and a stilbite--heulandite--montmorillonite...epidote--prehnite--K-feldspar-chlorite zone; (2) wairakite--laumontite zone; 217 West< East i i ----...montmorillonite; M o r = mordenite; L m = laumontite ; Wr = wairakite; C h l = chlorite; p r = prehnite; e p = epidote;...sphene. In zone 2, wairakite and laumontite are c o m m o n l y found. Wairakite occurs as a veinlet...laumontite ¢ wairakite + H20 (1) yugawaralite ~ laumontite + quartz (2) yugawaralite ~ wairakite + quartz | | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | Geothermal Research C.N.R., 2 Piazza Solferino, 56126 Pisa, Italy Abstract-A new method is proposed for applying...samples (altered basalts) show that calcite, wairakite, laumontite, gamet, epidote, pyroxene, quartz...and amphibole crystallization occurred after wairakite or laumontite (Aquater 1994a, 1994b). The hydrothermal...western border of the LardereHo geothermal field (Tuscany, Italy). From a geological point of view, this area...Government of the Republic of 62 Battaglia Italy Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Governmem of Ethiopia | | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | et al., 1984), with the typical paragenesis of wairakite, epidote, prehnite and clinopyroxene. These are...1980), Cerro Prieto (Schiffman et al., 1984) and Larderello (Cavarretta et al., 1980). Ore deposition in...plagioclase Microgranite I]~ Rhyolite ~ Wairakite -+ plagioclase Epidote Ore vein ~ albiteQuartz+chl°rite±...type of metamorphism (Schiffman et al., 1984). Wairakite and epidote occur in the northern part of the...(according to the Bouma's terminology, 1962) and of wairakite in Tc or Td laminites; or the presence of cli | | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | Krafla, Iceland (Kristmannsdottir 1981); Larderello, Italy and geothermal systems of Kamchatka (Bird...Bird et al. (1984) considered that garnet at Larderello, Italy, was in equilibrium with clinopyroxene and...depth. The occurrence of illite, epidote and wairakite at deeper levels (below 1100m), and their inferred...100°C. For example, the point OK-1:1126.8m with wairakite-bearing assemblage has Tbore=210°C, but the range...and quartz (+/- pyrite, titanite, leucoxene, wairakite and almandine). The chemistry of deep fluids at | | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | related to granitic plutons at The Geysers and Larderello (Schriener and Suemnicht, 1981; Thompson, 1989;...of the field (Peabody and Einaudi, 1992). At Larderello, B has been extracted commercially as boric acid...chalcedony) ± calcite ± chlorite ± sericite ± wairakite (paragenesis 4b). The focus of this investigation...chalcedony (R. Fournier, pers. commun., 1999). Minor wairakite, sericite, and calcite occur in other parts of...chalcedony was deposited after a period of quartz + wairakite + sericite deposition. Figure 4 shows that the | | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | lepidolite (Honda & Muffler 1970, Bargar et al 1973)]. Wairakite, a calcium zeolite, is the best known mineral...Aragonite Siderite Ankerite Dolomite Analcime Wairakite Gmelinite Gismondine I': '" 0. oj -. .s ...Tomasson 1976a, b, c, Kristmannsdottir 1976. Larderello: Marinelli 1969. Note: d = detrital, r = relict...is mordenite-laumontite-wairakite, with mordenite forming near SOT and wairakite usually above 21SoC, but...close to equilibrium with K-mica, K-feldspar, wairakite, and calcite and emphasizes the critical role | | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | muscovite, chlorite, quartz, and calcite, or wairakite or epidote, and shows the sequence of phase changes...importance of Pco on the presence or absence of wairakite or epidote-group minerals. The low value� of Mg+...concisc summary of the hydrothermal systems of Italy, New Zealand, the United States of America, Mexico...as those of The Geysers, California, and Larderello, Italy from the hot water systems. Hot water systems...springs of low pH at the Geysers but those at Larderello are almost neutral. A vapor-dominated system | | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | in veinlets and as vug fillings, with epidote, wairakite, calcite and anhydrite. Chlorite is present in...ii HEMATITE, ANATASE QUARTZ ANHYDRITE ILLITE WAIRAKITE |1 CHLORITE GEDRITE EPIDOTE DIOPSIDE PHRENITE...carbonates, quartz and calc-silicates (epidote, wairakite). Quartz enclosing both epidote and chlorite was...shows a plot including data from Los Azufres, Larderello (Cavaretta et al. 1982), Salton Sea (McDowell...(1), M o u n t Lyell (2), Salton Sea (3) and Larderello ~ MiNNESOTAITE (4) PYROPHYLLITE BSITE -15 | | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | lower temperatures (~150–250°C), adularia or wairakite and later calcite were deposited as the proportion...Wollastonite has been reported from the Larderello geothermal field, Italy, where it occurs at depths between...heulandite, leonhardite, laumontite, natrolite, and wairakite. Heulandite is present as veins in a brecciated...(1981) at +242 m (100°C) in lava from well 403. Wairakite is reported from wells 105, 202, 212, 213, 214...forms at moderate temperatures (~160°C), and wairakite generally forms at high temperatures (>240°C) | | | Report (volume) | according to the type locality Piemont in Northern Italy. The first Cr rich epidote occurrence was described...in zoisite; sample HU93-8 from Sterzing, Tauern/Italy; photomicrograph with crossed polarized light (c)...REE-bearing piemontite from Monte Brugiana, Alpi Apuane, Italy. Eur J Mineral 4:23–34 Bonazzi P, Menchetti S (1995)...the epidote group, from Val Graveglia, Liguria, Italy. Eur J Mineral 2:519-523 Bonazzi P, Menchetti S... Ojanpera P (1959) The piemontite of Piedmont (Italy) Kajlidongri (India) and Marampa (Sierra Leone) | | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | are presented for these minerals which include wairakite, epidote, prehnite, actinolite, clinopyroxene...sandstones. KEYWORDS: sandstones, geothermal system, wairakite, epidote, prehnite, actinolite, clinopyroxene...the onset of the calc-silicate mineral zones: wairakite (at 200 ~ epidote (at 230 ~ prehnite-actinolite...geothermal system, hydrothermal minerals include wairakite, microcline, epidote, prehnite, actinolite, clinopyroxene...as coarser grained pore-filling cements (i.e. wairakite, epidote, prehnite, and clinopyroxene; fig. 2b | | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | $10.00 Miocene–Recent, E-W oriented volcanic province extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean...from The Geysers, Lassen Peak, Salton Sea, and Larderello are also shown for comparison. thermal fluids...Zeolite (stilbite, heulandite, laumontite, and wairakite), hematite, pyrite, and sericite are less common...clinoptilolite, laumontite, and wairakite. The most frequent zeolite in Los Azufres is wairakite, which commonly occurs...the World Geothermal Congress, v. 2: Florence, Italy, International Geothermal Association, p. 1083–1086 | | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | rarely in other types. Calcium silicates such as wairakite, epidote, prehnite, laumontite, and stilbite are...Seigoshi (78), Toi (79), Yamagano(95), Kushikino(97) Wairakite Takatama (66), Seigoshi(78) (19) Mordenite...unstable 3 2 -2 -3 -4 and Ca zeolites such as wairakite and laumontite appear.Univariantcurvesfor the...3Ca2A12Si•O•,,(OH)2(prehnite) + 2CO•(Xv. s= 0.3). B. wairakite + K-feldspar + CO2 Ca6Si60•7(OH)•(xonotlite) +...= 0.3). F. 3KAlaSiaO•0(OH)2 (K-mica)+ 4CaCOa- wairakite + CO2 = calcite + kaolinte + 2 quartz + 2H20, | | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | dissolution to be replaced at higher temperatures by wairakite as the more stable zeolite. Analtime and mar&e...minerals such as the calcium-aluminium-silicates wairakite. prehnite or laumontite had to be omitted as they...soluble than another common geothermal Ca-phase. wairakite. but less soluble than prehnite or laumontite...expected to lead initially to the formation of wairakite and then epidote as the least solubk phase. At...coexistence range, with prehnite, laumontite and wairakite representing other possible me&table alteration | | | Report (issue) | at l/4°/min. which precludes the presence of a wairakite (calcium-rich) component (Coombs, 1955). Many...others, 1976), Cesano, Italy (Funiciello and others, 1979), and Larderello, Italy (Cavarretta and others...1975, Sodium-rich dachiardite from Alpe di Suisi, Italy: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 49...Puxeddu, M., 1980, Hydrothermal metamorphism in the Larderello Geothermal Field: Geothermics, v. 9, p. 297-314...297-314. Coombs, D.S., 1955, X-ray observations on wairakite and non-cubic analcime: Mineral Magazine, v. 30 | | | Report (issue) | electron microprobe analyses of analcime and wairakite ................................................electron micrograph of subhedral, trapezohedral wairakite crystals . . .45 Scanning electron micrograph...Electron microprobe analyses of analcime and wairakite ...................99 Electron microprobe analyses...inclusions in hydrothermal quartz, calcite, and wairakite from drill hole ML 45-36 range between 178° and...For example, the zeolite minerals analcime and wairakite have been reported at temperatures as high as | | | Report (volume) | FOUR-MEMBERED RINGS AND RELATED STRUCTURES Analcime, wairakite, pollucite, leucite, ammonioleucite, hsianghualite.... .. . . .. . . . ..... . ..... ... . ....78 Wairakite: Ca8[Al16Si32096]·16H20 ............... ........properties of laumontite and wairakite . 145 Equilibrium between wairakite and anorthite . . . 1 47 La...Laumontite-P-leonhardite-y-leonhardite-wairakite equilibria . 151 . .. I 55 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.......... 552 Historical use of zeolitic tuff in Italy ............................................... | | | Book | type is distributed in a different metallogenic province (Fig. 1.3) (Tatsumi, 1970). Epithermal vein-type...Hydrothermal Ore Deposits 95 Calcium silicates such as wairakite, epidote, prehnite, laumontite, and stilbite are...minerals including epidote, actinolite, prehnite and wairakite as suggested by Yoshitani (1971), Fujii (1976)...these intrusive activities. Zeolite minerals (wairakite, laumontite etc.), mixed-layer clay minerals and...temperature propylitic alteration minerals) (wairakite, laumontite, chlorite/smectite, smectite) in these | | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | plutons at Larderello, Italy and The Geysers, California. The evolution of the Larderello system and...are found associated with secondary calcite. Wairakite and datolite are present, in places, as late-stage...like those presently found at The Geysers and Larderello, ltaly may have been a common feature of fossil...contribution to fluids of the geothermal systems of Larderello, Italy, and The Geysers, California. Geotherm. 23 | | | Book | only steam are rare - the best known are Larderello, Italy and The Ge.ysers, USA. Note that liquid-dominated...well known examples are Larderello, Italy and Kizildere, Turkey. Larderello discharges steam, whereas...has Geothennal Systems 5 demonstrated that Larderello shows many characteristics more typical of a...where steam in the dominant phase (eg. Lardarello, Italy; The Geysers, USA) and no liquid water is Geothennal...et aI., 1983) and - 3 million years old (Larderello, Italy; Del Moro et aI., 1982; Steamboat Springs | | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | Johnstown (Zen, 1974). In the Larderello-Travale geothermal field, Italy, prehnite of XFen = 0-03 was...New data on hydrothermal metamorphism in the Larderello-Travale geothermal field. Proc. 3rd Int. Symp...epidote. J. Metamorphic Geol. Seki, Y., 1971. Wairakite-analcime solid solution as an indicator of water | | Bargar, Keith E., Keith, Terry E.C., Trusdell, Frank A., Evans, S.R., Sykes, M.L. (1996) Hydrothermal alteration mineralogy of SOH drill holes, Kilauea East Rift Zone geothermal area, Hawaii. Open-File Report Vol. 1996 (96-10) US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr9610 | Report (issue) | trapezohedral analcime crystals (Fig. 22). No wairakite is present in the XRD analyses of several specimens;...composition between Na-rich analcime and Ca-rich wairakite. A complete solid-solution series exists between...physicochemical parameters of the fluid in the Larderello-Travale geothermal field. Econ. Geol 77. 1071-1084...Truscottite Phillipsite Mordenite Heulandite Analcime+Wairakite X O o G> o o CM CO 1_ G> CL E G> O o "...Chabazite Erionite Heulandite Mordenite Phillipsite Wairakite SOH-1 <50-205 <50-60 <50-133 110-185 Aragonite |
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