Chloritoid
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Chloritoid
Formula:
(Fe2+,Mg,Mn2+)Al2(SiO4)O(OH)2
Colour:
Dark green to green-gray or nearly black
Lustre:
Vitreous, Pearly
Hardness:
6½
Specific Gravity:
3.4 - 3.8
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Originally name chlorispath, it was renamed in 1835 by August Breithaupt to chloritoid. The name is for the visual similarity to chlorite-group minerals.
Carboirite-Chloritoid Series. The Fe2+ analogue of ottrélite and magnesiochloritoid.
Monoclinic and triclinic polytypes are known.
Monoclinic and triclinic polytypes are known.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1017
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1017:3
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
3d1a6354-7387-4ec0-a4a2-10c45a6e6d9a
IMA Classification of Chloritoid
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Fe2+Al2O(SiO4)(OH)2
First published:
1832
Classification of Chloritoid
9.AF.85
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
F : Nesosilicates with additional anions; cations in [4], [5] and/or only [6] coordination
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
F : Nesosilicates with additional anions; cations in [4], [5] and/or only [6] coordination
52.3.3.1
52 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups and O,OH,F,H2O
3 : Insular SiO4 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [6] coordination only
52 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups and O,OH,F,H2O
3 : Insular SiO4 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [6] coordination only
16.19.6
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
19 : Aluminosilicates of Fe and Mg
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
19 : Aluminosilicates of Fe and Mg
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Cld | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Cld | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
Cld | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
Cld | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
Cld | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Pronunciation of Chloritoid
Pronunciation:
Play | Recorded by | Country |
---|---|---|
Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Chloritoid
Vitreous, Pearly
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
Dark green to green-gray or nearly black
Streak:
White, grayish, or very slightly greenish
Hardness:
6½ on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Perfect
{001} perfect, {110} good.
{001} perfect, {110} good.
Parting:
On {010}
Density:
3.4 - 3.8 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.56 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Chloritoid
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.713 - 1.730 nβ = 1.719 - 1.734 nγ = 1.723 - 1.740
2V:
Measured: 36° to 89°, Calculated: 78° to 80°
Birefringence:
0.01, may be anomalous blue
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.010
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
High
Dispersion:
r > v
Pleochroism:
Strong
Comments:
X = olive-green to yellow; Y = grayish blue to blue; Z = colorless to pale greenish yellow.
Orientation:
X or Y = b (monoclinic)
Z^c = 2-30 deg, Y ~= b (triclinic)
Orientation:
X or Y = b (monoclinic)
Z^c = 2-30 deg, Y ~= b (triclinic)
Chemistry of Chloritoid
Mindat Formula:
(Fe2+,Mg,Mn2+)Al2(SiO4)O(OH)2
Crystallography of Chloritoid
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/b
Setting:
C2/c
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.50 Å, b = 5.50 Å, c = 18.22 Å
β = 101.9°
β = 101.9°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.727 : 1 : 3.313
Unit Cell V:
931.54 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Thin to thick foliated plates or prisms, or as massive aggregates. Seldom as pseudohexagonal tabular crystals.
Also triclinic.
Also triclinic.
Twinning:
Twin axes [100], [110], and [130] observed.
Common on {001}, polysynthetic.
Common on {001}, polysynthetic.
Comment:
For monoclinic polytype (space group C2/c). Triclinic polytype (C-1) has a = 9.46(1), b = 5.50(1), c = 9.15(1) A, α = 97.05(2), β = 101.56(2), γ = 90.10(2)°.
Crystal Structure
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Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0000786 | Chloritoid | Hanscom R (1980) The structure of triclinic chloritoid and chloritoid polymorphism American Mineralogist 65 534-539 | 1980 | 0 | 293 | ||
0006828 | Chloritoid | Koch-Muller M, Abs-Wurmbach I, Langer K, Shaw C, Wirth R, Gottschalk M (2000) Synthetic and natural Fe-Mg chloritoid: structural, spectroscopic and thermodynamic studies European Journal of Mineralogy 12 293-314 | 2000 | 0 | 293 | ||
0006829 | Chloritoid | Koch-Muller M, Abs-Wurmbach I, Langer K, Shaw C, Wirth R, Gottschalk M (2000) Synthetic and natural Fe-Mg chloritoid: structural, spectroscopic and thermodynamic studies European Journal of Mineralogy 12 293-314 | 2000 | 0 | 293 | ||
0008491 | Chloritoid | Koch-Muller M, Kahlenberg V, Schmidt C, Wirth R (2000) Location of OH groups and oxidation processes in triclinic chloritoid Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 703-712 | 2000 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
4.46 Å | (100) |
2.964 Å | (18) |
2.459 Å | (6) |
2.356 Å | (7) |
2.306 Å | (14) |
1.574 Å | (11) |
1.482 Å | (6) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Near-surface Processes | |
23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
39 : High-𝑃 metamorphism (blueschist, eclogite, ultrahigh 𝑃 facies) | |
40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Type Occurrence of Chloritoid
General Appearance of Type Material:
Greenish-black crystals similar in appearance to chlorite.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
n.d.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Reference:
Fiedler, K.G. (1832) Lagerstätten des diaspor, chloritspath, pyrophyllit und monazit, aufgefund in Ural. Annalen der Physik und Chemie: 25: 322-333.
Synonyms of Chloritoid
Other Language Names for Chloritoid
Varieties of Chloritoid
Masonite | An impure chloritoid. Originally described from Prospect Hill, Natick, West Warwick, Kent Co., Rhode Island, USA. |
Relationship of Chloritoid to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Carboirite | FeAl2(GeO4)O(OH)2 | Tric. 1 |
Magnesiochloritoid | MgAl2(SiO4)O(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Ottrélite | (Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)Al2(SiO4)O(OH)2 | Mon. |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
23 photos of Chloritoid associated with Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
22 photos of Chloritoid associated with Staurolite | Fe2+2Al9Si4O23(OH) |
12 photos of Chloritoid associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
10 photos of Chloritoid associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
6 photos of Chloritoid associated with Yttrocrasite-(Y) | (Y,Th,Ca,U)(Ti,Fe)2(O,OH)6 |
6 photos of Chloritoid associated with Pyrophyllite | Al2Si4O10(OH)2 |
4 photos of Chloritoid associated with Dravite | NaMg3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
3 photos of Chloritoid associated with Chlorite Group | |
2 photos of Chloritoid associated with Piemontite | (CaCa)(AlAlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
2 photos of Chloritoid associated with Hedenbergite | CaFe2+Si2O6 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
9.AF. | Chegemite | Ca7(SiO4)3(OH)2 |
9.AF. | Barwoodite | Mn2+6Nb5+(SiO4)2O3(OH)3 |
9.AF. | Jingwenite-(Y) | YAlV4+(SiO4)O2(OH)2 |
9.AF.05 | Sillimanite | Al2(SiO4)O |
9.AF.05 | Xenolite | Al10Si8O31 |
9.AF.10 | Andalusite | Al2(SiO4)O |
9.AF.10 | Kanonaite | Mn3+Al(SiO4)O |
9.AF.15 | Kyanite | Al2(SiO4)O |
9.AF.20 | Mullite | Al4+2xSi2-2xO10-x |
9.AF.20 | Krieselite | Al2(GeO4)F2 |
9.AF.23 | Boromullite | Al9BSi2O19 |
9.AF.25 | Yoderite | Mg(Al,Fe3+)3(SiO4)2O(OH) |
9.AF.30 | Magnesiostaurolite | Mg(Mg,Li)3(Al,Mg)18Si8O44(OH)4 |
9.AF.30 | Staurolite | Fe2+2Al9Si4O23(OH) |
9.AF.30 | Zincostaurolite | Zn2Al9Si4O23(OH) |
9.AF.35 | Topaz | Al2(SiO4)(F,OH)2 |
9.AF.40 | Norbergite | Mg3(SiO4)F2 |
9.AF.45 | Alleghanyite | Mn2+5(SiO4)2(OH)2 |
9.AF.45 | Chondrodite | Mg5(SiO4)2F2 |
9.AF.45 | Reinhardbraunsite | Ca5(SiO4)2(OH,F)2 |
9.AF.45 | Kumtyubeite | Ca5(SiO4)2F2 |
9.AF.45 | Hydroxylchondrodite | Mg5(SiO4)2(OH)2 |
9.AF.50 | Humite | Mg7(SiO4)3F2 |
9.AF.50 | Manganhumite | (Mn2+,Mg)7(SiO4)3(OH)2 |
9.AF.50 | Unnamed (Ca-analogue of Humite) | Ca7(SiO4)4F2 |
9.AF.50 | Fluorchegemite | Ca7(SiO4)3F2 |
9.AF.50 | Unnamed (OH-analogue of humite) | Mg7(SiO4)3(OH)2 |
9.AF.55 | Clinohumite | Mg9(SiO4)4F2 |
9.AF.55 | Sonolite | Mn2+9(SiO4)4(OH)2 |
9.AF.55 | Hydroxylclinohumite | Mg9(SiO4)4(OH)2 |
9.AF.60 | Leucophoenicite | Mn2+7(SiO4)3(OH)2 |
9.AF.65 | Ribbeite | Mn2+5(SiO4)2(OH)2 |
9.AF.70 | Jerrygibbsite | Mn2+9(SiO4)4(OH)2 |
9.AF.75 | Franciscanite | Mn2+6(V5+,◻)2(SiO4)2(O,OH)6 |
9.AF.75 | Örebroite | Mn2+3(Sb5+,Fe3+)(SiO4)(O,OH)3 |
9.AF.75 | Welinite | Mn2+6(W6+,Mg)2(SiO4)2(O,OH)6 |
9.AF.75 | Scorticoite | Mn6(Sb,◻)Σ2(SiO4)2O3(OH)3 |
9.AF.80 | Ellenbergerite | Mg6(Mg,Ti,Zr,◻)2(Al,Mg)6Si8O28(OH)10 |
9.AF.85 | Magnesiochloritoid | MgAl2(SiO4)O(OH)2 |
9.AF.85 | Ottrélite | (Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)Al2(SiO4)O(OH)2 |
9.AF.90 | Poldervaartite | CaCa[SiO3(OH)](OH) |
9.AF.90 | Olmiite | CaMn2+[SiO3(OH)](OH) |
9.AF.95 | Pilawite-(Y) | Ca2Y2Al4(SiO4)4O2(OH)2 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Chloritoid in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Chloritoid
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1017.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Chloritoid
Reference List:
Barth, Tom F. W., Balk, Robert (1934) Chloritoid from Dutchess County, New York. American Mineralogist, 19 (8) 345-350
Milne, I.H. (1949) Chloritoid from Megantic County, Quebec. American Mineralogist: 34(5-6): 422-434.
Localities for Chloritoid
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
RRUFF Sample ID: R060292 | |
| Herb Obodda |
Antarctica | |
Argentina | |
Hugo A. Peña (1970) | |
Australia | |
| Birch BH Book |
King (n.d.) | |
Teale et al. (2006) | |
Slack et al. (1993) | |
| Waterhouse (1971) |
Sorrell (n.d.) | |
| Bottrill & Baker |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Baensch (2000) |
| Simpson (1948) |
Simpson (1948) | |
Gustafson (1946) | |
| Mueller et al. (2008) |
| Neil Phillips et al. (1998) |
| Hallberg et al. (1985) |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Cavosie et al. (2004) |
| Frater (1983) |
Sharpe (1996) | |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
Puttner | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
Peter Bachmann collection (U. Kolitsch SXRD-analysis) | |
Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Walter et al. (2001) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Elmer (2020) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Meixner (1973) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| F. Bernhard et al.: Mitt. Österr. Min. Ges. 142:246-248 (1998) |
| Aufschluss 1972 (SB) |
| Flügel (1960) |
| Färber (n.d.) |
| Raith et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
| Postl (1984) +1 other reference |
Belgium | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| |
| A. Darimont et al. |
| Beugnies (1976) +1 other reference |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
de Koninck (1883) +2 other references | |
| Hanson (1985) +1 other reference |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
Michot (1955) +2 other references | |
Blondieau (2005) | |
Brazil | |
| Jost et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
Burundi | |
| The Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA) +1 other reference |
Canada | |
| JR Montgomery collection |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| SABINA (1976) |
| Groat et al. (2003) |
| Haysom +1 other reference |
| Sabina (1964) |
| Gustafson (1946) |
| Ann P.Sabina 1991 |
| G.P. Beakhouse et al. (1996) |
| Kishida et al. (1987) |
| Sabina (2003) |
| Sabina (2003) |
| Sinkankas coll. label |
| Harvard Museum of Natural History |
| Horváth Collection XRD & EDS |
Sabina (1992) | |
| Kirkland Lake - Rouyn-Noranda - Val d'Or +1 other reference |
McMillan (1973) +1 other reference | |
Allard +2 other references | |
| Vollo (1959) |
China | |
| Dubin Huang and Xinbang Guan (2012) |
| Zhongming Li et al. (2012) |
| Chen et al. (2022) |
| Jinhai Yu et al. (2001) |
| Wu Hanquan et al. (2003) |
| Zhang Dequan et al. (2009) |
| Guoxing Wu (1990) +1 other reference |
| Jinhai Yu et al. (2001) |
| Peipei Dong et al. (2011) |
| Fu et al. (2023) |
| He et al. (2022) |
Cuba | |
| Stanek et al. (2006) |
Czech Republic | |
| Škoda R. |
| Dalibor Velebil (2013) |
Ondruš et al. (2003) | |
| Beran (Ag, Au, Co) +2 other references |
| Zimák |
| Jirásek J et al. (2020) |
| Schreyer et al. (ferrocordierite) |
Staněk | |
Ecuador | |
| Eur. Journ. Mineral. |
| Aspden et al. (1995) |
| Manrique et al. (2018) |
Europe | |
| Fransolet et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
Finland | |
| Aurola |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2008. ... |
Geological Survey of Finland 2008. ... | |
Geological Survey of Finland 2008. ... | |
Geological Survey of Finland 2008. ... | |
Geological Survey of Finland 2008. ... | |
| Sandström (2012) |
France | |
| Alpe d'Huez sector +1 other reference |
| le Cahier des Micromonteurs 4-2021 |
| G. Kurat et al. (1981) |
| R.PIERROT et al. (1973) |
| Lukas (1978) |
| Audren et al. (1993) |
Audren et al. (1993) | |
Chauris (2014) | |
| Chauris (2014) |
Chauris (2014) | |
| Chauris L. (1982) |
Chauris (2014) | |
Inventaire Minéralogique de la France numero 9 Morbihan ( éditions BRGM ) | |
Inventaire Minéralogique de la France numero 9 Morbihan ( éditions BRGM ) | |
Audren et al. (1993) | |
| Chauris L. (1982) |
Audren et al. (1993) | |
| Chauris L. (1988) |
Chauris L. (1988) | |
Chauris (2014) | |
| Chauris L. (1987) |
| Chauris L. (1988) |
| Chauris L. (1982) |
| R. Pierrot |
R. Pierrot | |
R. Pierrot | |
| Briggs (1975) |
Briggs (1978) | |
| Briggs (1975) +2 other references |
| C. Derré |
| D. Poulain and J. Kornprobst |
| Guitard (2010) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Baret (1905) |
| Baret (1905) |
| Le Règne Minéral |
| Périnet F. (2018) |
Germany | |
| Kratzsch et al. (2006) |
| Theye et al. (1993) |
| |
Ghana | |
| The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 35 (1997) |
Greece | |
Theye et al. (1992) | |
| Theye et al. (1992) |
| Theye et al. (1992) |
Theye et al. (1992) | |
| Theye et al. (1992) |
| Theye et al. (1992) |
| Theye et al. (1992) |
| Iliopoulos et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| www.gfz-potsdam.de (2004) |
Theye +4 other references | |
| Ockenga et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Theye et al. (1992) |
| Theye et al. (1992) |
| Theye et al. (1992) |
Theye et al. (1992) | |
| 33-35 +2 other references |
| Breecker (2001) |
| Christopher O'Neill |
Greenland | |
| Stendal et al. (1999) |
| Katerinopoulou et al. (2012) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll & Gatter: Hun. Min. Spec. |
Mineral Species of Hungary | |
Szakáll-Jánosi: Minerals of Hungary | |
Indonesia | |
| Verdiansyah et al. (2022) |
Italy | |
| Novo M. et al. (1989) |
Novo M. et al. (1989) | |
| Dal Piaz et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Goffé et al. (1997) |
Valente et al. (2000) | |
| • Barresi et al. (2005) |
| Scaini G. (1978) |
Martin et al. (1989) | |
| Bonardi et al. (1984) |
Bonardi et al. (1984) | |
| Pezzino et al. (1980) +2 other references |
| Antofilli |
| Goffé (2002) |
Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Goffé (2002) |
| Rossetti P. (2008) |
| Goffé (2002) |
Goffé (2002) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
Piccoli (2002) +1 other reference | |
| Leardi et al. (1985) |
| Sandrone et al. (1988) |
| Ghignone et al. (2023) |
| Ravagnani (1974) |
| Polino et al. (2002) |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Eur. J. Mineral (1989) |
Monte Soglio-Rocca Canavese +3 other references | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
Eur. J. Mineral (1989) | |
| Manzotti et al. (2022) |
| Polino et al. (2002) |
| Gruppo Mineralogico Lombardo (10) |
| mineralipiemonte.it |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Rettighieri et al. (1983) +1 other reference |
| |
Costantini A. et al. (1995) +1 other reference | |
Franceschelli M. et al. (1986) +1 other reference | |
| D’Achiardi A. |
| Di Giovanni (1981) |
| Orlandi et al. (2002) +2 other references |
Jamaica | |
| Draper (1986) |
Japan | |
| Aiba (1982) |
| Kato (2012) |
Ryoichi SADANAGA and Michiaki BUNNO (1974) | |
| Ryoichi SADANAGA and Michiaki BUNNO (1974) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Matsubara (2003) |
| Seki et al. (1957) |
Morocco | |
| D. Blamart et al. |
New Zealand | |
Railton et al. (1990) | |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
Railton et al. (1990) | |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
Norway | |
| Gustavson (1976) |
| Bergen Museum +1 other reference |
| Kośmińska et al. (2015) |
| Manby (1983) |
| Agard et al. (2005) |
| Gustavson (1976) |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Wheat et al. (2008) |
Pakistan | |
| Rolfo et al. (1997) |
imported from Rondu District +1 other reference | |
Poland | |
| Błocisz et al. (2015) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Ł. Kruszewski PXRD & pXRF data (paper in preparation) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Dera et al. (2023) |
| Ilnicki et al. (2019) |
Portugal | |
| Pedro Alves collection and/or ... |
Pedro Alves collection. Characterized ... | |
Romania | |
| Hirtopanu et al. (2000) |
Russia | |
| Kovalev et al. (2006) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Silyanov et al. (2021) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Pekov (1998) |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Grecula |
| C. Lemanski (re-entry of lost Mindat data) |
Koděra (1986) | |
C. Lemanski (re-entry of lost Mindat data) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
South Africa | |
| Jeffery (2015) |
| Montinaro et al. (2015) |
| Harawa (2016) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
Spain | |
| B. Goffé et al. |
| Maria del Mar Abad-Ortega and Fernando ... |
| M. Ruiz Montes +1 other reference |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| J.M. Azanon and B. Goffé |
| Goffé +3 other references |
| Jiménez Martínez et al. (I) |
| Calvo (2018) |
Angel Ortiz Maellas specimen. | |
J. López Ruiz et al. (1980) | |
| García (2003) |
| Lodders et al. (1998) |
Sweden | |
| |
| |
| Sandström (2007) |
| Kjell Gatedal collection and ... |
| |
| |
| Denis Martin Schlatter (2007) |
| Murris |
| |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Erik Vercammen collection |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Am Min 88:5-6 pp 789-805 |
Tanzania | |
| Lawley et al. (2014) |
Turkey | |
Celebi et al. (2010) | |
| Okay (2002) |
| e-collection.library.ethz.ch (n.d.) |
| Çetinkaplan et al. (2007) |
| Smith J L (1851) |
| Arik (2012) |
Hatipoglu et al. (2009) | |
| Hikmet Kinaci et al. (2023) |
| Erik Vercammen collection |
Schuiling (1962) | |
Uganda | |
| Oleg von Knorring (1979) |
UK | |
| Eastwood et al. (1968) +1 other reference |
| Parnell et al. (2023) |
| Dr Stephen Moreton collection. |
Heddle (1879) | |
USA | |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 |
| Slack et al. (2014) |
Econ Geol (1986) | |
Slack et al. (2014) | |
Slack et al. (2014) | |
Slack et al. (2014) | |
| Erik Vercammen collection |
| Thorpe (1980) +1 other reference |
| King (n.d.) |
| Whitney et al. (1993) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 436. +2 other references |
| PC from Robert Housley: Identification ... |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| USGS OFR 87-410 |
Ream (1995) | |
| ... |
| www.unh.edu (n.d.) |
| "Western Massachusetts Mineral ... |
| Cheney et al. () |
Cheney et al. () +1 other reference | |
| Gleba |
| Flint (1908) |
| "Western Massachusetts Mineral ... |
| Min Rec (1978) |
Alan R. Plante | |
Min Rec (1978) | |
Min Rec (1978) | |
Alan R. Plante | |
Alan R. Plante | |
Alan R. Plante | |
| Quinn (1945) +1 other reference |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
... | |
... | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
... | |
| Morris Jr. (1983) |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
Dana 6: 1086. | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Chris Tucker and John Betts specimens. +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Kohn et al. (1993) |
| Orange (1985) |
Orange | |
Orange (1985) | |
Orange (1985) | |
| Orange (1985) |
| Steve Kuitems |
Nikischer (1995) +1 other reference | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Schreyer et al. (1966) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Econ Geol. (1995) | |
Jahns et al. (1977) | |
| NY State Museum spec. no. 18079 |
| E-An Zen |
www.mcrocks.com | |
| Dana 6:1075. |
| - (2005) |
| Wilson et al. (1978) |
| Daniel J.Milton |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| Stuckey et al. (1967) |
Stuckey | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| NCGS Bulletion No. 80 +1 other reference |
| Syker et al. (1978) |
Stuckey et al. (1967) | |
| E-An Zen |
| Schmidt et al. (1985) |
- (2005) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 23:800-801. |
North Carolina State Geological Map 1985 ( Zone CZq) | |
| Mineralogical Record March - April 2000 |
| King (n.d.) |
| Oregonstate.edu |
| R. T. Faill and R. C. Smith II |
| Hietanen (1941) |
USGS National Geochemical Database +1 other reference | |
| Miller. C. E. (1971) +1 other reference |
| Horton et al. (1981) |
Hietanen (1941) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Kish et al. (1974) |
| Travis A. Paris (2011) |
| Rocks & Min. vol. 71 (1996) |
Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996) | |
Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996) | |
| Grant |
| Harvard Mineralogical Museum |
| Dietrich (1990) |
Owens et al. (2013) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
Dietrich (1990) | |
| - (2005) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cordua |
| Cordua |
| Olson |
| R&M 73:11-12 pp 378-399 Wisconsin ... |
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Dara-e-Pech pegmatite field, Dara-e-Pech District, Kunar, Afghanistan