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Clinoclase

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Big Photo

Majuba Hill Mine (Mylar Mine), Antelope District, Pershing Co., Nevada, USA
© 2005 D. Schläfli

Show Clinoclase Photos (248)



Formula:
Cu
 
3
(AsO
 
4
)(OH)
 
3
System:MonoclinicColour:Blue, greenish-blue, ...
Lustre:Vitreous, PearlyHardness:2½ - 3
Name:From the Greek κλίυειυ = "to incline" and κλαυ = "to break," in allusion to its oblique basal cleavage.
This page provides mineralogical data about Clinoclase.

Classification of Clinoclase

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:7/B.13-20
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:8.BE.20

8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
E : With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 > 2:1
Dana 8th edition ID:41.3.1.1

41 : ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
3 : (AB)3(XO4)Zq
Hey's CIM Ref.:20.1.3

20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
1 : Arsenates of Cu
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Type Occurrence of Clinoclase

Type Locality:Wheal Gorland, St Day United Mines (Poldice Mines), Gwennap, Camborne - Redruth - St Day District, Cornwall, England, UK
Year of Discovery:1830
Associated Minerals at type locality:
OliveniteLiroconiteCornwallite

Physical Properties of Clinoclase

Lustre:Vitreous, Pearly
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Transparent, Translucent
Comment:Lustre pearly on cleavage surfaces.
Colour:Blue, greenish-blue, dark green-black; blue-green in transmitted light.
Streak:Bluish green
Hardness (Mohs):2½ - 3
Tenacity:Brittle
Cleavage:Perfect
On {001}, perfect.
Fracture:Irregular/Uneven
Density (measured):4.38 g/cm3
Density (calculated):4.42 g/cm3

Crystallography of Clinoclase

Crystal System:Monoclinic
Class (H-M):2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:P21/b {P1 1 21/b} {P21/c} {P1 21/c 1} {P21/a}
Cell Parameters:a = 12.4Å, b = 6.47Å, c = 7.27Å
β = 99.58°
Ratio:a:b:c = 1.917 : 1 : 1.124
Unit Cell Volume:V 575.12 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:Crystals elongated [010] and tabular {001}; also rhombohedral in aspect, or elongated [001] with {100} prominent; grouped into rosettes, as crusts and coatings. Densely aggregated with a fibrous structure at times.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
Image Loading

Radiation - Copper Kα
Data Set:
Horizontal Axis: ° to ° Vertical Axis: % Source Data: Filtered Data:
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.

Optical Data of Clinoclase

Type:Biaxial (-)
RI values: nα = 1.730 nβ = 1.870 nγ = 1.910
2V:Measured: 30° , Calculated: 52°
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.180

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:Very High
Dispersion:r < v, relatively strong
Pleochroism:Visible
Comments:X = Pale blue-green
Y = b = Light blue green
Z = near a = Benzol green

Chemical Properties of Clinoclase

Formula:
Cu
 
3
(AsO
 
4
)(OH)
 
3
Essential elements:As, Cu, H, O
All elements listed in formula:As, Cu, H, O

Relationship of Clinoclase to other Species

Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
8.BE.05Augelite
Al
 
2
(PO
 
4
)(OH)
 
3
8.BE.10Grattarolaite
Fe
3+
3
(PO
 
4
)O
 
3
8.BE.15Cornetite
Cu
 
3
(PO
 
4
)(OH)
 
3
8.BE.25Arhbarite
Cu
 
2
Mg(AsO
 
4
)(OH)
 
3
8.BE.25Gilmarite
Cu
 
3
(AsO
 
4
)(OH)
 
3
8.BE.30Allactite
Mn
2+
7
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
8
8.BE.30Flinkite
Mn
2+
2
Mn
3+
 
(AsO
 
4
)(OH)
 
4
8.BE.30Raadeite
Mg
 
7
(PO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
8
8.BE.30Argandite
Mn
 
7
(VO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
8
8.BE.35Chlorophoenicite
(Mn,Mg)
 
3
Zn
 
2
(AsO
 
4
)(OH,O)
 
6
8.BE.35Magnesiochlorophoenicite
(Mg,Mn)
 
3
Zn
 
2
(AsO
 
4
)(OH,O)
 
6
8.BE.40Gerdtremmelite
(Zn,Fe)(Al,Fe)
 
2
(AsO
 
4
)(OH)
 
5
8.BE.45Dixenite
CuMn
2+
14
Fe
2+
 
(SiO
 
4
)
 
2
(As
5+
 
O
 
4
)(As
3+
 
O
 
3
)
 
5
(OH)
 
6
8.BE.45Hematolite
(Mn,Mg,Al)
 
15
(As
5+
 
O
 
4
)
 
2
(As
3+
 
O
 
3
)(OH)
 
23
8.BE.45Kraisslite
(Mn
2+
 
,Mg)
 
24
Zn
 
4
(SiO
 
4
)
 
8
(AsO
 
4
)
 
4
(OH)
 
12
8.BE.45Mcgovernite
Mn
 
19
Zn
 
3
(AsO
 
4
)
 
3
(AsO
 
3
)(SiO
 
4
)
 
3
(OH)
 
21
8.BE.45Arakiite
(Zn,Mn
2+
 
)(Mn
2+
 
,Mg)
 
12
(Fe
3+
 
,Al)
 
2
(As
5+
 
O
 
4
)
 
2
(As
3+
 
O
 
3
)(OH)
 
23
8.BE.45Turtmannite
(Mn,Mg)
 
22.5
Mg
 
3-3x
((V
5+
 
,As
5+
 
)O
 
4
)
 
3
(As
3+
 
O
 
3
)
 
x
(SiO
 
4
)
 
3
O
 
5-5x
(OH)
 
20+x
8.BE.50Synadelphite
Mn
2+
9
(As
5+
 
O
 
4
)
 
2
(As
3+
 
O
 
3
)(OH)
 
9
 · 2H
 
2
O
8.BE.55Holdenite
(Mn
2+
 
,Mg)
 
6
Zn
 
3
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
(SiO
 
4
)(OH)
 
8
8.BE.60Kolicite
Mn
2+
7
Zn
 
4
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
(SiO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
8
8.BE.65Sabelliite
(Cu,Zn)
 
2
Zn(AsO
 
4
,SbO
 
4
)(OH)
 
3
8.BE.70Jarosewichite
Mn
2+
3
Mn
3+
 
(AsO
 
4
)(OH)
 
6
8.BE.75Theisite
Cu
 
5
Zn
 
5
(AsO
 
4
,SbO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
14
8.BE.80Coparsite
Cu
 
4
(AsO
 
4
,VO
 
4
)O
 
2
Cl
8.BE.85Waterhouseite
Mn
2+
7
(PO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
8
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
20.1.1Lammerite
Cu
 
3
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
20.1.2Olivenite
Cu
 
2
(AsO
 
4
)(OH)
20.1.4Cornwallite
Cu
 
5
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
4
20.1.5Cornubite
Cu
 
5
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
4
20.1.6Chlorotile (of Frenzel)
20.1.7Geminite
Cu(HAsO
 
4
) · H
 
2
O
20.1.8Euchroite
Cu
 
2
(AsO
 
4
)(OH) · 3H
 
2
O
20.1.9Strashimirite
Cu
 
8
(AsO
 
4
)
 
4
(OH)
 
4
 · 5H
 
2
O
20.1.10Arhbarite
Cu
 
2
Mg(AsO
 
4
)(OH)
 
3
20.1.11Lindackerite
CuCu
 
4
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
(HAsO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 8-9H
 
2
O
20.1.12Conichalcite
CaCu(AsO
 
4
)(OH)
20.1.13Liroconite
Cu
 
2
Al(AsO
 
4
)(OH)
 
4
 · 4H
 
2
O
20.1.14Ceruleite
Cu
 
2
Al
 
7
(AsO
 
4
)
 
4
(OH)
 
13
 · 11.5H
 
2
O
20.1.15Chenevixite
Cu
 
2
Fe
3+
2
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
4
20.1.16Arthurite
CuFe
3+
2
(AsO
 
4
,PO
 
4
,SO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH,O)
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O

Other Names for Clinoclase

Synonyms:
AbichiteAphanesiteArseniate of copper, 4th speciesClinoclase (of Breithaupt)Clinoclasite
Siderochalcite
Other Languages:
Catalan:Clinoclasa
French:Aphanèse
Cuivre Arseniaté (of Haüy)
German:Klinoklas
Abichit
Aphanesit
Clinoclasit
Siderochalcit
Strahlenerz
Strahlenkupfer
Strahlerz
Strahliges Olivenerz
Italian:Clinoclasio
Portuguese:Clinoclase
Russian:Клиноклаз
Slovak:Klinoklas
Spanish:Abichita
Afanesita
Clinoclasita
Siderochalcita
Ukrainian:Кліноклаз

Other Information

Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Clinoclase

Reference List:

- +
Bournon (1801) Phil. Trans.: 91: 181 (as Arseniate of copper, 4th species).

Karsten (1801) Ges. nat. Freunde Berlin, N. Schr.: 3: 288 (as Strahliges Olivenerz).

Karsten, D.L.G. (1808) Mineralogische Tabellen, Berlin. second edition: 64, 97 (as Strahlenerz).

Hausmann, J.F.L. (1813) Handbuch der Mineralogie 3 volumes, Göttingen: 1050 (as Strahlenkupfer).

Haüy, R.J. (1822) Traité de minéralogie. First edition: in 4 volumes with atlas in fol.; also (1801), Paris; second edition, 4 volumes, with fol. Atlas: 3: 504 (as Cuivre arseniaté).

Breithaupt, A. (1830) Ubersicht des Mineral-System’s. 8vo, Freiberg (as Klinoklas).

Glocker, E.F. (1831) Handbuch der Mineralogie, Nürnberg: 840 (as Siderochalcit).

Beudant, F.S. (1832), Trailé élémentaire de Minéralogie, second edition, 2 volumes: 2: 602 (as Aphanèse).

Shepard, C.U. (1835) Treatise on Mineralogy. First edition: vol. 2: 35 (as Aphanesite).

Bernhardi in: Glocker, E.F. (1839) Handbuch der Mineralogie, 2nd. edition, Nürnberg: 579 (as Abichit).

Damour (1845) Annales de chimie et de physique, Paris: 13: 412.

Dana, J.D. (1868) System of Mineralogy, 5th. Edition, New York: 570 (as Clinoclasite).

Des Cloizeaux, A. (1874) Manuel de minéralogie. 2 volumes and Atlas, Paris. volume 2, 1 Fasc., 208pp.: 417.

Hillebrand and Washington (1888) American Journal of Science: 35: 305.

Hintze, Carl (1889) Handbuch der Mineralogie. Berlin and Leipzig. 6 volumes: 1 [4B]: 1106.

Gianella (1946) American Mineralogist: 31: 259.

Palache, C. and Berry (1946) American Mineralogist: 31: 243.

Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged, 1124 pp.: 787-789.

Acta Crystallographica: C46: 2291-2294.

Acta Crystallographica: 18: 777-787.

Internet Links for Clinoclase

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  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
  • American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database
  • Clinoclase details from Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF)
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    • Localities for Clinoclase

    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    Hide Locality List
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Argentina
     
    • San Juan
    		American Mineralogist (1982) 67:833-840
    Australia
     
    • New South Wales
      • Yancowinna Co.
    		No reference listed
    • Queensland
      • Mount Isa - Cloncurry area
        • Cloncurry District
          • Cloncurry
    		Crane, M.J., Sharpe, J.L., and Williams, P.A. (2001): Records of the Australian Museum 53, 49-56.
        • Selwyn District
    		[UKJMM 19:24]
    • South Australia
      • Olary Province
        • Kalabity homestead area
    		Bayliss, P., Lawrence, L. J., Watson, D. (1966): Rare copper arsenates from Dome Rock, South Australia. Australian Journal of Science 29, 145-146.
    • Western Australia
      • Pilbara Region
        • Ashburton Shire
    		[MinRec 24:203]
            • Anticline prospect
    		Mineralogical Record 24,203-216,218.
    Min.Record 24,203-218(1993)
    Austria
     
    • Tyrol
      • North Tyrol
        • Inn valley
          • Brixlegg - Schwaz area
            • Brixlegg - Rattenberg
              • Gratlspitz
    		R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993)
    R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993)
    Bulgaria
     
    • Sofiya Oblast (Sofia Oblast)
      • Svoge Obshchina
        • Bov
    		Minceva-Stefanova, J. (2001): Arsenate minerals diversity in oxidation zones of the polymetallic stratabound deposits in Western Balkan Mountain. - Compt. rend. Acad. bulg. Sci., 54, 6, 39-42.
    Chile
     
    • Antofagasta Region
      • Antofagasta Province
        • Santa Catalina
          • Guanaco (Huanaco)
    		X-ray diffraction probed [Uwe Kolitsch]
      • El Loa Province
        • Calama
          • Chuquicamata District
    		Samples in the I. Domeyko Museum, of La Serena School of Mines
    • Atacama Region
      • Chañaral Province
        • Diego de Almagro
          • Potrerillos
    		U. Kolitsch collection
    • Coquimbo Region
      • Choapa Province
        • Combarbalá
          • Cogotí
    		Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schluter (Hamburg University), Germany.; http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~mineralogische-sammlungen-dmg/analysen/philipsburgit.htm
    China
     
    • Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
      • Baise Prefecture
        • Debao Co.
    		Lairen Lai and Yi Li (1988): Acta Mineralogica Sinica 8(3), 282-288
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • Karlovy Vary Region
        • Horní Slavkov (Schlaggenwald)
          • Krásno (Schönfeld)
    		Sejkora, J., Ondruš, P., Fikar, M., Veselovský, F., Mach, Z., Gabašová, A., Skoda, R. & Beran, P. (2006): Supergene minerals at the Huber stock and Schnöd stock deposits, Krásno ore District, the Slavkovský les area, Czech Republic. Journal of the Czech Geological Society 51, 57-101.
    • Moravia (Mähren; Maehren)
      • Olomouc Region
        • Javorník
    		Sejkora, J.: Uranové ložisko Zálesí v Rychlebských horách. Bulletin mineralogicko-petrografického oddělení Národního muzea v Praze, 1994, roč. 2, s. 105-110.
    Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre)
     
    • Katanga (Shaba)
      • Katanga Copper Crescent
        • Swambo
    		Lapis 17(3), 13-40 (1992)
    France
     
    • Alsace
      • Haut-Rhin
        • Fecht valley (Munster valley)
          • Munster
    		J.-L. Hohl: "Minéraux et Mines du Massif Vosgien", Editions du Rhin (Mulhouse), 1994
        • Rouffach
          • Osenbach
    		Wittern, Journée: "Mineralien finden in den Vogesen", von Loga (Cologne), 1997
        • Ste Marie-aux-Mines (Markirch)
    		Wittern, Journée: "Mineralien finden in den Vogesen", 1997
        • Thur Valley (Thann Valley)
          • Fellering
    		J.-L. Hohl: "Minéraux et Mines du Massif Vosgien", Editions du Rhin (Mulhouse), 1994
    • Languedoc-Roussillon
      • Aude
        • Carcassonne
          • Mas-Cabardès
            • Salsigne
    		 Le Règne Minéral, Hors série (3), 36-54
    Pelison P., Descouens D. (1987), Présence de minéraux de néoformation dans les scories de l'ancienne usine de Villagnère (Aude), Le Cahier des Micromonteurs, n°2, pp: 6-10
        • Tuchan
          • Padern
    		Favreau, G., Berbain, C. & Meisser, N. (2003): Cyanophyllite et autres minéraux rares de Padern (Aude). Le Cahiers des Micromonteurs, 82(4), 17-23.
      • Hérault
        • Lodève
    		[Le Règne Minéral 1997, 13, p.5-18]
    • Lorraine
      • Vosges
        • St Dié
          • Saulcy-sur-Meurthe
    		Wittern, Journée: "Mineralien finden in den Vogesen", von Loga (Cologne), 1997
        • Val-d'Ajol
          • Faymont
            • Les Roches valley - Bois de la Vèche area
    		Thierry Brunsperger Collection
    Lheur C., Moreau F. (1994), Les minéralisations du filon du Bas Hérival près du Val d'Ajol (Vosges), Le Cahier des Micromonteurs, n°2, pp: 3-14
    • Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
      • Var
        • Le Pradet
    		[UKJMM 2:11-15 "Cap Gronne Secondary Copper and Lead - W.R. van den Berg"]
    Germany
     
    • Baden-Württemberg
      • Black Forest
        • Baiersbronn
          • Schönegründ
    		S. Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
        • Freudenstadt
    		K. Walenta: "Die Mineralien des Schwarzwaldes", Weise (Munich), 1992
        • Gengenbach
          • Haigerach valley
    		Wittern,A. (1995) Mineralien finden im Schwarzwald
        • Schenkenzell
    		Walenta, K. (1996): Neufunde aus dem Schwarzwald. 6. Folge, 1. Teil. Lapis 21 (7-8), 70-76.
        • Wolfach
          • Oberwolfach
            • Rankach valley
    		Walenta, K. (1992): Die Mineralien des Schwarzwaldes. Chr. Weise Verlag, München, 336 pp. (in German)
    • Hesse
      • Odenwald
        • Lautertal (Odenwald)
          • Reichenbach
            • Hohenstein
    		Lapis, 12 (10), 23-32+58.
    • North Rhine-Westphalia
      • Siegerland
        • Littfeld
          • Silberg
    		Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
    • Saxony
      • Erzgebirge
        • Clausnitz - Sayda District
          • Sayda
    		Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
        • Schmiedeberg
    		Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
    Greece
     
    • Attikí (Attica; Attika) Prefecture
      • Lavrion (Laurion; Laurium) District
    		Chollet Pascal photo
    Hungary
     
    • Fejér Co.
      • Velencei Mts.
        • Lovasberény
    		No reference listed
    Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei: Mineral species of Hungary, 2005
    Ireland
     
    • Co. Kerry
      • Beara
        • Tuosist
    		Moreton, S. & Green, D.I. (2006) UK Journal of Mines & Minerals, No. 27, p41-4.
    Italy
     
    • Liguria
      • Genova Province
        • Ne
    		[MinRec 32:360]
            • Reppia
    		Redazione (2005): Sistematica ligure: resoconto 2005. Notiziario di Mineralogia Ferrania Club, 19, 3-5.
    • Lombardy
      • Sondrio Province
        • Valfurva
    		Bedognè,F,,Montrasio; A. & Sciesa;E. (2006): I minerali della media-alta Valtellina delle Orobie valtellinesi e della Val Poschiavo. Bettini, Sondrio, Italia, 255.
    • Sardinia
      • Cagliari Province
        • Muravera
    		Stara, P., Rizzo, R., Brizzi G., (1993): Sarrabus Miniere e Minerali. Edito a cura dell'EMSA e "varie associazioni mineralogiche", 208 pp.
      • Carbonia-Iglesias Province
        • Domusnovas
          • Oridda
    		Stara, P., Rizzo, R., Tanca, G.A. (1996): Iglesiente - Arburese. Miniere e Minerali. Edito a cura dell'EMSA e "varie associazioni mineralogiche", Volume 1, 238 pp.
    Japan
     
    • Chugoku Region
      • Hiroshima Prefecture
        • Inland Sea (Setonaikai)
          • Ikuchi Island
            • Setoda
    		Tokyo University collection
    • Honshu Island
      • Chugoku Region
        • Yamaguchi Prefecture
          • Mine City
    		Minato (1954) Mineralogical Journal, 1, 89-96.
    Mexico
     
    • Michoacan
      • Mun. de La Huacana
        • San Isidro
    		Jean des Rivieres
    Morocco
     
    • Souss-Massa-Draâ Region
      • Ouarzazate Province
        • Tazenakht
          • Bou Azer District (Bou Azzer District)
            • Khder
    		Favreau, G. and Dietrich, J. E. (2006). Die Mineralien von Bou Azzer. Lapis 31(7/8), 27-68
    Namibia
     
    • Otjikoto (Oshikoto) Region
      • Tsumeb
    		Mineralien-Welt 19 (1), p. 22 (2008); Blaß, G., Kruijen, F. & Seyb, R. (2009): Neues von der Tsumeb Mine. Mineralien-Welt 20 (5), 60-65 (in German); Krahn, L. (2010): Neu: Philipsburgit aus der Tsumeb-Mine, Namibia. Lapis 35 (1), 42-43; 62; Zindel, J. (2010): Erstnachweis von Klinoklas für Tsumeb. Mineralien-Welt 21 (4), 36-41.
    Portugal
     
    • Aveiro District
      • Albergaria-a-Velha
    		- J. Marques de Sá & C. Leal Gomes (2010): LES MINES DE CUIVRE ET NICKEL DE PALHAL ET TELHADELA, PORTUGAL. Le Regne Mineral, nº92, xx-xx.
    • Castelo Branco District
      • Vila Velha de Rodão
    Slovakia
     
    • Banská Bystrica Region
      • Banská Bystrica Co.
        • Ľubietová
    		Koděra, M., a kol.: Topografická mineralogie Slovenska. Sv. 2 Ko-Seč, Bratislava, Veda 1990, s. 731-738.
        • Poniky
    		Števko M., Sejkora J., Bačík P., 2011: Mineralogy and origin of supergene mineralization at the Farbište ore occurrence near Poniky, central Slovakia. Journal of Geosciences, 57, 3, 273-298.
    • Košice Region
      • Gelnica Co.
        • Gelnica ore belt
    		Sejkora J., Ďuďa R., Novotná M., 2001: Minerály oxidační zóny žíly Krížová, Gelnica, Slovenské Rudohorie. Bull. mineral.-petrolog. Odd. Nár. Muz., 9, 121-139.
      • Spišská Nová Ves Co.
        • Spišská Nová Ves
          • Novoveská Huta
    		Koděra et all.,1990: Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, I-III, 1590p
        • Spišská Nová Ves Mining District
          • Novoveská Huta
    		Řídkošil, T. (1981): Klinoklas z Novoveské Huty na Slovensku. Acta Univ. Carol., Geol., 1, 45-52.
    South Africa
     
    • Mpumalanga Province
      • Marble Hall
    		Robert O. Meyer collection; Dr. Hans Börner collection
    Min.Rec.:20(5):398.
    Spain
     
    • Andalusia
      • Almería
        • Huercal-Overa
    		ARANA CASTILLO, R. (1972) : Investigaciones mineralogicas en Sierra Nevada. PhD report Grenada University.
    • Aragón
      • Teruel
        • Albarracín
    		Calvo, M. (2008). Minerales de Aragón. Prames, Zaragoza. 461 pags.
    • Castile-La Mancha
      • Guadalajara
        • Pardos
    		J. Gröbner und B. Sainz de Barranda (1999): Die Mineralien der Kupfergrube bei Pardos in der Provinz Guadalajara, Spanien. Mineralien-Welt 10 (4), 26-31. (in German)
    • Catalonia
      • Tarragona
        • Priorat
          • El Molar
    		Joan Abella i Creus (2008): Minerals I Mines De La Conca De Bellmunt Del Priorat.
    • Valencian Community
      • Castellón
        • Chóvar
    		Casanova Honrubia, Juan Miguel & Canseco Caballé, Manuel, 2002, Minerales de la Comunidad Valenciana : 237 p. Ed. Caja de Ahorros del Mediterráneo. Alicante
    UK
     
    • England
      • Cornwall
        • Camborne - Redruth - St Day District
          • Carharrack
            • West Clifford United Mines
    		[Golley & Williams, 1995 - "Cornish Mineral Reference Manual", 18]; Bruce, I, & D. Aubrey-Jones (1998) UKJMM 19:18-23
          • Gwennap
            • St Day United Mines (Poldice Mines)
    		BMS Collection
    [Embrey & Symes, 1987 - "Minerals of Cornwall and Devon", 100-101]
    [Embrey & Symes, 1987 - "Minerals of Cornwall and Devon", 50]
    [Golley & Williams, 1995 - "Cornish Mineral Reference Manual", 18]
          • Redruth
    		Collins, J.H. (1892): "A Handbook to the Mineralogy of Cornwall and Devon", 2nd ed., D. Bradford Barton Ltd. (Truro, UK), pp. 108.
        • St Ives District
          • Lelant
            • Carbis Bay
              • Providence Mines
    		[Golley & Williams, 1995 - "Cornish Mineral Reference Manual", 18]
        • St Just District
          • St Just
            • Botallack
              • Botallack Mine
    		No reference listed
    [Golley & Williams, 1995 - "Cornish Mineral Reference Manual", 18]
      • Devon
        • Tavistock District
          • Tavistock Hamlets
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 789; BMS Collection
    USA
     
    • Arizona
      • Gila Co.
        • Dripping Spring Mts
          • Banner District
            • Hayden area
              • Chilito
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 177; Keith, S.B. (1972), Mineralogy and paragenesis of the 79 mine lead-zinc-copper deposit, Min.Rec.: 3: 247-264.
      • Pinal Co.
        • Dripping Spring Mts
          • Mineral Creek District (Ray District)
            • Ray Mine area
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 177.
      • Santa Cruz Co.
        • Santa Rita Mts
          • Wrightson District
            • Temporal Gulch
              • Anaconda Mine group
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 177, 292, 325; Bideaux, R.A., et al (1960), Some new occurrences of minerals of Arizona, AZ Geol. Soc. Digest: 3: 53-56.
      • Yavapai Co.
        • Bradshaw Mts (Bradshaw Range)
          • Agua Fria District
            • Mayer
              • Copper Mountain
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 177, 316.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 188.
    • California
      • Nevada Co.
        • Last Chance District
          • Spring Creek area
    		Mineralogical Record (In press)
      • Sierra Co.
        • Antelope Valley
          • Loyalton
    		Mineralogical Record 24: 381
    • Montana
      • Granite Co.
        • Philipsburg District (Flint Creek District)
          • John Long Mts
            • Flint Creek Valley
    		Waisman D. (1992) Minerals of the Black Pine Mine, Granite County, Montana Mineralogical Record, Vol. 23 No. 6, p. 477-483.
    Rob Lavinsky specimen
    • Nevada
      • Churchill Co.
        • Truckee District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Eureka Co.
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Lyon Co.
        • Yerington District
          • Yerington
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Pershing Co.
        • Antelope District
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 789.; Ameican Mineralogist, Volume 63, pages 704-708, 1978
    Jensen, M. (1993): Update on the mineralogy of the Majuba Hill mine, Pershing County. Mineralogical Record. 24, 171-180.
    Jensen, M. (1993): Update on the mineralogy of the Majuba Hill mine, Pershing County. Mineralogical Record. 24, 171-180.
      • Washoe Co.
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    • New Jersey
      • Sussex Co.
        • Franklin Mining District
          • Ogdensburg
            • Sterling Hill
    		Dunn(1995):Pt5:666.
    • New Mexico
      • Catron Co.
    		Northrop, 3rd rev. ed. (1996) Minerals of New Mexico
    • Utah
      • Juab Co.
        • East Tintic Mts
          • Tintic District
    		Dana 6:1092; Dana 7:II:579.
    [MinRecord 29:177]
    Dana, E.S. (1892) System of Mineralogy, 6th. Edition, New York: 1092; Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 562, 789; Rocks & Minerals: 63: 130.
      • San Juan Co.
        • Big Indian District (Big Indian Wash - Lisbon Valley Area)
    		R&M 68:6 p372-380
    Min News 8:1 p6-7
      • Tooele Co.
        • Deep Creek Mts
          • Gold Hill District (Clifton District)
            • Gold Hill
              • Gold Hill Mine (Western Utah Mine)
    		Min Rec 24:1 pp11-22
    Min Rec 24:1 pp11-22
    Min Rec 24:1 pp11-22
    Zimbabwe
     
    • Mashonaland West
      • Kadoma District
    		Vetter, U., Weck, H.-D., Weale, T., Klosa, D., Wittich, C. and Hoffmann, K. (1999): A provisional inventory of the Sanyati oxide-zone minerals, Zimbabwe. Z. Angew. Geol. 45, 15-21.
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