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Connellite

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New Cliffe Hill Quarry, Stanton under Bardon, Leicestershire, England, UK
© Colleen Thomson

Show Connellite Photos (178)
Formula:
Cu
 
19
[(OH)
 
32
|SO
 
4
|Cl
 
4
] · 3H
 
2
O
System:HexagonalColour:Blue, blue-green; blue ...
Lustre:VitreousHardness:3
Name:After Arthur Connell, who first studied the mineral.


Connellite-Buttgenbachite Series.

A relatively uncommon secondary copper mineral.

Classification of Connellite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:3/D.03-40
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:3.DA.25

3 : HALIDES
D : Oxyhalides, hydroxyhalides and related double halides
A : With Cu, etc., without Pb
Dana 8th edition ID:31.1.1.1

31 : HYDRATED SULFATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
1 : (AB)m(XO4)pZq·xH2O, where m:p > 6:1
Hey's CIM Ref.:26.5

26 : Sulphates with Halide
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Type Occurrence of Connellite

Type Locality:Wheal Providence, Providence Mines, Carbis Bay, Lelant, St Ives District, Cornwall, England, UK
Year of Discovery:1850

Physical Properties of Connellite

Lustre:Vitreous
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Translucent
Colour:Blue, blue-green; blue in transmitted light.
Streak:Pale green-blue
Hardness (Mohs):3
Density (measured):3.36 g/cm3

Crystallography of Connellite

Crystal System:Hexagonal
Class (H-M):6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) - Dihexagonal Dipyramidal
Cell Parameters:a = 15.78Å, c = 9.1Å
Ratio:a:c = 1 : 0.577
Unit Cell Volume:V 1,962.39 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:Crystals acicular [0001] and striated [0001]; radiating groups of needles; felted aggregates.

Optical Data of Connellite

Type:Uniaxial (+)
RI values: nω = 1.724 - 1.738 nε = 1.746 - 1.758
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.022

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:High
Pleochroism:Non-pleochroic

Chemical Properties of Connellite

Formula:
Cu
 
19
[(OH)
 
32
|SO
 
4
|Cl
 
4
] · 3H
 
2
O
Essential elements:Cl, Cu, H, O, S
All elements listed in formula:Cl, Cu, H, O, S

Relationship of Connellite to other Species

Series:Forms a series with Buttgenbachite (see here)
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
3.DA.05Melanothallite
Cu
 
2
[O|Cl
 
2
]
3.DA.10aAtacamite
Cu
 
2
[(OH)
 
3
|Cl]
3.DA.10bBotallackite
Cu
 
2
[(OH)
 
3
|Cl]
3.DA.10bClinoatacamite
Cu
 
2
[(OH)
 
3
|Cl]
3.DA.10aHibbingite
Fe
2+
2
[(OH)
 
3
|Cl]
3.DA.10aKempite
Mn
2+
2
[(OH)
 
3
|Cl]
3.DA.10cParatacamite
Cu
 
3
(Cu,Zn)[(OH)
 
3
|Cl]
 
2
3.DA.10bBelloite
Cu[OH|Cl]
3.DA.10cHerbertsmithite
Cu
 
3
Zn[(OH)
 
3
|Cl]
 
2
3.DA.10cKapellasite
Cu
 
3
Zn[(OH)
 
3
|Cl]
 
2
3.DA.10cGillardite
Cu
 
3
NiCl
 
2
(OH)
 
6
3.DA.10cHaydeeite
Cu
 
3
Mg(OH)
 
6
Cl
 
2
3.DA.10dIMA2009-042
Cu
 
2
Cl(OH)
 
3
3.DA.15Claringbullite
Cu
 
4
[(OH)
 
7
|Cl] · nH
 
2
O
3.DA.20Simonkolleite
Zn
 
5
[(OH)
 
8
|Cl
 
2
] · H
 
2
O
3.DA.25Buttgenbachite
Cu
 
19
[(OH)
 
32
|(NO
 
3
)
 
2
|Cl
 
4
] · 2H
 
2
O
3.DA.30Abhurite
Sn
 
21
Cl
 
16
(OH)
 
14
O
 
6
3.DA.35Ponomarevite
K
 
4
Cu
 
4
[O|Cl
 
10
]
3.DA.40Anthonyite
Cu(OH,Cl)
 
2
 · 3H
 
2
O
3.DA.40Calumetite
Cu(OH,Cl)
 
2
 · 2H
 
2
O
3.DA.45Khaidarkanite
Na
 
0.34
Cu
 
4
Al
 
3
(OH)
 
14
F
 
3
·2H
 
2
O
3.DA.50Bobkingite
Cu
 
5
[(OH)
 
8
|Cl
 
2
] · 2H
 
2
O
3.DA.55Avdoninite
K
 
2
Cu
 
5
[(OH)
 
4
|Cl
 
8
] · H
 
2
O
3.DA.60Droninoite
Ni
 
3
Fe
3+
 
Cl(OH)
 
8
·2H
 
2
O
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
26.1Kogarkoite
Na
 
3
[F|SO
 
4
]
26.2Sulphohalite
Na
 
6
[F|Cl|(SO
 
4
)
 
2
]
26.3Schairerite
Na
 
3
[(F,Cl)|SO
 
4
]
26.4Galeite
Na
 
15
[F
 
4
|Cl|(SO
 
4
)
 
5
]
26.6Chlorothionite
K
 
2
Cu[Cl
 
2
|SO
 
4
]
26.7Kamchatkite
KCu
 
3
[O|Cl|(SO
 
4
)
 
2
]
26.8Spangolite
Cu
 
6
Al[(OH)
 
12
|Cl|SO
 
4
] · 3H
 
2
O
26.9Aubertite
CuAl[Cl|(SO
 
4
)
 
2
] · 14H
 
2
O
26.10Magnesioaubertite
(Mg,Cu)Al[Cl|(SO
 
4
)
 
2
] · 14H
 
2
O
26.11Svyazhinite
(Mg,Mn
2+
 
,Ca)(Al,Fe
3+
 
)[F|(SO
 
4
)
 
2
] · 14H
 
2
O
26.12D'Ansite
Na
 
21
Mg(SO
 
4
)
 
10
Cl
 
3
26.13Anhydrokainite
KMgClSO
 
4
26.14Kainite
KMg[Cl|SO
 
4
] · 3H
 
2
O
26.15Mosesite
[Hg
 
2
N]
+
 
(Cl,SO
 
4
,MoO
 
4
) · H
 
2
O
26.16Kleinite
[Hg
 
2
N]
+
3
Cl
 
2
S
 
0.5
 · H
 
2
O
26.17Wilcoxite
MgAl[F|(SO
 
4
)
 
2
] · 18H
 
2
O
26.18Creedite
Ca
 
3
[SO
 
4
|Al
 
2
F
 
8
(OH)
 
2
] · 2H
 
2
O
26.19Lannonite
HCa
 
4
Mg
 
2
Al
 
4
(SO
 
4
)
 
8
F
 
9
·32H
 
2
O
26.20Chukhrovite-(Y)
Ca
 
3
(Y,Ce)[F|SO
 
4
|(AlF
 
6
)
 
2
] · 10H
 
2
O
26.21Chukhrovite-(Ce)
Ca
 
3
(Ce,Y)[F|SO
 
4
|(AlF
 
6
)
 
2
] · 10H
 
2
O
26.22Grandreefite
Pb
 
2
SO
 
4
F
 
2
26.23Pseudograndreefite
Pb
 
6
SO
 
4
F
 
10
26.24Sundiusite
Pb
 
10
[O
 
8
|SO
 
4
|Cl
 
2
]
26.25Caracolite
Na
 
3
Pb
 
2
[Cl|(SO
 
4
)
 
3
]
26.26Mammothite
Pb
 
6
Cu
 
4
AlSb[(OH)
 
9
|Cl
 
2
|SO
 
4
]
 
2
26.27Atlasovite
K(BiO)Cu
 
6
Fe
3+
 
[Cl|O
 
3
|(SO
 
4
)
 
5
]
26.28Xitieshanite
Fe
3+
 
[Cl|SO
 
4
] · 6H
 
2
O
26.29Nabokoite
KCu
 
7
Te
4+
 
[Cl|O
 
4
|(SO
 
4
)
 
5
]

Other Names for Connellite

Synonyms:
Carbonatian ConnelliteCeruleofibriteFooteiteSulphato-chloride of CopperTallingite
Other Languages:
Catalan:Connellita
German:Connellit
Footeit
Tallingit
Italian:Connellite
Russian:Коннеллит
Spanish:Connellita
Footeita
Tallingita

Other Information

Other Information:Soluble in acids and in ammonium hydroxide. Insoluble in water.
Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Connellite

Reference List:Rashleigh (1802) Brit. Min.: 2: 13, Pl. 12, figs. 1, 6 (as Copper ore of an azure-blue color, composed of needle crystals).

Connell (1847) Report of the British Association (as Sulphato-chloride of Copper).

Dana, J.D. (1850) System of Mineralogy, 3rd. Edition, New York.

Maskelyne (1863) Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: 25: 39.

Penfield (1890) American Journal of Science: 40: 82.

Koenig (1891) Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia: 291 (as Footeite).

Koenig (1891) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 19: 601 (as Footeite).

Palache, C. and Merwin (1909) American Journal of Science: 28: 537.

Pelloux (1912) Ann. mus. civico stor. nat. Genova: 5: 205.

Ford and Bradley (1915) American Journal of Science: 39: 670.

Buttgenbach (1926) Société géologique de Belgique, Liége, Annales: 50: B35.

Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged, 1124 pp.: 572-573.

McLean, W.J. & J.W. Anthony (1972), The disordered ‘zeolite-like’ structure of connellite, American Mineralogist: 57: 426-438.

Internet Links for Connellite

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  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
  • American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database
  • Search for Connellite in the Natural History Museum (London) online catalogue
  • Connellite details from Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF)
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    Localities for Connellite

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