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Coquimbite

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Big Photo

Alcaparrosa Mine, Cerritos Bayos, Calama, El Loa Province, Antofagasta Region, Chile
© O. Dziallas

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Formula:
Fe
 
2-x
Al
 
x
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
 · 9H
 
2
O, x ~0.5
System:TrigonalColour:Greenish white, Bluish ...
Hardness:2½
Name:Named after the province of Coquimbo, Chile
Dimorph of:Paracoquimbite


Visually indistinguishable from aluminocoquimbite.

Classification of Coquimbite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:6/C.08-40
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:7.CB.55

7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations
Dana 7th edition ID:29.8.3.1
Dana 8th edition ID:29.8.3.1

29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
8 : A2(XO4)3·H2O
Hey's CIM Ref.:25.10.9

25 : Sulphates
10 : Sulphates of Fe alone
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Type Occurrence of Coquimbite

Type Locality:Coquimbo Region, Chile
Place of Conservation of Type Material:Mining Academy, Freiberg, Germany 18558
Year of Discovery:1841

Occurrences of Coquimbite

Geological Setting:Secondary weathering zone of iron sulfide deposits in arid regions. Rarely in fumaroles.

Physical Properties of Coquimbite

Lustre:Vitreous
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Transparent
Colour:Greenish white, Bluish white, Light violet, Yellowish white, Brownish white
Streak:white
Hardness (Mohs):2½
Cleavage:Imperfect/Fair
imperfect on [1011]
difficult on {1010}
Fracture:Irregular/Uneven
Density (measured):2.11(1) g/cm3
Density (calculated):2.12 g/cm3
Comment:Dana, 7th ed. gives calculated density as 2.137.

Crystallography of Coquimbite

Crystal System:Trigonal
Class (H-M):3m (3 2/m) - Hexagonal Scalenohedral
Space Group:P3 1c {P3 1 2/c}
Cell Parameters:a = 10.922(9) Å, c = 17.084(14) Å
Ratio:a:c = 1 : 1.564
Unit Cell Volume:V 1,764.92 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:4
Morphology:Short prismatic [0001] with {1010} and {1120} to pyramidal crystals {1011}. Massive, granular.

Epitaxial Relationships of Coquimbite

Epitaxial Minerals:
Paracoquimbite
Fe
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
 · 9H
 
2
O
Epitaxi Comments:Paracoquimbite in parallel position. Lamellar intergrowths on {0001}, or as scepter-like overgrowths.

Optical Data of Coquimbite

Type:Uniaxial (+)
RI values: nω = 1.536 - 1.539 nε = 1.548 - 1.572
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.012

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:Low

Chemical Properties of Coquimbite

Formula:
Fe
 
2-x
Al
 
x
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
 · 9H
 
2
O, x ~0.5
Idealised Formula:
Fe
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
 · 9H
 
2
O
Essential elements:Al, Fe, H, O, S
All elements listed in formula:Al, Fe, H, O, S
Empirical Formula:
Fe
3+
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
 · 9H
 
2
O
Common Impurities:Al

Relationship of Coquimbite to other Species

Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
7.CB.05Dwornikite
(Ni,Fe)SO
 
4
 · H
 
2
O
7.CB.05Gunningite
ZnSO
 
4
 · H
 
2
O
7.CB.05Kieserite
MgSO
 
4
 · H
 
2
O
7.CB.05Poitevinite
(Cu,Fe,Zn)SO
 
4
 · H
 
2
O
7.CB.05Szmikite
MnSO
 
4
 · H
 
2
O
7.CB.05Szomolnokite
FeSO
 
4
 · H
 
2
O
7.CB.05Cobaltkieserite
CoSO
 
4
 · H
 
2
O
7.CB.07Sanderite
MgSO
 
4
 · 2H
 
2
O
7.CB.10Bonattite
CuSO
 
4
 · 3H
 
2
O
7.CB.15Aplowite
(Co,Mn,Ni)SO
 
4
 · 4H
 
2
O
7.CB.15Boyleite
(Zn,Mg)SO
 
4
 · 4H
 
2
O
7.CB.15Ilesite
(Mn,Zn,Fe)SO
 
4
 · 4H
 
2
O
7.CB.15Rozenite
FeSO
 
4
 · 4H
 
2
O
7.CB.15Starkeyite
MgSO
 
4
 · 4H
 
2
O
7.CB.15Drobecite
CdSO
 
4
 · 4H
 
2
O
7.CB.15Cranswickite
MgSO
 
4
 · 4H
 
2
O
7.CB.20Chalcanthite
CuSO
 
4
 · 5H
 
2
O
7.CB.20Jôkokuite
MnSO
 
4
 · 5H
 
2
O
7.CB.20Pentahydrite
MgSO
 
4
 · 5H
 
2
O
7.CB.20Siderotil
FeSO
 
4
 · 5H
 
2
O
7.CB.25Bianchite
(Zn,Fe)SO
 
4
 · 6H
 
2
O
7.CB.25Chvaleticeite
(Mn,Mg)SO
 
4
 · 6H
 
2
O
7.CB.25Ferrohexahydrite
FeSO
 
4
 · 6H
 
2
O
7.CB.25Hexahydrite
MgSO
 
4
 · 6H
 
2
O
7.CB.25Moorhouseite
(Co,Ni,Mn)SO
 
4
 · 6H
 
2
O
7.CB.25Nickelhexahydrite
(Ni,Mg,Fe)SO
 
4
 · 6H
 
2
O
7.CB.30Retgersite
NiSO
 
4
 · 6H
 
2
O
7.CB.35Bieberite
CoSO
 
4
 · 7H
 
2
O
7.CB.35Boothite
CuSO
 
4
 · 7H
 
2
O
7.CB.35Mallardite
MnSO
 
4
 · 7H
 
2
O
7.CB.35Melanterite
FeSO
 
4
 · 7H
 
2
O
7.CB.35Zincmelanterite
(Zn,Cu,Fe)SO
 
4
 · 7H
 
2
O
7.CB.35Alpersite
(Mg,Cu)[SO
 
4
] · 7H
 
2
O
7.CB.40Epsomite
MgSO
 
4
 · 7H
 
2
O
7.CB.40Goslarite
ZnSO
 
4
 · 7H
 
2
O
7.CB.40Morenosite
NiSO
 
4
 · 7H
 
2
O
7.CB.45Alunogen
Al
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
 · 17H
 
2
O
7.CB.45Meta-alunogen
Al
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
 · 12H
 
2
O
7.CB.50Aluminocoquimbite
FeAl(SO
 
4
)
 
3
 · 9H
 
2
O
7.CB.55Paracoquimbite
Fe
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
 · 9H
 
2
O
7.CB.55Rhomboclase
(H
 
5
O
 
2
)Fe
3+
 
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 2H
 
2
O
7.CB.60Kornelite
Fe
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
 · 7H
 
2
O
7.CB.65Quenstedtite
Fe
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
 · 10H
 
2
O
7.CB.70Lausenite
Fe
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
·6H
 
2
O
7.CB.75Lishizhenite
ZnFe
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
 · 14H
 
2
O
7.CB.75Römerite
Fe
2+
 
Fe
3+
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
 · 14H
 
2
O
7.CB.80Ransomite
CuFe
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
 · 6H
 
2
O
7.CB.85Apjohnite
Mn
2+
 
Al
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
 · 22H
 
2
O
7.CB.85Bílinite
Fe
2+
 
Fe
3+
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
 · 22H
 
2
O
7.CB.85Dietrichite
(Zn,Fe
2+
 
,Mn
2+
 
)Al
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
 · 22H
 
2
O
7.CB.85Halotrichite
FeAl
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
 · 22H
 
2
O
7.CB.85Pickeringite
MgAl
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
 · 22H
 
2
O
7.CB.85Redingtonite
(Fe
2+
 
,Mg,Ni)(Cr,Al)
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
·22H
 
2
O
7.CB.85Wupatkiite
(Co,Mg,Ni)Al
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
·22H
 
2
O
7.CB.90Meridianiite
MgSO
 
4
 · 11H
 
2
O
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
25.10.1Szomolnokite
FeSO
 
4
 · H
 
2
O
25.10.2Rozenite
FeSO
 
4
 · 4H
 
2
O
25.10.3Siderotil
FeSO
 
4
 · 5H
 
2
O
25.10.4Ferrohexahydrite
FeSO
 
4
 · 6H
 
2
O
25.10.5Melanterite
FeSO
 
4
 · 7H
 
2
O
25.10.6Rhomboclase
(H
 
5
O
 
2
)Fe
3+
 
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 2H
 
2
O
25.10.7Lausenite
Fe
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
·6H
 
2
O
25.10.8Kornelite
Fe
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
 · 7H
 
2
O
25.10.10Paracoquimbite
Fe
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
 · 9H
 
2
O
25.10.11Quenstedtite
Fe
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
 · 10H
 
2
O
25.10.12Ferricopiapite
Fe
 
5
(SO
 
4
)
 
6
O(OH) · 20H
 
2
O
25.10.13Metahohmannite
Fe
3+
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
O · 4H
 
2
O
25.10.14Hohmannite
Fe
3+
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
O · 8H
 
2
O
25.10.15Butlerite
Fe
3+
 
(SO
 
4
)(OH) · 2H
 
2
O
25.10.16Parabutlerite
Fe
3+
 
(SO
 
4
)(OH) · 2H
 
2
O
25.10.17Amarantite
Fe
3+
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
O · 7H
 
2
O
25.10.18Fibroferrite
Fe
3+
 
(SO
 
4
)(OH) · 5H
 
2
O
25.10.19Hydroniumjarosite
(H
 
3
O)Fe
3+
3
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
6
25.10.20Römerite
Fe
2+
 
Fe
3+
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
 · 14H
 
2
O
25.10.21Bílinite
Fe
2+
 
Fe
3+
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
 · 22H
 
2
O
25.10.22Copiapite
Fe
2+
 
Fe
3+
4
(SO
 
4
)
 
6
(OH)
 
2
 · 20H
 
2
O

Other Names for Coquimbite

Synonyms:
Blakeite (of Dana)
Other Languages:
German:Coquimbit
Neutrales schwefelsaures Eisenoxyd
Russian:Кокимбит
Simplified Chinese:针绿矾
Spanish:Coquimbita
Varieties:
Aluminous Coquimbite

Other Information

Other Information:Soluble in cold water; soluble in acids, astringent taste, efforesces in dry air as a white powder.
Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Coquimbite

Reference List:

- +
Rose (1833) Annalen der Physik, Halle, Leipzig (as Neutrales schwefelsaures Eisenoxyd).

Breithaupt, A. (1841) Vollständige Handbuch der Mineralogie. Vol. 2: 100.

Arzruni (1879) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 3: 516.

Linck (1889) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 15: 7.

Collins (1923) Mineralogical Magazine: 20: 32 (Serrano analysis).

Scharizer (1927) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 65: 339.

Lausen (1928) American Mineralogist: 13: 215.

Hintze, Carl (1889) Handbuch der Mineralogie. Berlin and Leipzig. 6 volumes: 1 [3B]: 4401.

Dana, E.S. (1892) System of Mineralogy, 6th. Edition, New York: 956.

Ungemach (1935) Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie: 58: 165.

Bandy (1938) American Mineralogist: 23: 729 (Henderson analysis).

Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged, 1124 pp.: 532-534.

American Mineralogist: 55: 1534-1540.

American Mineralogist: 56: 1567-1572.

Demartin, F., Castellano, C., Gramaccioli, C.M., Campostrini, I. (2010): Aluminum-for-iron substitution, hydrogen bonding, and a novel structure-type in coquimbite-like minerals. Canadian Mineralogist, 48, 323-333.

J. Majzlan, T. Đjorđjević, U. Kolitsch & J. Schefer (2010): Hydrogen bonding in coquimbite, nominally Fe2(SO4)3•9H2O, and the relationship between coquimbite and paracoquimbite. Mineral. Petrol. 100, 241-248.

Internet Links for Coquimbite

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    • Localities for Coquimbite

    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    Hide Locality List
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Argentina
     
    • San Juan
      • La Alcaparrosa
    		Demartin, F., Castellano, C., Gramaccioli, C.M., Campostrini, I. (2010): Aluminum-for-iron substitution, hydrogen bonding, and a novel structure-type in coquimbite-like minerals. Canadian Mineralogist, 48, 323-333.
    Australia
     
    • Queensland
    		[MinRec 19 p469-490 - "Sielecki, R: The Mount Isa-Cloncurry mineral field"]
    • South Australia
      • Olary Province
        • Mingary
          • Pine Creek - Mutooroo area
    		Noble R.J, Just J, Johnson J. E. (1983), Catalogue of South Australian Minerals - 1983, Govenment Printer, South Australia.
    Austria
     
    • Styria
      • Leoben
        • Galgenberg
    		Annalen 1999, p.11-22
      • Leutschach
    		Taucher, J. (1992); Exel, R. (1993)
    Belgium
     
    • Hainaut (Henegouwen; Hennegau) Province
      • Mons
        • Blaton
    		No reference listed
    • Walloon Brabant Province
      • Rebecq
        • Quenast
    		Histoire, industrie, geologie des Carrières de Quenast. Claude Pire, 1993
    Bolivia
     
    • Potosí Department
      • Daniel Campos Province
        • San Pablo de Napa
    		Alfredo Petrov collection
    Chile
     
    • Antofagasta Region
      • Antofagasta Province
    		Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
        • Mejillones
          • Mejillones peninsula
    		Collected by myself
    Some of the Sulphates has been identified and confirmed by Dr Tony Kampf and Dr. Stuart Mills, LAC Musuem, CA, USA
        • Sierra Gorda District
          • Caracoles
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 457, 605, 620.
    Malcherek, T. & Schlüter, J. (2010): Anatacamite from La Vendida mine, Sierra Gorda, Atacama desert, Chile: a triclinic polymorph of Cu2(OH)3Cl. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen, 187, 307-312.
      • El Loa Province
        • Calama
          • Cerritos Bayos
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 533; Handbook of Mineralogy - Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols; Kampf, A.R.; Mills, S.J.; Housley, R.M.; Williams, P.A.; Dini, M. (2012): Alcaparrosaite, K3Ti4+Fe3+(SO4)4O(H2O)2, a new hydrophobic Ti4+ sulfate from Alcaparrosa, Chile. Mineralogical Magazine 76, 851-861.
          • Chuquicamata District
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 533.
            • Toki Cu deposit (Toki Cluster)
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 533; Uwe Kolitsch (SXRD)
    • Atacama Region
      • Copiapó Province
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 533.
    AM 55 (1970), 534
    China
     
    • Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
      • Wuhai League (Wuhai Prefecture)
        • Wuda District
          • Wuda Coal mining area
    		American Mineralogist: 90: 1729-1739.
    Am Min 90:1729-1739
    • Qinghai Province
      • Haixi Autonomous Prefecture
        • Da Qaidam (Dachaidan) Co.
    		Wanmao Li, Guoying Chen, and Zhizhong Peng (1986): Acta Mineralogica Sinica 6(2), 109-114
    • Xinjiang (Xinjiang-Uygur) Autonomous Region
      • Hami (Kumul; Qumul) Prefecture
        • Hami (Kumul; Qumul) Co.
    		Yingxia Xu, Kezhang Qin, Kuishou Ding, Yu Miao, Tonghui Fang, Xingwang Xu, and He Sun (2007): Mineral Deposits [Kuangchuang Dizhi] 26(1), 58-69; Kezhang Qin, Kuishou Ding, Yingxia Xu, Yu Miao, Tonghui Fang, and Xingwang Xu (2008): Acta Petrologica Sinica 24(5), 1112-1122
    Cyprus
     
    • Nicosia District (Lefkoşa District; Lefkosia District)
      • Skouriotissa
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 533.
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • Karlovy Vary Region
        • Krušné Hory Mts (Erzgebirge)
          • Jáchymov (St Joachimsthal) District
    		Lapis 2002(7/8), 63-65
    France
     
    • Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
      • Hautes-Alpes
        • La Chapelle en Valgaudemard
    		Bourgoin, V., Favreau, G., Boulliard, J.-C. (2011): Jas Roux: un gisement exceptionnel à minéraux de thallium. Le Cahier des Micromonteurs, 3-2011, 2-91.
      • Var
        • Tanneron
    		Mari G. (2002), La mine de Fontsante (Var), Le Règne Minéral, n°43, pp: 38-60
    Germany
     
    • Baden-Württemberg
      • Black Forest
        • Wolfach
          • Oberwolfach
            • Rankach valley
    		Walenta, K. (1992): Die Mineralien des Schwarzwaldes. Chr. Weise Verlag, München, 336 pp. (in German)
    • Lower Saxony
      • Harz
        • Goslar
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 533.
    • North Rhine-Westphalia
      • Ruhr Coal Mining area
        • Herne
    		Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", 1990
    • Saxony
      • Dresden
        • Freital
    		Witzke, T. (2012): Neubestimmungen von Fundstellen in Sachsen: Pyracmonit, Philipsbornit, Mottramit, Mansfieldit, Hydrocerussit und weitere. Aufschluss, 63, 295-300.
    • Thuringia
      • Gera
        • Ronneburg U deposit
    		T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998(7/8), 26-64
    Greece
     
    • Attikí (Attica; Attika) Prefecture
      • Lavrion (Laurion; Laurium) District
        • Lavrion District Mines
          • Plaka
            • Plaka Mines
    		Schnorrer, G. & Breitenbach, H. (1996): Lavrion: Neufunde aus dem antiken Bergbau und in historischen Schlacken. Lapis, 21 (1), 45-48; 62.
    Hungary
     
    • Baranya Co.
      • Mecsek Mts.
        • Pécs
    • Heves Co.
      • Mátra Mts.
        • Parádfürdő
    		ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII., 1997
        • Recsk
    		ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII., 1997
    Szakáll & Jánosi: Minerals of Hungary, 1995
    Iran
     
    • Yazd Province
      • Saghand (Sagand; Saqand)
    		Bariand, P., Cesbron, F. & Berthelon, J. P. (1977): Iron sulfates of Saghand near Yazd (Iran). Memoire Hors-Série de la Société Géologique de France 8, 77-85.
    Italy
     
    • Campania
      • Phlegrean Volcanic Complex
        • Naples Province
          • Phlegrean Fields
            • Pozzuoli
    		De Michele, V. (1974). Guida mineralogica d'Italia. Istituto Geografico De Agostini, Novara, 2 vol
    • Sicily
      • Messina Province
        • Eolie Islands (Aeolian Islands)
          • Lipari
            • Vulcano Island
              • Porto Levante
    		PANICHI U. (1924): Contributo allo studio dei minerali dell'Isola di Vulcano. - Memorie della Società Italiana delle Scienze (detta dei XL) - serie 3 - 19, 3-55.
    P.Forti, M.Panzica La Manna and A.Rossi (1994) The peculiar mineralogic site of the Alum cave (Vulcano, Sicily). Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Vulcanospeleology November 1994 p.35-44; Demartin, F., Castellano, C., Gramaccioli, C.M., Campostrini, I. (2010): Aluminum-for-iron substitution, hydrogen bonding, and a novel structure-type in coquimbite-like minerals. Canadian Mineralogist, 48, 323-333.
    • Tuscany
      • Grosseto Province
        • Gavorrano
    		Capperi M., Nannoni R., Brizzi G., 1996. Gavorrano e le sue miniere. Riv. Mineral. Ital., 20.
        • Massa Marittima
    		Brizzi G., Capperi M., Masotti A. - La miniera di pirite di Niccioleta, Massa Marittima (GR) - Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, Milano, Fasc. 4 (1989) e Fasc. 1 - 2(1990)
        • Montieri
    		Brizzi G., Masotti A., 1989. Campiano: un vanto d'Italia. La miniera e i suoi minerali. Riv. Miner. Ital., 12: 1-20.
        • Scansano
          • Pereta
    		Brizzi, G. & Meli, R. (1995): La miniera antimonifera di Pereta con un cenno a quella solfo-cinabrifera di Zolfiere in comune di Scansano (GR). Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 19:, 217-240.
      • Livorno Province
        • Elba Island
          • Capoliveri
    		J. Göske, T. Witzke, H. Pöllmann, S. Stöber (1997) - Neufunde von Sekundarmineralen in der Lagerstatte Calamita/Insel Elba - Der Aufschluss, 48: 305-313.
      • Lucca Province
        • Apuan Alps
          • Pietrasanta
            • Valdicastello Carducci
    		Christian V. Mavris collection
    Japan
     
    • Hokkaido
      • Hidaka Province
        • Monbetsu (Mombetsu)
    		A. Petrov specimen
      • Kameda Peninsula
        • Nanae
    		Y. Okazaki collection
    Morocco
     
    • Marrakech-Tensift-El Haouz Region
      • Marrakech Prefecture
        • Marrakech
    		Rachid Hakkou, Mostafa Benzaazoua and Bruno Bussière (2008): Acid Mine Drainage at the Abandoned Kettara Mine (Morocco): 1. Environmental Characterization. Mine Water and the Environment, 27, 145-159.
    Peru
     
    • Arequipa Department
    		Petersen, G.G. (1970) Minería y metalurgía en el antiguo Peru. Arqueologicas, 12 140pp. (Museo Nacional de Antropologia y Arqueologia, Lima)
    • Ayacucho Department
      • Lucanas Province
        • Huachuas
    		Hyršl, J. (2010): Ein Neufund fantastischer Sulfate in der Mina Javier. Mineralien-Welt 21 (3), 68-71 (in German).
    • Junín Department
      • Yauli Province
    		Petersen, G.G. (1970) Minería y metalurgía en el antiguo Peru. Arqueologicas, 12 140pp. (Museo Nacional de Antropologia y Arqueologia, Lima)
    • La Libertad Department
      • Otuzco Province
    		Petersen, G.G. (1970) Minería y metalurgía en el antiguo Peru. Arqueologicas, 12 140pp. (Museo Nacional de Antropologia y Arqueologia, Lima)
    • Lima Department
    		Petersen, G.G. (1970) Minería y metalurgía en el antiguo Peru. Arqueologicas, 12 140pp. (Museo Nacional de Antropologia y Arqueologia, Lima)
    Portugal
     
    • Aveiro District
      • Albergaria-a-Velha
        • Branca/Ribeira de Fráguas
    		- J. Marques de Sá & C. Leal Gomes (2010): LES MINES DE CUIVRE ET NICKEL DE PALHAL ET TELHADELA, PORTUGAL. Le Regne Mineral, nº92, xx-xx.
    • Beja District
      • Mértola
    		Lapis, 35 (2010), #11, 9.
    Russia
     
    • Far-Eastern Region
    		Lapis, 35 (2010), #11, 10.
    • Urals Region
      • Southern Urals
        • Chelyabinsk Oblast'
    		Cesnokov, B., Kotrly, M. and Nisanbajev, T. (1998): Brennende Abraumhalden und Aufschlüsse im Tscheljabinsker Kohlenbecken - eine reiche Mineralienküche. Mineralien-Welt, 9 (3), 54-63 (in German).
    Slovakia
     
    • Banská Bystrica Region
      • Banská Štiavnica Co.
      • Revúca Co.
        • Sirk
    		Grecula,P. et al., 1995: Ložiska nerastných surovín Slovenského rudohoria. Zväz.1, Bratislava, 834 s
    • Košice Region
      • Gelnica Co.
        • Smolník Mining District
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 531; Duda, Rejl, Slivka: "Mineralien", 1991
    South Africa
     
    • KwaZulu-Natal Province
      • Pinetown
        • Westville
    		Minerals of South Africa
      • Rooiberg tin field
    		Minerals of South Africa
    Spain
     
    • Andalusia
      • Huelva
        • Almonaster la Real
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 533.
        • Minas de Riotinto
          • Rio Tinto Mines
    		Calvo, M. et al.(1999). Bocamina (4), 50-86
    Lapis, 35 (2010), #11, 9.
    • Catalonia
      • Barcelona
        • Barcelonès
          • Barcelona city
            • Collserola mountain range
              • Santa Creu d'Olorda
    		Mata i Perelló, J.M. (1990): Els minerals de Catalunya. Institut d´Estudis Catalans
    Switzerland
     
    • Ticino (Tessin)
      • Lago Maggiore
        • Brissago
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz. Wepf (Basel), p. 122.
    • Wallis (Valais)
      • Martigny
        • Mont Chemin
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz. Wepf (Basel), p. 121.
    USA
     
    • Arizona
      • Cochise Co.
        • Mule Mts
          • Warren District
            • Bisbee
              • Calumet and Arizona group of claims (Calumet and Arizona Mining Company group of claims)
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 297; Grant, Raymond W., Bideaux, R.A., and Williams, S.A. (2006) Minerals Added to the Arizona List 1995-2005: 7.
    Grant, Raymond W., Bideaux, R.A., and Williams, S.A. (2006) Minerals Added to the Arizona List 1995-2005: 7.
              • Queen Hill
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 531; Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 184, 186, 415; Merwin, H.E. & E. Posnjak (1937), Sulphate encrustations in the Copper Queen mine, Bisbee, AZ, Am.Min.: 22: 567-571; Galbraith, F.W. & D.J. Brennan (1959), Minerals of AZ: 59, 62.
      • Pima Co.
        • Sierrita Mts
          • Pima District (Olive District; Mineral Hill District; Twin Buttes District)
            • San Xavier
              • Mission complex
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 186.
      • Pinal Co.
        • Pinal Mts
          • Pioneer District
            • Superior
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 186.
      • Yavapai Co.
        • Black Hills (Black Hill Range)
          • Verde District
            • Jerome
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 186; Lausen, C. (1928), Hydrous sulphates formed under fumerolic conditions at the United Verde mine, AmMin: 13: 203-229; Anderson, C.A. (1927), Voltaite from Jerome, AZ, Am.Min.: 12: 287-290; Galbraith, F.W. & Brennan (1959), Minerals of AZ: 63.
    • California
      • Calaveras Co.
        • Foothill Copper Belt
          • Copperopolis
            • Quail Hill
    		Silliman, Benjamin, Jr. (1867a), A notice of the peculiar mode of the occurrence of gold and silver in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, and especially at Whiskey Hill, in Placer County, and Quail Hill, in Calaveras County, California: California Academy of Natural Sciences Proceedings: 3: 351; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 159.
      • Contra Costa Co.
        • Diablo Range
          • Clayton
            • Mount Diablo State Park
              • Mount Diablo (Mt Diablo)
    		Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 263, 273.
      • Inyo Co.
        • Coso Mts (Coso Range)
          • Coso District (New Coso District)
            • China Lake Naval Ordnance Test Station
              • Coso Hot Springs
    		Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 273.
        • Darwin District
          • Darwin
    		Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 159.
    www.mineralsocal.org
      • Lake Co.
        • Sulphur Creek District (Sulfur Creek District; Wilbur Springs District)
          • Clear Lake Oaks
    		Hanks, Henry Garber (1886), Sixth report of the State Mineralogist: California Mining Bureau. Report 6 part 1, 145 pp.: 104; White, D.E. & C.E. Roberson (1962), Sulphur Bank, California: Geological Society of America Buddington Memorial Volume: Petrologic studies: 407; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 273; www.mineralsocal.org.
      • Napa Co.
        • Knoxville District
          • Knoxville
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 533; Eakle, Arthur Starr (1901), Mineralogical notes; with chemical analyses by W.T. Schaller: University of California, Department of Geological Science Bulletin: 2: 322; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 273; www.mineralsocal.org
        • Mayacmas Mts (Mayacamas Mts)
          • Calistoga District (Silverado District)
            • Calistoga
              • Twin Peaks
    		Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 324; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 271.
      • Placer Co.
        • Lincoln
    		Silliman, Benjamin, Jr. (1867a), A notice of the peculiar mode of the occurrence of gold and silver in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, and especially at Whiskey Hill, in Placer County, and Quail Hill, in Calaveras County, California: California Academy of Natural Sciences Proceedings: 3: 351; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 293.
          • Clipper Gap
    		Silliman, Benjamin, Jr. (1867a), A notice of the peculiar mode of the occurrence of gold and silver in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, and especially at Whiskey Hill, in Placer County, and Quail Hill, in Calaveras County, California: California Academy of Natural Sciences Proceedings: 3: 350-351; Browne, J.R. (1869), Report of J. Ross Browne on the mineral resources of the states and territories west of the Rocky Mountains (US Treasury Dept.), 674 pp., H.H. Bancroft and Co., San Francisco [reprint of 2]: 111; Logan, Clarence August (1936), Gold mines of Placer County: California Journal of Mines and Geology, California Division Mines (Report 32): 32(1): 40; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 273.
      • San Bernardino Co.
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 616.
          • Calico District (Daggett District)
            • Yermo
              • Mule Canyon
    		Foshag, William Frederick (1931c), Krausite, a new sulphate from California: American Mineralogist: 16: 352-360; Moller, W.P. (1963) Sulfur Hole. Mineralogist: 31, part 1, N. 3: 12-16; part 2, No. 4: 13; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 273; Joseph F. Cooper, Jr., Gail E. Dunning, Ted A. Hadley, and William P. Moller (2001) The Sulfur Hole, Calico District, San Bernardino County, California
      • Shasta Co.
        • Klamath Mts
          • West Shasta Copper - Zinc District
            • Iron Mountain [town]
              • Iron Mountain
    		Mineralogical Record 22:381-382; Nordstrom, D. K. and Alpers, C. N. (1999): Negative pH, efflorescent mineralogy, and consequences for environmental restauration at the Iron Mountain Superfund site, California. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 96, 3455-3462.
      • Trinity Co.
        • Coastal Range
          • Island Mountain
            • Moose Peak
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 522; Landon, Robert Emmanuel (1927), Roemerite from California: American Mineralogist: 12: 279; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 273.
    • Colorado
      • Eagle Co.
    		USGS PP 1017(Lovering,1978)
          • Battle Mountain
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
          • Gilman
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B.
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • Gilpin Co.
        • Central City District
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • Mesa Co.
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
    • Georgia
      • Lincoln Co.
    		Collected by Julian Gray 21 September 2010. Confirmed by XRD at the University of Georgia.
    • Indiana
      • Spencer Co.
        • Maxville
    		Erd, R. C. and S.S. Greenburg (1960) Minerals of Indiana. Indiana Geological Survey Bulletin 18 73pp
    • Montana
      • Silver Bow Co.
        • Butte District (Summit Valley District)
          • Butte
    		The Mineralogy of The Butte District, Montana; Guilbert and Zeihen 1964
    • Nebraska
      • Jefferson Co.
        • Fairbury
    		Chemical Geology Volume 215, Issues 1-4, 15 February 2005, Pages 433-452
    • Nevada
      • Esmeralda Co.
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
        • Goldfield District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Washoe Co.
        • Steamboat Springs District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    • Utah
      • Emery Co.
        • San Rafael District (San Rafael Swell)
          • Calf Mesa
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    Handbook of Mineralogy - Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols; Min Rec 19:331-338
      • Utah Co.
        • East Tintic Mts
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    • Virginia
    		Gems and Minerals of America- Jay Ellis Ransom-1974
        • Southern Section-Blue Ridge Province
    		Minerals of Virginia, 1990 by R. V. Dietrich
      • Louisa Co.
        • Gold-Pyrite Belt
          • Mineral
    		Minerals of Virginia, 1990 by R. V. Dietrich
      • Wise Co.
        • Big Stone Gap
    		Minerals of Virginia, 1990 by R. V. Dietrich
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