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Coquimbite

Big Photo

Alcaparrosa Mine, Cerritos Bayos, Calama, El Loa Province, Antofagasta Region, Chile
© O. Dziallas

Show Coquimbite Photos (23)
Formula:
Fe
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
·9H
 
2
O
System:TrigonalColour:Greenish white, Bluish ...
Hardness:2½
Name:Named after the province of Coquimbo, Chile
Dimorph of:Paracoquimbite
This page provides mineralogical data about Coquimbite.

Classification of Coquimbite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:6/C.08-40
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:7.CB.55

7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations
Dana 7th edition ID:29.8.3.1
Dana 8th edition ID:29.8.3.1

29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
8 : A2(XO4)3·H2O
Hey's CIM Ref.:25.10.9

25 : Sulphates
10 : Sulphates of Fe alone
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Type Occurrence of Coquimbite

Type Locality:Coquimbo Region, Chile
Place of Conservation of Type Material:Mining Academy, Freiberg, Germany 18558
Year of Discovery:1841

Occurrences of Coquimbite

Geological Setting:Secondary weathering zone of iron sulfide deposits in arid regions. Rarely in fumaroles.

Physical Properties of Coquimbite

Lustre:Vitreous
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Transparent
Colour:Greenish white, Bluish white, Light violet, Yellowish white, Brownish white
Streak:white
Hardness (Mohs):2½
Cleavage:Imperfect/Fair
imperfect on [1011]
difficult on {1010}
Fracture:Irregular/Uneven
Density (measured):2.11(1) g/cm3
Density (calculated):2.12 g/cm3
Comment:Dana, 7th ed. gives calculated density as 2.137.

Crystallography of Coquimbite

Crystal System:Trigonal
Class (H-M):3m (3 2/m) - Hexagonal Scalenohedral
Space Group:P3 1c {P3 1 2/c}
Cell Parameters:a = 10.922(9) Å, c = 17.084(14) Å
Ratio:a:c = 1 : 1.564
Unit Cell Volume:V 1,764.92 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:4
Morphology:Short prismatic [0001] with {1010} and {1120} to pyramidal crystals {1011}. Massive, granular.

Epitaxial Relationships of Coquimbite

Epitaxial Minerals:
Paracoquimbite
Epitaxi Comments:Paracoquimbite in parallel position. Lamellar intergrowths on {0001}, or as scepter-like overgrowths.

Optical Data of Coquimbite

Type:Uniaxial (+)
RI values: nω = 1.536 - 1.539 nε = 1.548 - 1.572
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.012

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:Low

Chemical Properties of Coquimbite

Formula:
Fe
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
·9H
 
2
O
Essential elements:Fe, H, O, S
All elements listed in formula:Fe, H, O, S
Empirical Formula:
Fe
3+
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
·9H
 
2
O
Common Impurities:Al

Relationship of Coquimbite to other Species

Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
7.CB.05Dwornikite
(Ni,Fe)SO
 
4
·H
 
2
O
7.CB.05Gunningite
(Zn,Mn)SO
 
4
·H
 
2
O
7.CB.05Kieserite
MgSO
 
4
·H
 
2
O
7.CB.05Poitevinite
(Cu,Fe,Zn)SO
 
4
·H
 
2
O
7.CB.05Szmikite
MnSO
 
4
·H
 
2
O
7.CB.05Szomolnokite
FeSO
 
4
·H
 
2
O
7.CB.05Cobaltkieserite
CoSO
 
4
·H
 
2
O
7.CB.07Sanderite
MgSO
 
4
·2H
 
2
O
7.CB.10Bonattite
CuSO
 
4
·3H
 
2
O
7.CB.15Aplowite
(Co,Mn,Ni)SO
 
4
·4H
 
2
O
7.CB.15Boyleite
(Zn,Mg)SO
 
4
·4H
 
2
O
7.CB.15Ilesite
(Mn,Zn,Fe)SO
 
4
·4H
 
2
O
7.CB.15Rozenite
FeSO
 
4
·4H
 
2
O
7.CB.15Starkeyite
MgSO
 
4
·4H
 
2
O
7.CB.15IMA2002-034
CdSO
 
4
·4H
 
2
O
7.CB.20Chalcanthite
CuSO
 
4
·5H
 
2
O
7.CB.20Jôkokuite
MnSO
 
4
·5H
 
2
O
7.CB.20Pentahydrite
MgSO
 
4
·5H
 
2
O
7.CB.20Siderotil
FeSO
 
4
·5H
 
2
O
7.CB.25Bianchite
(Zn,Fe)SO
 
4
·6H
 
2
O
7.CB.25Chvaleticeite
(Mn,Mg)SO
 
4
·6H
 
2
O
7.CB.25Ferrohexahydrite
FeSO
 
4
·6H
 
2
O
7.CB.25Hexahydrite
MgSO
 
4
·6H
 
2
O
7.CB.25Moorhouseite
(Co,Ni,Mn)SO
 
4
·6H
 
2
O
7.CB.25Nickelhexahydrite
(Ni,Mg,Fe)SO
 
4
·6H
 
2
O
7.CB.30Retgersite
NiSO
 
4
·6H
 
2
O
7.CB.35Bieberite
CoSO
 
4
·7H
 
2
O
7.CB.35Boothite
CuSO
 
4
·7H
 
2
O
7.CB.35Mallardite
MnSO
 
4
·7H
 
2
O
7.CB.35Melanterite
FeSO
 
4
·7H
 
2
O
7.CB.35Zincmelanterite
(Zn,Cu,Fe)SO
 
4
·7H
 
2
O
7.CB.35Alpersite
(Mg,Cu)[SO
 
4
] · 7H
 
2
O
7.CB.40Epsomite
MgSO
 
4
·7H
 
2
O
7.CB.40Goslarite
ZnSO
 
4
·7H
 
2
O
7.CB.40Morenosite
NiSO
 
4
·7H
 
2
O
7.CB.45Alunogen
Al
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
·17H
 
2
O
7.CB.45Meta-alunogen
Al
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
·12H
 
2
O
7.CB.55Paracoquimbite
Fe
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
·9H
 
2
O
7.CB.55Rhomboclase
(H
 
5
O
 
2
)Fe
3+
 
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
·2H
 
2
O
7.CB.60Kornelite
Fe
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
·7H
 
2
O
7.CB.65Quenstedtite
Fe
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
·10H
 
2
O
7.CB.70Lausenite
Fe
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
·6H
 
2
O
7.CB.75Lishizhenite
ZnFe
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
·14H
 
2
O
7.CB.75Römerite
Fe
2+
 
Fe
3+
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
·14H
 
2
O
7.CB.80Ransomite
CuFe
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
·6H
 
2
O
7.CB.85Apjohnite
Mn
2+
 
Al
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
·22H
 
2
O
7.CB.85Bílinite
Fe
2+
 
Fe
3+
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
·22H
 
2
O
7.CB.85Dietrichite
(Zn,Fe
2+
 
,Mn
2+
 
)Al
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
·22H
 
2
O
7.CB.85Halotrichite
FeAl
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
·22H
 
2
O
7.CB.85Pickeringite
MgAl
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
·22H
 
2
O
7.CB.85Redingtonite
(Fe
2+
 
,Mg,Ni)(Cr,Al)
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
·22H
 
2
O
7.CB.85Wupatkiite
(Co,Mg,Ni)Al
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
·22H
 
2
O
7.CB.90Meridianiite
MgSO
 
4
·11H
 
2
O
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
25.10.1Szomolnokite
FeSO
 
4
·H
 
2
O
25.10.2Rozenite
FeSO
 
4
·4H
 
2
O
25.10.3Siderotil
FeSO
 
4
·5H
 
2
O
25.10.4Ferrohexahydrite
FeSO
 
4
·6H
 
2
O
25.10.5Melanterite
FeSO
 
4
·7H
 
2
O
25.10.6Rhomboclase
(H
 
5
O
 
2
)Fe
3+
 
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
·2H
 
2
O
25.10.7Lausenite
Fe
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
·6H
 
2
O
25.10.8Kornelite
Fe
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
·7H
 
2
O
25.10.10Paracoquimbite
Fe
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
·9H
 
2
O
25.10.11Quenstedtite
Fe
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
·10H
 
2
O
25.10.12Ferricopiapite
Fe
 
5
(SO
 
4
)
 
6
O(OH)·20H
 
2
O
25.10.13Metahohmannite
Fe
3+
2
[O|(SO
 
4
)
 
2
] · 4H
 
2
O
25.10.14Hohmannite
Fe
3+
2
[O|(SO
 
4
)
 
2
] · 8H
 
2
O
25.10.15Butlerite
Fe
3+
 
[OH|SO
 
4
] · 2H
 
2
O
25.10.16Parabutlerite
Fe
3+
 
[OH|SO
 
4
] · 2H
 
2
O
25.10.17Amarantite
Fe
3+
2
[O|(SO
 
4
)
 
2
] · 7H
 
2
O
25.10.18Fibroferrite
Fe
3+
 
[OH|SO
 
4
] · 5H
 
2
O
25.10.19Hydroniumjarosite
(H
 
3
O)Fe
3+
3
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
6
25.10.20Römerite
Fe
2+
 
Fe
3+
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
·14H
 
2
O
25.10.21Bílinite
Fe
2+
 
Fe
3+
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
·22H
 
2
O
25.10.22Copiapite
Fe
2+
 
Fe
3+
4
[OH|(SO
 
4
)
 
3
]
 
2
 · 20H
 
2
O

Other Names for Coquimbite

Synonyms:
Blakeite (of Dana)
Other Languages:
German:Coquimbit
Neutrales schwefelsaures Eisenoxyd
Russian:Кокимбит
Spanish:Coquimbita
Varieties:
Aluminous Coquimbite

Other Information

Other Information:Soluble in cold water; soluble in acids, astringent taste, efforesces in dry air as a white powder.
Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Coquimbite

Reference List:Rose (1833) Annalen der Physik, Halle, Leipzig (as Neutrales schwefelsaures Eisenoxyd).

Breithaupt, A. (1841) Vollständige Handbuch der Mineralogie. Vol. 2: 100.

Arzruni (1879) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 3: 516.

Linck (1889) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 15: 7.

Collins (1923) Mineralogical Magazine: 20: 32 (Serrano analysis).

Scharizer (1927) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 65: 339.

Lausen (1928) American Mineralogist: 13: 215.

Hintze, Carl (1889) Handbuch der Mineralogie. Berlin and Leipzig. 6 volumes: 1 [3B]: 4401.

Dana, E.S. (1892) System of Mineralogy, 6th. Edition, New York: 956.

Ungemach (1935) Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie: 58: 165.

Bandy (1938) American Mineralogist: 23: 729 (Henderson analysis).

Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged, 1124 pp.: 532-534.

American Mineralogist: 55: 1534-1540.

American Mineralogist: 56: 1567-1572.

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    Localities for Coquimbite

    Hide Locality List
    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Australia
     
    • Queensland
    		[MinRec 19 p469-490 - "Sielecki, R: The Mount Isa-Cloncurry mineral field"]
    • South Australia
      • Olary Province
        • Mingary
          • Pine Creek - Mutooroo area
    Austria
     
    • Styria
      • Leutschach
    		Taucher, J. (1992); Exel, R. (1993)
    Belgium
     
    • Brabant Province
      • Enghien
        • Rebecq
          • Bierghes
            • Quenast
    		Histoire, industrie, geologie des Carrières de Quenast. Claude Pire, 1993
    • Hainaut (Henegouwen; Hennegau) Province
      • Mons
        • Blaton
    		No reference listed
    Bolivia
     
    • Potosí Department
      • Daniel Campos Province
        • San Pablo de Napa
    		Alfredo Petrov collection
    Chile
     
    • Antofagasta Region
      • Antofagasta Province
    		Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
      • El Loa Province
        • Calama
          • Cerritos Bayos
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 533; Handbook of Mineralogy - Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols
          • Chuquicamata District
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 533.
            • Toki Cu deposit
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 533; Uwe Kolitsch (SXRD)
      • Tocopilla Province
        • Sierra Gorda District
          • Caracoles
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 457, 605, 620.
    • Atacama Region
      • Copiapó Province
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 533.
    AM 55 (1970), 534
    China
     
    • Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
      • Wuhai League
        • Wuda District
          • Wuda Coal mining area
    		American Mineralogist: 90: 1729-1739.
    Am Min 90:1729-1739
    • Qinghai (Chinghai) Province
      • Haixi Autonomous Prefecture
        • Da Qaidam (Dachaidan) Co.
    		Am Min 73:11-12 p 1493
    • Xinjiang (Xinjiang-Uygur) Autonomous Region
      • Hami (Kumul; Qumul) Prefecture
        • Hami (Kumul; Qumul) Co.
    		www.xj305.gov.cn/zy/33.doc
    Cyprus
     
    • Nicosia District
      • Skouriotissa
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 533.
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • Karlovy Vary Region
        • Krušné Hory Mts (Erzgebirge)
          • Ostrov
    		Lapis 2002(7/8), 63-65
    France
     
    • Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
      • Var
        • Tanneron
    		Mari G. (2002), La mine de Fontsante (Var), Le Règne Minéral, n°43, pp: 38-60
    Germany
     
    • Baden-Württemberg
      • Black Forest
        • Wolfach
          • Oberwolfach
            • Rankach valley
    		Walenta, K. (1992): Die Mineralien des Schwarzwaldes. Chr. Weise Verlag, München, 336 pp. (in German)
    • Lower Saxony
      • Harz Mts
        • Goslar
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 533.
    • North Rhine-Westphalia
      • Ruhr Coal Mining area
        • Herne
    		Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", 1990
    • Thuringia
      • Gera
        • Ronneburg U deposit
    		T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998(7/8), 26-64
    Greece
     
    • Attikí (Attica; Attika) Prefecture
      • Lavrion (Laurion; Laurium) District
        • Lavrion District Mines
          • Plaka
            • Plaka Mines
    		No reference listed
    Hungary
     
    • Baranya Co.
      • Mecsek Mts.
        • Pécs
    • Heves Co.
      • Mátra Mts.
        • Parádfürdő
    		ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII., 1997
        • Recsk
    		ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII., 1997
    Szakáll & Jánosi: Minerals of Hungary, 1995
    Italy
     
    • Campania
      • Phlegrean Volcanic Complex
        • Naples Province
          • Phlegrean Fields
            • Pozzuoli
    		De Michele, V. (1974). Guida mineralogica d'Italia. Istituto Geografico De Agostini, Novara, 2 vol
    • Sicily
      • Messina Province
        • Lipari
          • Eolie Islands (Aeolian Islands)
            • Vulcano Island
              • Porto Levante
    		PANICHI U. (1924): Contributo allo studio dei minerali dell'Isola di Vulcano. - Memorie della Società Italiana delle Scienze (detta dei XL) - serie 3 - 19, 3-55.
    • Tuscany
      • Grosseto Province
        • Gavorrano
    		Capperi M., Nannoni R., Brizzi G., 1996. Gavorrano e le sue miniere. Riv. Mineral. Ital., 20.
        • Massa Marittima
    		Brizzi G., Capperi M., Masotti A. - La miniera di pirite di Niccioleta, Massa Marittima (GR) - Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, Milano, Fasc. 4 (1989) e Fasc. 1 - 2(1990)
        • Montieri
    		Brizzi G., Masotti A., 1989. Campiano: un vanto d'Italia. La miniera e i suoi minerali. Riv. Miner. Ital., 12: 1-20.
        • Scansano
          • Pereta
    		Brizzi, G. & Meli, R. (1995): La miniera antimonifera di Pereta con un cenno a quella solfo-cinabrifera di Zolfiere in comune di Scansano (GR). Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 19:, 217-240.
      • Livorno Province
        • Elba Island
          • Capoliveri
    		J. Göske, T. Witzke, H. Pöllmann, S. Stöber (1997) - Neufunde von Sekundarmineralen in der Lagerstatte Calamita/Insel Elba - Der Aufschluss, 48: 305-313.
      • Lucca Province
        • Apuan Alps
          • Pietrasanta
            • Valdicastello Carducci
    		Christian V. Mavris collection
    Japan
     
    • Hokkaido Island
      • Hidaka Province
        • Monbetsu (Mombetsu)
    		A. Petrov specimen
    Morocco
     
    • Marrakech-Tensift-El Haouz Region
      • Marrakech Prefecture
        • Marrakech
    		Rachid Hakkou, Mostafa Benzaazoua and Bruno Bussière (2008): Acid Mine Drainage at the Abandoned Kettara Mine (Morocco): 1. Environmental Characterization. Mine Water and the Environment, 27, 145-159.
    Slovakia
     
    • Banská Bystrica Region
      • Štiavnica Mts
        • Banská Štiavnica Mining District
          • Banská Štiavnica (Selmecbánya; Schemnitz)
      • Western Slovenské Rudohorie Mts
        • Sirk (Szirk)
    		Grecula,P. et al., 1995: Ložiska nerastných surovín Slovenského rudohoria. Zväz.1, Bratislava, 834 s
    • Košice Region
      • Eastern Slovenské Rudohorie Mts
        • Smolnik Mining District
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 531; Duda, Rejl, Slivka: "Mineralien", 1991
    South Africa
     
    • KwaZulu-Natal Province
      • Pinetown
        • Westville
    		Minerals of South Africa
      • Rooiberg tin field
    		Minerals of South Africa
    Spain
     
    • Andalusia
      • Huelva
        • Almonáster la Real
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 533.
        • Minas de Riotinto
          • Rio Tinto Mines
    		Calvo, M. et al.(1999). Bocamina (4), 50-86
    Switzerland
     
    • Ticino (Tessin)
      • Lago Maggiore
        • Brissago
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz. Wepf (Basel), p. 122.
    • Wallis (Valais)
      • Martigny
        • Mont Chemin
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz. Wepf (Basel), p. 121.
    USA
     
    • Arizona
      • Cochise Co.
        • Mule Mts
          • Warren District
            • Bisbee
              • Calumet and Arizona group of claims (Calumet and Arizona Mining Company group of claims)
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 297; Grant, Raymond W., Bideaux, R.A., and Williams, S.A. (2006) Minerals Added to the Arizona List 1995-2005: 7.
    Grant, Raymond W., Bideaux, R.A., and Williams, S.A. (2006) Minerals Added to the Arizona List 1995-2005: 7.
              • Queen Hill
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 531; Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 184, 186, 415; Merwin, H.E. & E. Posnjak (1937), Sulphate encrustations in the Copper Queen mine, Bisbee, AZ, Am.Min.: 22: 567-571; Galbraith, F.W. & D.J. Brennan (1959), Minerals of AZ: 59, 62.
      • Pima Co.
        • Sierrita Mts
          • Pima District (Olive District; Mineral Hill District; Twin Buttes District)
            • San Xavier
              • Mission complex
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 186.
      • Pinal Co.
        • Pinal Mts
          • Pioneer District
            • Superior
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 186.
      • Yavapai Co.
        • Black Hills (Black Hill Range)
          • Verde District
            • Jerome
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 186; Lausen, C. (1928), Hydrous sulphates formed under fumerolic conditions at the United Verde mine, AmMin: 13: 203-229; Anderson, C.A. (1927), Voltaite from Jerome, AZ, Am.Min.: 12: 287-290; Galbraith, F.W. & Brennan (1959), Minerals of AZ: 63.
    • California
      • Calaveras Co.
        • Foothill Copper Belt
          • Copperopolis
            • Quail Hill
    		Silliman, Benjamin, Jr. (1867a), A notice of the peculiar mode of the occurrence of gold and silver in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, and especially at Whiskey Hill, in Placer County, and Quail Hill, in Calaveras County, California: California Academy of Natural Sciences Proceedings: 3: 351; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 159.
      • Contra Costa Co.
        • Clayton
          • Mount Diablo
    		Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 263, 273.
      • Inyo Co.
        • Coso District (New Coso District)
        • Death Valley
    		www.mineralsocal.org
        • Lone Pine
    		Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 159.
      • Lake Co.
        • Clear Lake Oaks
          • Clear Lake
    		www.mineralsocal.org
      • Napa Co.
        • Knoxville
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 533; www.mineralsocal.org
      • San Bernardino Co.
        • Calico Mts
          • Calico District (Daggett District)
            • Borate
    		Handbook of Mineralogy - Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols; Am Min (1931), 16:352-360
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 616.
      • Trinity Co.
        • Island Mountain
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 522.
    • Colorado
      • Eagle Co.
    		USGS PP 1017(Lovering,1978)
          • Battle Mountain
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
          • Gilman
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B.
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • Gilpin Co.
        • Central City District
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • Mesa Co.
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
    • Indiana
      • Spencer Co.
        • Maxville
    • Montana
      • Silver Bow Co.
        • Butte District
          • Butte
    		The Mineralogy of The Butte District, Montana; Guilbert and Zeihen 1964
    • Nebraska
      • Jefferson Co.
        • Fairbury
    		Chemical Geology Volume 215, Issues 1-4, 15 February 2005, Pages 433-452
    • Nevada
      • Esmeralda Co.
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
        • Goldfield District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Washoe Co.
        • Steamboat Springs District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    • Utah
      • Emery Co.
        • San Rafael District (San Rafael Swell)
          • Calf Mesa
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    Handbook of Mineralogy - Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols; Min Rec 19:331-338
      • Utah Co.
        • East Tintic Mts
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    • Virginia
    		Gems and Minerals of America- Jay Ellis Ransom-1974
        • Southern Section-Blue Ridge Province
    		Minerals of Virginia, 1990 by R. V. Dietrich
      • Louisa Co.
        • Gold-Pyrite Belt
          • Mineral
    		Minerals of Virginia, 1990 by R. V. Dietrich
      • Wise Co.
        • Big Stone Gap
    		Minerals of Virginia, 1990 by R. V. Dietrich
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