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Cristobalite

Formula:
SiO
 
2
System:TetragonalColour:Blue grey, brown, grey, ...
Lustre:VitreousHardness:6 - 7
Name:Named after its locality (Cerro San Cristobal, Mexico)
Polymorph of:Coesite, Quartz, Stishovite, Tridymite


Post-volcanic, magmatic, and secondary.

Classification of Cristobalite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:4/D.01-30
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:4.DA.15

4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
A : With small cations: Silica family
Dana 8th edition ID:75.1.1.1

75 : TECTOSILICATES Si Tetrahedral Frameworks
1 : Si Tetrahedral Frameworks - SiO2 with [4] coordinated Si
Hey's CIM Ref.:7.8.5

7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
8 : Oxides of Si
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Type Occurrence of Cristobalite

Type Locality:Cerro San Cristóbal, Mun. de Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
Year of Discovery:1887

Occurrences of Cristobalite

Geological Setting:In vesicles and lithophysae

Physical Properties of Cristobalite

Lustre:Vitreous
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Transparent
Colour:Blue grey, brown, grey, yellow, or white
Streak:White
Hardness (Mohs):6 - 7
Tenacity:Brittle
Density (measured):2.32 - 2.36 g/cm3
Density (calculated):2.33 g/cm3

Crystallography of Cristobalite

Crystal System:Tetragonal
Class (H-M):4 2 2 - Trapezohedral
Space Group:P41 21 2
Cell Parameters:a = 4.9709(1) Å, c = 6.9278(2) Å
Ratio:a:c = 1 : 1.394
Unit Cell Volume:V 171.18 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:4
Morphology:Pseudo octahedral crystals, commonly dendritic, spherulites.
Twinning:On {111}
Crystal Atlas:
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Cristobalite no.1 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

About Crystal Atlas

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The mindat.org Crystal Atlas allows you to view a selection of crystal drawings of real and idealised crystal forms for this mineral and, in certain cases, 3d rotating crystal objects. You need Java to see these. You can download Java for free - click here to download Java

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Optical Data of Cristobalite

Type:Uniaxial (-)
RI values: nω = 1.487 nε = 1.484
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.003

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:Moderate

Chemical Properties of Cristobalite

Formula:
SiO
 
2
Essential elements:O, Si
All elements listed in formula:O, Si
Common Impurities:Fe,Ca,Al,K,Na,Ti,Mn,Mg,P

Relationship of Cristobalite to other Species

Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):
4.DA.05Quartz
SiO
 
2
4.DA.05Seifertite
SiO
 
2
4.DA.10Opal
SiO
 
2
·nH
 
2
O
4.DA.10Tridymite
SiO
 
2
4.DA.20Mogánite
SiO
 
2
4.DA.25Melanophlogite
46SiO
 
2
·6(N
 
2
,CO
 
2
)·2(CH
 
4
,N
 
2
)
4.DA.30Lechatelierite
SiO
 
2
4.DA.35Coesite
SiO
 
2
4.DA.40Stishovite
SiO
 
2
4.DA.45Keatite
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:
7.8.1Quartz
SiO
 
2
7.8.2Coesite
SiO
 
2
7.8.3Tridymite
SiO
 
2
7.8.4Stishovite
SiO
 
2
7.8.6Lechatelierite
SiO
 
2
7.8.7Silhydrite
3SiO
 
2
·H
 
2
O
7.8.8Opal
SiO
 
2
·nH
 
2
O
7.8.9Mogánite
SiO
 
2

Other Names for Cristobalite

Synonyms:
α-Cristobaliteb-CristobaliteLow CristobaliteLussatine
German names:
α-Cristobalitb-CristobalitCristobalitCristobalitchalcedonLussatit
Tiefcristobalit
Russian names:
Кристобалит
Spanish names:
α-Cristobalitab-CristobalitaCristobalitaLussatita

Other Information

Thermal Behaviour:Inverts from high cristobalite at 268C.
Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Cristobalite

Reference List:Murdoch, Joseph (1942), Crystallographic notes, cristobalite, stephanite, natrolite: Am. Min.: 27: 500-506.

Henderson, J.H., M.L. Jackson, J.K. Syers, R.N. Clayton & R.W. Rex (1971), Cristobalite Authigenic origin in relation to montmorillonite and quartz origin in bentonite: Clays and Clay Minerals: 19: 229-238.

Murata, K.J. & J.K. Nakata (1974), Cristobalite stage in the diagenesis of diatomaceous shale: Science: 184: 567-568.

Richet, P., Bottinga, Y., Deniélou, L., Petitet, J.P., and Téqui, C. (1982) Thermodynamic properties of quartz, cristobalite, and amorphous SiO2: drop calorimetry measurements between 1000 and 1800 K and a review from 0 to 2000 K. Geochimica et Cosmochmica Acta: 46: 2639-2658.

Internet Links for Cristobalite

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  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
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  • Cristobalite details from Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF)
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    Localities for Cristobalite

    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
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    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Antarctica
     
    • Eastern Antarctica
      • Victoria Land
    Argentina
     
    • Jujuy
    Austria
     
    • Carinthia
      • Lavant valley
        • St Paul
          • Kollnitz
    G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995
    • Styria
      • Bad Gleichenberg
        • Klause
    Aufschluss 1972(SB), 52-55
      • Bad Radkersburg
        • Klöch
    Taucher, J. et al. (1989)
      • Graz
        • Wildon
          • Weitendorf
    Aufschluss 1972(SB), 76-79
    Azerbaijan
     
    • Qobustan (Gobustan; Kobustan) Rayonu
      • Caspian Sea
    Novgorodova M.I., Mamedov Yu.G.. Native aluminium from mud volcano at the Bulla island (caspian Sea), - Lithology and Mineral Resourses,1996,N4,p. 339-349
    Bolivia
     
    • Oruro Department
      • Carangas Province
    Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) Los Minerales de Bolivia y sus Parajes. (Santa Cruz)
    Brazil
     
    • North Region
      • Pará
        • São Geraldo do Araguaia
    Revista Brasileira de Geociências, vol.30
    Bulgaria
     
    • Kardzali (Kurdzhali; Kărdžali; Kurdjali) Oblast
      • Rhodope Mts
    Tschernich, 1992. Zeolites of the World
    Canada
     
    • Québec
      • Jacques Cartier Co.
        • Montréal
          • St. Michel District
    Mineralogical Record (2006): 37: 5-60.
    China
     
    • Anhui Province
      • Bozhou Prefecture
        • Qiaocheng District
          • Xiaoyanzhuang
    http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/LPSC99/pdf/1774.pdf / Lunar and Planetary Science XXX, J. C. Bridges et al.
    • Jiangsu Province
      • Taizhou Prefecture
        • Taizhou City
          • Sixiangkou
    Lunar and Planetary Science, volume 27, page 1373
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • Hradec Králové Region
        • Trutnov (Trautenau)
          • Radvanice
    Jirásek, J.: Thermal Changes of the Rocks in the Dump Pile of the Kateřina Colliery in Radvanice (Eastern Bohemia). Ostrava: VSB – Technical University of Ostrava, Institute of Geological Engineering - 541, 2001. 69 p.
      • Ústí Region
        • Most
    Filippi, M.: Korozluky – pozoruhodná mineralogická lokalita Českého středohoří. Bulletin mineralogicko-petrografického oddělení Národního muzea v Praze, 2002, roč. 10, s. 320-322.
    Fiji
     
    • Viti Levu
      • Tavua Gold Field
        • Vatukoula
    J.M. Boirat and J. Lum, Chron. Rech. Min., N° 486, 1987, pp 55-62, BRGM.
    France
     
    • Auvergne
      • Haute-Loire
        • Le Puy-en-Velay
          • Espaly-Saint-Marcel
    D. BARRIER, G. POURTIER & P. MEDARD, 2004, Minéralogie du Mont Denise (Haute-Loire), Le Cahier des Micromonteurs, 83, pp 3-8
      • Puy-de-Dôme
        • Clermont-Ferrand
          • Cournon-d'Auvergne
    Aimé Rudel : "Curiosités Géologiques d'Auvergne et du Velay", Editions Volcans, 1970
        • Pont-du-Château
          • Dallet
    Aimé Rudel : "Curiosités Géologiques d'Auvergne et du Velay", Editions Volcans, 1970
    Aimé Rudel : "Curiosités Géologiques d'Auvergne et du Velay", Editions Volcans, 1970
    • Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
      • Vaucluse
        • Apt
    F. Roulin et al. , 1986, 109, pp. 349-357.
    Germany
     
    • Bavaria
      • Franconia
        • Fichtelgebirge
          • Kemnath
    Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", 1990
        • Maroldsweisach
    Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
      • Swabia
        • Nördlingen
          • Ries Crater
    http://geosciences.smsu.edu/geology/FieldTrips/Ries/page5.html
      • Upper Palatinate
        • Waldeck
    Pöllmann et al. (2007): Aufschluss 58, 227-233.
    • Hesse
      • North Hesse
        • Eschwege
    S. Weiß: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
      • Vogelsberg
        • Ortenberg
    • North Rhine-Westphalia
      • Aachen
        • Stolberg
    International Association of Collectors of Slag
      • Sauerland
        • Iserlohn
          • Letmathe
    • Rhineland-Palatinate
      • Eifel Mts
        • Andernach
          • Eich
    Hentschel, G., Die Mineralien der Eifelvulkane, Weise Verlag München, 1983
          • Nickenich
    Hentschel, G., Die Mineralien der Eifelvulkane, Weise Verlag München, 1983
        • Daun
          • Oberstadtfeld
    Hentschel, G., Die Mineralien der Eifelvulkane, Weise Verlag München (2. Auflage), 1987
          • Schalkenmehren
    Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
          • Üdersdorf
    Schäfer, H., Die Mineralien der Einschlüsse und Auswürflinge in den Schlacken des Emmelberges bei Üdersdorf / Eifel, Der Aufschluss 30, 273-282, 1979
    Hentschel, G., Die Minerale der Üdersdorfer Lava, Lapis, Weise Verlag, München, 11/1989
        • Hillesheim
          • Zilsdorf
    Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
        • Kelberg
          • Drees
    Schüller, W., Die Mineralien des Niveligsberges bei Drees in der Eifel, Der Aufschluß SB 33, 1990
        • Manderscheid
          • Bettenfeld
    S. Weiß: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
        • Mayen
          • Ettringen
    [Schottler, W., Der Ettringer Bellerberg, ein Vulcan des Laacher See-Gebietes, N. Jahrb., Beilage , Band XI, S. 554-662, 1898] [Lapis, 15 (5), 9-36]
          • Hochsimmer volcano
    Hentschel, G., Die Mineralien der Eifelvulkane, Weise Verlag München, 1983
        • Mendig
          • Bell
    Hentschel, G., Die Mineralien der Eifelvulkane, Weise Verlag München, 1983
          • Niedermendig
    Brauns, R., Die Mineralien der Niederrheinischen Vulkangebiete, Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, 1922
            • Wingertsberg Mt.
    Blass, G., Emmerich, F., Graf, HW., Tschörtner, J., Minerale der Eifelvulkane, CD, published by authors, 2006
        • Niederzissen
          • Burgbrohl
    Hentschel, G., Die Mineralien der Eifelvulkane, Weise Verlag München, 1983
          • Hannebach
    Hentschel, G., Die Mineralien der Eifelvulkane, Weise Verlag, München (2. Auflage), 1987
        • Polch
          • Ochtendung
    Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
    Lapis 1988(7+8), 70-72
      • Wolfstein
        • Königsberg Mt.
    Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
    • Thuringia
      • Gera
        • Ronneburg U deposit
    T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998(7/8), 26-64
    Hungary
     
    • Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Co.
      • Zempléni Mts.
        • Erdőbénye
        • Sárospatak
    Indian Ocean
     
    • Ninety East Ridge (90° E Ridge; Indian Ridge)
      • D.S.D.P.
        • Leg 26
    D. Besse et al. , Bell. Minéral. , 1981, 104, pp. 56-63.
    Israel
     
    Gross, S. (1977): The Mineralogy of the Hatrurim Formation, Israel. Geological Survey of Israel, Bulletin no. 70, 80 pp.
    Italy
     
    • Campania
      • Naples Province
        • Somma-Vesuvius Complex
    Balassone, G., Franco, E., Mattia, C., Pulitti, R., 2004: Indialite in xenolithic rocks from Somma-Vesuvius volcano..., American Mineralogist, Vol. 89, 1-6
    • Latium
      • Latina Province
        • Ponza Island
    E. Passaglia et al. , Eur. Journ. Mineral. , 1995, 7, pp. 429-438.
      • Viterbo Province
        • Vico Lake
    No reference listed
    • Piedmont
      • Torino Province
        • Canavese District
          • Baldissero Canavese
    Piccoli, G.C., Maletto, G., Bosio, P., Lombardo, B. (2007). Minerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta. Associazione Amici del Museo "F. Eusebio" Alba, Ed., Alba (Cuneo) 607 pp.
        • Susa Valley
          • Casellette
    Piccoli, G.C., Maletto, G., Bosio, P., Lombardo, B. (2007): Minerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta. Associazione Amici del Museo "F. Eusebio" Alba, Ed., Alba (Cuneo) 607 pp.
    • Tuscany
      • Livorno Province
    Barsotti, G., & Nannoni, R. (2006). Rocce, minerali e miniere delle isole dell'Arcipelago Toscano. Pacini editore, 152 pp.
    • Veneto
      • Padova Province
        • Euganei Hills
          • Baone
    Buscaroli C., Fassina, B., Sovilla, S., Tosato, F., & Dal Pozzo, C. (2007). Le fasi della silice nella trachite del Monte Cero (Colli Euganei, Padova). Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 31 (1), 52-53.
    Japan
     
    • Hokkaido Island
      • Hidaka Province
        • Monbetsu (Mombetsu)
    Fujiwara, T. (1994): Nihon-no-Koubutsu
      • Iburi Province
    Africano & Bernard (2000), Jour. Volcanology & Geothermal Research: 97: 475-495.
    • Honshu Island
      • Chubu region
        • Shizuoka prefecture
    No reference listed
        • Yamanashi prefecture
    No reference listed
    • Nansei Archipelago
      • Kagoshima Prefecture
    S. Hamasaki (2002) Earth Planets Space 54, 217-229.
      • Okinawa Prefecture
    Tiba, T. & Saito, Y. (1974); Mem. Natn. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, 7:25-30
    Mexico
     
    • Durango
    [AmMin 85:263]
      • Mun. de Coneto de Comonfort
        • Coneto de Comonfort
    No reference listed
    • Hidalgo
      • Mun. de Pachuca
    No reference listed
    • Michoacan
      • Mun. de Coalcomám
      • Tepoxtepec
    Panczner(1987):172.
    Namibia
     
    • Khomas Region
      • Windhoek District
    [AmMin 84:193]
    New Zealand
     
    • Bay of Plenty
    http://www.mightyriver.co.nz/content/599/CR%202005-20%20-%20Geoscientific%20Review%20of%20Kawerau%20Geothermal%20Field.pdf
    • North Island
      • Northland
        • Kaipara
    Mason, B. (1957): Larnite, scawtite, and hydrogrossular from Tokatoka, New Zealand. American Mineralogist 42, 379-392.
      • Waikato
        • Waihi
    Simpson, Mauk, & Simmons, 2001, Hydrothermal Alteration and Hydrologic Evolution of the Golden Cross Epithermal Au-Ag Deposit, Economic Geology 96, pp773-796
    • South Island
      • Clutha-Central Otago
    Railton, G.L. & Watters, W.A., Minerals of New Zealand, New Zealand Geological Survey Bull. #104 (1990).
    Russia
     
    • Far-Eastern Region
      • Kamchatka Oblast'
    M. Zelenski et al.: Am. Min. 91:21-28 (2006)
    No reference listed
    Active Volcanoes of Kamchatka, vol 2, p 140, S.A. Fedotov
      • Sakhalinskaya Oblast'
        • Maritime Province
          • Kuril Islands
            • Iturup Island
    http://maurice.strahlen.org/kurilles/kurilles.htm
    • Northern Region
      • Murmanskaja Oblast'
        • Kola Peninsula
    www.koeln.netsurf.de/~w.steffens/khib.htm
          • Lovozero Massif
    N.V. Chukanov, I.V. Pekov, A.E. Zadov, S.V. Krivovichev, P.C.Burns, Yu. Schneider (2001): Organovaite-Mn,K2Mn(Nb,Ti)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4·6H2O, a new labuntsovite-group mineral from the Lovozero massif, Kola Peninsula. Zap. Vseross. Mineral. Obshch., 130(2), 46­53
    Saint Lucia
     
    • Choc
    M. Le Guen de Kerneizon et al. , Bull. Minéral. , 1982, 105, pp. 203-211.
    • Grande Rivière Village
      • Morne Serpent hill
    M. Le Guen de Kerneizon et al. , Bull. Minéral. , 1982, 105, pp. 203-211.
    Slovakia
     
    • Banská Bystrica Region
      • Javorie Mts
    Rojkovičová,Ľ., 1982: Rudná mineralizácia v Javorí. Min.Slovaca, 14,5,461 – 470
      • Kremnica Mts
    Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590
    Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590k
    Ďuďa R., 1993 : Die mineralien der Gold und Silber - lagersttäte von Kremnitz ( Kremnica) in der Slowakei. Mineralien Welt /Haltern,Nemecko/,5, s. 20 - 32
    Pauliš,P.,Ďuďa,R.,2002: Nejzajímavejší mineralogická naletište Slovenska. Kuttna,K.Hora, 136p
      • Poľana Mts
    Ďuďa R., 1996: Slovenské opály. Minerál,Brno, IV, 4, 254 - 258
      • Štiavnica Mts
    Ďuďa R.,Kotuľak P., Káňa R., 1993: Bergbau und Mineralien von Banská Štiavnica (Schemnitz), Slowakei. Emser Hefte, 14, 3, 1-70, Haltern
    Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590k
    Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590k
      • Vtáčnik Mts
        • Žarnovica
    Koděra et all.,1990: Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, I-III, 1590p
    • Košice Region
      • Čierna hora Mts
        • Družstevná pri Hornáde
    Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590
      • Southern Slanské Mts
    Pauliš P., Ďuďa R., 2002: Nejzajimavejší mineralogická nalezište Slovenska. Kuttna, Kutná Hora, 134p.
    Koděra, P., Rojkovičová, Ľ.,Košárková, M., 1998: Mineralógická správa lokality Byšta, Au-Ag. Manuscript, Archiv Geofond, Bratislava, 68 p
      • Southern Vihorlat Mts
        • Michalovce
    Koděra et all.,1990: Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, I-III, 1590p
    Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590k
    Bacsó,Z.,Ďuďa,R.,1988: Metalogenéza a rudné formácie rudného poľa Remetské Hámre. Min.Slovaca,Bratislava, 3, 193-220p
      • Zemplínske Mts
    Kaličiak, M., Ďuďa, R., 1996: Geolgický vývoj, stavba a metalogenéza neovulkanitov na Východnom Slovensku. Manuskript, Archív Geofond, Bratislava, 83p
    • Nitra Region
      • Štiavnické Mts
    Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590
    • Prešov Region
      • Northern Slanské Mts
        • Červenica (Czerwenitza)
          • Dubník
    Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590
    Ďuďa,R., et al., 1981: Mineralógia severnej časti Slanských vrchov. Min.Slovaca, Monografia 2, 98s
    Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590k
    Duda et all.,:Mineralógia severnej časti Slanských vrchov. Min.Slovaca,Monografia 2,Bratislava, 98 p
    Ďuďa,R., et al., 1981: Mineralógia severnej časti Slanských vrchov. Min.Slovaca, Monografia 2, 98s
        • Vyšná Šebastová
    Ďuďa,R., et al., 1981: Mineralógia severnej časti Slanských vrchov. Min.Slovaca, Monografia 2, 98s
    Duda et. all.,1981:Minerály severnej časti Slanských vrchov. Min.Slovca,Monografia 2,Bratislava, 98 p
      • Northern Vihorlat Mts
    Pauliš,P.,Ďuďa,R.,2002: Nejzajímavejší mineralogická naletište Slovenska. Kuttna,K.Hora, 136p
    South Africa
    Minerals of South Africa
    Minerals of South Africa
    Spain
     
    • Andalusia
      • Almería
        • Níjar
          • El Joyazo
    lapis-2005-10-13
    The Moon
     
    • Apollo 14 Base (Fra Mauro)
    Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIV (2003) and XXXV (2004)
    Tunisia
     
    • Tataouine Governorate
      • Tataouine (Foum Tatahouine)
    AmMin 87:1245
    UK
     
    • Northern Ireland
      • Co. Antrim
        • Portrush
    BMS Database
    • Scotland
      • Outer Hebrides
        • Rockall Island
    B. Young et al. : "Bazirite, Ba Zr Si3 O9, a new mineral from Rockall Island, Inverness-shire, Scotland", Mineral. Mag., G.B., 1978, 42, 35-40
    USA
     
    • Alabama
      • Clarke Co.
    Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333
      • Lowndes Co.
    Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333
    • Arizona
      • Mohave Co.
    MRDS file #10056434.
      • Pima Co.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 192, 402; Galbraith, F.W. & D.J. Brennan (1959), Minerals of AZ: 86, 108.
    • Arkansas
      • Garland Co.
        • Wilson Springs (Potash Sulfur Springs)
          • Union Carbide Mine
    R&M 70:3 pp 154-170
    R&M 70:3 pp 154-170
    • California
      • Inyo Co.
        • Coso Hot Springs
    [www.johnbetts-fineminerals.com]
      • Los Angeles Co.
        • Lang
    mineralsocal.org
      • Riverside Co.
        • Crestmore
    [micromounts@yahoogroups.com]
      • Santa Clara Co.
        • San Antonio Valley
    www.mineralsocal.org
    • Colorado
      • Chaffee Co.
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
        • Nathrop
    ("Minerals of Colorado, updated & revised", by Eckel, Edwin B., 1997)
      • Conejos Co.
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
      • Grand Co.
        • Grand Lake District (Wolverine District)
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • Mineral Co.
        • Creede District
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
      • Ouray Co.
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • Rio Grande Co.
        • Jasper
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
    • Florida
      • Polk Co.
        • Homeland
    Denicourt, R., Micromounters of New England program, NE meeting program, May 1984
    • Georgia
      • Bibb Co.
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    • Hawaii
      • Hawaii Co.
    Dunham, K.C. (1933) The American Mineralogist, 18, 384. (from a Palache specimen at Harvard)
    • Massachusetts
      • Franklin Co.
        • Rowe
    Cerato, A.. 2003: Mineralogical Study of Davis Mine, Rowe, MA, Using X-Ray Diffraction Techniques
    • Mississippi
      • Tippah Co.
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    • Missouri
      • Camden Co.
    R&M 73:2 pp 98-117
    • Nevada
      • Churchill Co.
        • Wild Horse District
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Eureka Co.
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Humboldt Co.
        • Opalite District
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. Cristallo. , 1974, 97, p. 501.
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Lander Co.
    Rocks & Minerals, Nov. 1999
      • Mineral Co.
        • Borealis District
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Nye Co.
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Pershing Co.
        • Lovelock
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Storey Co.
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Washoe Co.
        • Pyramid District
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
        • Steamboat Springs District
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    NBMG Bull 70 Geology and Mineral Resources of Washoe and Storey Counties, Nevada
      • White Pine Co.
        • Robinson District
          • Ely
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    • New Jersey
      • Middlesex Co.
    AmMin 10:152-155
    • New Mexico
      • Bernalillo Co.
    Northrop, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd rev. ed., 1996
      • Catron Co.
    Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
    NMGS 37th Field Conference
    NMGS 37th Field Conference
          • Sawmill Creek
    NMGS 37th Field Conference
      • Cibola Co.
    Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
      • Grant Co.
    Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
    Northrop, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd rev. ed., 1996
      • Rio Arriba Co.
    Northrop, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd rev. ed., 1996
      • Sandoval Co.
    Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
        • Jemez Sulfur District
    Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
        • Valle Grande
    Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
      • Sierra Co.
    Northrop, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd Rev. Ed., 1996
    NMGS 37th Field Conference
    NMGS 37th Field Conference
      • Socorro Co.
    Northrop, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd. rev. ed. (1996)
      • Taos Co.
        • No Agua District
    Ramon DeMark and Jessie Kline, New Mexico Mineral Symposium, November 2000
    Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
    • New York
      • Warren Co.
        • North Creek
    • Oregon
      • Douglas Co.
    Micro Probe Volume X Number 2
      • Klamath Co.
    Cavity Minerals At Summit Rock by Wallace D. Kleck, American Mineralogist Vol 55
      • Malheur Co.
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    • South Dakota
      • Yankton Co.
    SDSMT Bull 18 Roberts and Rapp "Mineralogy of the Black Hills"
    • Texas
      • Brewster Co.
    R&M 66:3 pp 196-224
      • Jeff Davis Co.
        • Davis Mts
    R&M 66:3 pp 196-224
    • Utah
      • Juab Co.
    R&M 73:3 p196-201
      • Millard Co.
        • Black Rock Desert
    R&M 68:6 p381-393
      • Piute Co.
    UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    • Virginia
      • Highland Co.
        • Monterey
    Minerals of Virginia, 1990 by R. V. Dietrich
      • Prince William Co.
        • Manassas
    Minerals of Virginia, 1990 by R. V. Dietrich
    • Washington
      • Skagit Co.
        • Mount Vernon
    George E. Mustoe, Dan G. Vandenburg, and LaVaonda M. Vandenburg, "The Minerals of Walker Valley, Skagit County, Washington," Washington Geology, vol. 24, no. 1, March 1996, pp 22-29
      • Spokane Co.
    Cannon, B. (1975): Minerals of Washington, p.79
    • Wisconsin
      • Dodge Co.
        • Iron Ridge District (Neda Iron District)
    Rocks & Min. Vol. 73 (1998)
    • Wyoming
      • Johnson Co.
    AmMin 72:137
      • Park Co.
    AmMin 24:485; Tschernich, R. (1992): Zeolites of the World, 71, 72
    Mineral and/or Locality
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