Cronstedtite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Cronstedtite
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt
Formula:
Fe2+2Fe3+((Si,Fe3+)2O5)(OH)4
Colour:
Black, dark brown-black, green-black
Lustre:
Waxy, Sub-Metallic
Hardness:
3½
Specific Gravity:
3.34 - 3.35
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
Named by Josef Johann Steinmann in 1821 in honor of Axel Fredrik Cronstedt (1722-1765), Swedish chemist and mineralogist who discovered nickel, scheelite and coined the term zeolite. Cronstedt's mineralogical books revolutionized mineralogy and he is sometimes regarded as the father of modern mineralogy.
Type Locality:
Several polytypes are known (see Crystallography section). A new non-MDO polytype, 6T2, was discovered in 2013 in Pohled, Czech Republic (Hybler et al., 2016).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1158
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1158:3
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
a729f0f9-0876-4ecf-9631-ee2921ea9d5c
IMA Classification of Cronstedtite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
(Fe2+,Fe3+)3(Si,Fe3+)2O5(OH)4
Classification of Cronstedtite
9.ED.15
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
D : Phyllosilicates with kaolinite layers composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
D : Phyllosilicates with kaolinite layers composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
71.1.4.7
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
1 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 1:1 layers
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
1 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 1:1 layers
14.19.7
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
19 : Silicates of Fe
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
19 : Silicates of Fe
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Cro | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Cro | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Physical Properties of Cronstedtite
Waxy, Sub-Metallic
Transparency:
Translucent, Opaque
Colour:
Black, dark brown-black, green-black
Streak:
Dark olive-green
Hardness:
3½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Elastic
Cleavage:
Perfect
on {001}
on {001}
Fracture:
Micaceous
Density:
3.34 - 3.35 g/cm3 (Measured)
Optical Data of Cronstedtite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.720 nβ = 1.800 nγ = 1.800
Birefringence:
0.08
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.080
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Dispersion:
r < v moderate
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
In brown and blacks
Chemistry of Cronstedtite
Mindat Formula:
Fe2+2Fe3+((Si,Fe3+)2O5)(OH)4
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Al,Ca
Crystallography of Cronstedtite
Polytype:
Formula:
Crystal System:
Class (H-M)
Space Group:
Space Group Setting:
Cell Parameters:
Ratio:
Unit Cell Volume (calc):
Z:
| Cronstedtite-1M | Cronstedtite-1T | Cronstedtite-2H2 | Cronstedtite-3T |
|---|---|---|---|
| Monoclinic | Trigonal | Hexagonal | |
| m - Domatic | 3m - Ditrigonal Pyramidal | 6 - Pyramidal | |
| Bm | P3 1m | P63 | |
| Cm | P3 1m | P63 | |
| a = 5.5033(3) Å, b = 9.5289(6) Å, c = 7.3328(5) Å β = 104.493(7)° | a = 5.512(1) Å, c = 7.106(1) Å | a = 5.500(1) Å, c = 14.163(2) Å | |
| a:b:c = 0.578 : 1 : 0.77 | a:c = 1 : 1.289 | a:c = 1 : 2.575 | |
| V 372.30 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell) | V 186.97 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell) | V 371.08 ų | |
| 2 | 2 |
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000022 | Cronstedtite | Hendricks S B (1939) Random structures of layer minerals as illustrated by cronstedtite (2FeO.Fe2O3.SiO2.2H2O). Possible iron content of kaolin American Mineralogist 24 529-539 |  | 1939 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0007145 | Cronstedtite | Hybler J (2006) Parallel intergrowths in cronstedtite-1T: determination of the degree of disorder European Journal of Mineralogy 18 197-205 | 2006 | Herja, Romania | 0 | 293 | |
| 0007146 | Cronstedtite | Hybler J (2006) Parallel intergrowths in cronstedtite-1T: determination of the degree of disorder European Journal of Mineralogy 18 197-205 | 2006 | Lostwithiel, England | 0 | 293 | |
| 0007147 | Cronstedtite | Hybler J (2006) Parallel intergrowths in cronstedtite-1T: determination of the degree of disorder European Journal of Mineralogy 18 197-205 | 2006 | Roznava, Slovakia | 0 | 293 | |
| 0007148 | Cronstedtite | Hybler J (2006) Parallel intergrowths in cronstedtite-1T: determination of the degree of disorder European Journal of Mineralogy 18 197-205 | 2006 | Litosice, Czech Republic | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 7.09 Å | (100) |
| 4.75 Å | (10) |
| 4.34 Å | (6) |
| 3.95 Å | (6) |
| 3.54 Å | (85) |
| 3.17 Å | (1) |
| 2.83 Å | (1) |
| 2.722 Å | (50) |
| 2.558 Å | (10) |
| 2.439 Å | (40) |
| 2.358 Å | (6) |
| 2.305 Å | (16) |
| 2.172 Å | (2) |
| 2.035 Å | (16) |
| 2.172 Å | (2) |
| 2.036 Å | (16) |
| 1.972 Å | (6) |
| 1.908 Å | (6) |
| 1.793 Å | (6) |
| 1.770 Å | (6) |
| 1.680 Å | (16) |
| 1.632 Å | (6) |
| 1.586 Å | (40) |
| 1.549 Å | (10) |
| 1.492 Å | (2) |
| 1.449 Å | (16) |
| 1.416 Å | (6) |
| 1.370 Å | (6) |
| 1.349 Å | (1) |
| 1.328 Å | (10) |
| 1.316 Å | (6) |
| 1.307 Å | (2) |
| 1.250 Å | (6) |
| 1.181 Å | (6) |
| 1.155 Å | (6) |
| 1.137 Å | (2) |
| 1.119 Å | (6) |
| 1.086 Å | (1) |
| 1.057 Å | (6) |
| 1.037 Å | (6) |
| 1.018 Å | (6) |
| 1.586 Å | (40) |
Comments:
ICDD 17-470
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
| 6 : Secondary asteroid phases | 4.566-4.560 |
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 22 : Hydration and low-𝑇 subsurface aqueous alteration (see also #23) | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals] |
Geological Setting:
Low temperature hydrothermal mineral.
Type Occurrence of Cronstedtite
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Cronstedtite
Other Language Names for Cronstedtite
Russian:Кронстедтит
Relationship of Cronstedtite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Amesite | Mg2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Antigorite | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 | Mon. m : Bm |
| Berthierine | (Fe2+,Fe3+,Al)3(Si,Al)2O5(OH)4 | Mon. m : Bm |
| Brindleyite | (Ni,Al)3(Si,Al)2O5(OH)4 | Mon. |
| Caryopilite | Mn2+3Si2O5(OH)4 | Mon. |
| Chrysotile | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 | Mon. m : Bb |
| Fraipontite | (Zn,Al)3((Si,Al)2O5)(OH)4 | Mon. |
| Guidottiite | Mn2Fe3+(Fe3+SiO5)(OH)4 | Hex. 6 : P63 |
| Kellyite | Mn2+2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4 | Hex. 6 : P63 |
| Lizardite | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 | Trig. 3m : P3 1m |
| Népouite | Ni3Si2O5(OH)4 | Orth. |
| Pecoraite | Ni3(Si2O5)(OH)4 | Mon. |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 46 photos of Cronstedtite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 36 photos of Cronstedtite associated with Siderite | FeCO3 |
| 20 photos of Cronstedtite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 11 photos of Cronstedtite associated with Goethite | α-Fe3+O(OH) |
| 5 photos of Cronstedtite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 4 photos of Cronstedtite associated with Galena | PbS |
| 4 photos of Cronstedtite associated with Tetrahedrite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C2+2)Sb4S12S |
| 3 photos of Cronstedtite associated with Pyrrhotite | Fe1-xS |
| 3 photos of Cronstedtite associated with Marcasite | FeS2 |
| 3 photos of Cronstedtite associated with Arsenopyrite | FeAsS |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.ED. | Clinochrysotile | |
| 9.ED.05 | Dickite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.05 | Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.05 | Nacrite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.05 | Odinite | (Fe,Mg,Al,Fe,Ti,Mn)2.4((Si,Al)2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.10 | Halloysite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.10 | Hisingerite | Fe3+2(Si2O5)(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| 9.ED.10 | Hydrohalloysite | Al2Si2O5(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| 9.ED.15 | Amesite | Mg2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Antigorite | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Berthierine | (Fe2+,Fe3+,Al)3(Si,Al)2O5(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Brindleyite | (Ni,Al)3(Si,Al)2O5(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Caryopilite | Mn2+3Si2O5(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Fraipontite | (Zn,Al)3((Si,Al)2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Greenalite | (Fe2+,Fe3+)2-3Si2O5(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Kellyite | Mn2+2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Lizardite | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Manandonite | Li2Al4(Si2AlB)O10(OH)8 |
| 9.ED.15 | Népouite | Ni3Si2O5(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Pecoraite | Ni3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Guidottiite | Mn2Fe3+(Fe3+SiO5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 va | Chromoamesite | Mg2(Al,Cr)(AlSiO5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.20 | Allophane | (Al2O3)(SiO2)1.3-2 · 2.5-3H2O |
| 9.ED.20 | Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| 9.ED.20 | Imogolite | Al2SiO3(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.20 | Neotocite | (Mn,Fe,Mg)SiO3 · H2O |
| 9.ED.25 | Bismutoferrite | Fe3+2Bi(SiO4)2(OH) |
| 9.ED.25 | Chapmanite | Fe3+2Sb3+(Si2O5)O3(OH) |
| 9.ED.30 | Pianlinite | Al2Si2O6(OH)2 |
Fluorescence of Cronstedtite
Not fluorescent in UV
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Cronstedtite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1158.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Cronstedtite
Localities for Cronstedtite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Shen et al. (2022) |
| Shen et al. (2022) | |
| Shen et al. (2022) | |
| Lee et al. (2019) |
Argentina | |
| Howard et al. (2015) |
Armenia | |
| Nazarov et al. ( 1994) |
Australia | |
| Palmer et al. (Oct 2011) +1 other reference |
| Gole (1982) |
Austria | |
| Löffler et al. (2011) |
| Paar et al. (1993) |
Bolivia | |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| Wilson (2001) +2 other references |
| Mineralogical Record: 32: 474. +1 other reference |
Costa Rica | |
| Garvie (2021) |
Czech Republic | |
| Hybler et al. (2017) |
| C. Lemanski (7076CL) |
| Am Min 47 (1962) |
| [Bull.N.M.Praha 2002 |
| Novák +1 other reference |
| Hybler et al. (2021) | |
| Hybler et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Hybler et al. (2016) | |
Denmark | |
| Henning Haack et al. (2012) |
DR Congo | |
| Howard et al. (2015) |
France | |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Marrocchi et al. (2014) +3 other references |
| Forner et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
Germany | |
| F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" (1984) |
| Lapis 15 (7/8) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
Greece | |
| Rieck et al. (2020) |
| Rieck et al. (2020) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
India | |
| Metzler et al. (1992) |
Italy | |
| Carbone et al. (2002) |
| AA. VV. |
| Campostrini (2001) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Ara D. et al. (2013) |
| Stara et al. (1991) | |
Kazakhstan | |
| Jeremolenko (2002) |
Mexico | |
| Martin Števko-unpublished data (confirmed by PXRD and EMPA-WDS) |
| Panczner (1987) |
Morocco | |
| Hybler J. et al. (2021) |
Northwest Africa Meteorites | |
| Jacquet et al. (2016) | |
Norway | |
| Andersen et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
Oman | |
| Ivanova et al. (2003, March) |
Peru | |
| Hyrsl et al. (2003) |
Romania | |
| Huber et al. (1996) |
| A specimen in the British Museum-Rock ... |
Russia | |
| Sachkov et al. (2018) |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Hybler J. et al. (2016) |
| Varček et al. (1990) |
South Africa | |
| Thomas J. Zega & Peter R. Buseck (2003) +1 other reference |
Spain | |
| Joan Abella i Creus (Joanabellacreus@gmail.com) |
| Calvo (1996) |
UK | |
| Hogg (1825) +2 other references |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Clark (1993) +1 other reference | |
Ukraine | |
| Ian D. R. MacKinnon (1980) |
USA | |
| Kauffman et al. (1946) +2 other references |
| Kauffman and Jaffe (1946) +1 other reference | |
| Zolensky (2014) |
| Hoadley (1918) +1 other reference |
| Schooner (circa 1985) |
| Palmer et al. (Oct 2011) +1 other reference |
| Li +3 other references |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Michael C. Michayluk collection |
| Howard et al. (2015) |
Yemen | |
| Zolensky et al. (2003) |
Zambia | |
| MacIntyre (2019) |
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San Antonio Mine, East Camp, Santa Eulalia Mining District, Aquiles Serdán Municipality, Chihuahua, Mexico