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Tapiolite-(Fe)

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Copper Mountain pegmatite District, Bridger Mts (Bridger Range), Fremont Co., Wyoming, USA

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Formula:
(Fe,Mn)(Ta,Nb)
 
2
O
 
6
System:TetragonalColour:Black
Hardness:6 - 6½
Name:Nils Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld named tapiolite in 1863 after Tapio, Finnish god of the forest as the original material was from a granite pegmatite prospect located close to the Kumala farm in the town of Sukula in Finland. Renamed ferrotapiolite in 1983 to distinguish it from manganotapiolite. Later renamed tapiolite-(Fe).
Dimorph of:Columbite-Tantalite


Tapiolite-(Fe)-Tapiolite-(Mn) Series.

Classification of Tapiolite-(Fe)

IMA status:Approved
Strunz 8th edition ID:4/D.04-10
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:4.DB.10

4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
B : With medium-sized cations; chains of edge-sharing octahedra
Dana 8th edition ID:8.3.1.1

8 : MULTIPLE OXIDES CONTAINING NIOBIUM,TANTALUM OR TITANIUM
3 : AB2O6
Hey's CIM Ref.:18.1.47

18 : Niobates and Tantalates
1 : Niobates and tantalates containing neither rare earths nor U
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Type Occurrence of Tapiolite-(Fe)

Type Locality:Tapiolite locality, Kumala, Sukula, Tammela, Southern Finland Region, Finland
Year of Discovery:1863
Geological Setting of type material:Granite pegmatites.

Occurrences of Tapiolite-(Fe)

Geological Setting:Granite pegmatites

Physical Properties of Tapiolite-(Fe)

Lustre:Sub-Adamantine, Metallic, Sub-Metallic
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Opaque
Colour:Black
Streak:Brownish black
Hardness (Mohs):6 - 6½
Tenacity:Brittle
Cleavage:None Observed
Fracture:Irregular/Uneven, Splintery
Density (measured):7.90 g/cm3
Density (calculated):8.17 g/cm3

Crystallography of Tapiolite-(Fe)

Crystal System:Tetragonal
Class (H-M):4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) - Ditetragonal Dipyramidal
Space Group:P42/mnm {P42/m 21/n 2/m}
Cell Parameters:a = 4.762Å, b = 4.762Å, c = 9.272Å
Ratio:a:b:c = 1 : 1 : 1.947
Unit Cell Volume:V 210.26 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:2
Morphology:Short prismatic, nearly equant, rarely elongated. {110}, {100}, {001}, {113}
Twinning:{013} common
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
d-spacingIntensity
4.22 (30)
3.36 (100)
2.58 (90)
2.38 (30)
1.746 (70)
1.680 (30)
1.502 (20)
1.407 (30)
Comments:23-1124

Optical Data of Tapiolite-(Fe)

Type:Uniaxial (+)
RI values: nω = 2.270 nε = 2.420
Birefringence:0.15
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.150

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:Very High
Optical Extinction:Parallel
Pleochroism:Strong
Comments:O = pale reddish brown, E nearly opaque

Chemical Properties of Tapiolite-(Fe)

Formula:
(Fe,Mn)(Ta,Nb)
 
2
O
 
6
Essential elements:Fe, O, Ta
All elements listed in formula:Fe, Mn, Nb, O, Ta

Relationship of Tapiolite-(Fe) to other Species

Series:Forms a series with Tapiolite-(Mn) (see here)
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
4.DB.05Argutite
GeO
 
2
4.DB.05Cassiterite
SnO
 
2
4.DB.05Plattnerite
PbO
 
2
4.DB.05Pyrolusite
MnO
 
2
4.DB.05Rutile
TiO
 
2
4.DB.05Tripuhyite
Fe
3+
 
Sb
5+
 
O
 
4
4.DB.05Tugarinovite
MoO
 
2
4.DB.05Varlamoffite
(Sn,Fe)(O,OH)
 
2
4.DB.10Byströmite
MgSb
 
2
O
 
6
4.DB.10Tapiolite-(Mn)
(Mn,Fe)(Ta,Nb)
 
2
O
 
6
4.DB.10Ordoñezite
ZnSb
 
2
O
 
6
4.DB.15bAkhtenskite
ε-Mn
4+
 
O
 
2
4.DB.15cNsutite
(Mn
4+
 
,Mn
2+
 
)(O,OH)
 
2
4.DB.15aParamontroseite
V
4+
 
O
 
2
4.DB.15aRamsdellite
Mn
4+
 
O
 
2
4.DB.20Scrutinyite
alpha-PbO
 
2
4.DB.25Ishikawaite
U
4+
 
Fe
2+
 
Nb
 
2
O
 
8
4.DB.25Ixiolite
(Ta,Nb,Sn,Fe,Mn)
 
4
O
 
8
4.DB.25Samarskite-(Y)
(Y,Fe
3+
 
,Fe
2+
 
,U,Th,Ca)
 
2
(Nb,Ta)
 
2
O
 
8
4.DB.25Srilankite
ZrTi
 
2
O
 
6
4.DB.25Yttrocolumbite-(Y)
Y(U
4+
 
,Fe
2+
 
)Nb
 
2
O
 
8
4.DB.25Calciosamarskite
(Ca,Fe
3+
 
,Y)
 
2
(Nb,Ta,Ti)
 
2
O
 
8
4.DB.25Samarskite-(Yb)
(Yb,Fe
3+
 
)
 
2
(Nb,Ta)
 
2
O
 
8
4.DB.30Ferberite
FeWO
 
4
4.DB.30Hübnerite
MnWO
 
4
4.DB.30Sanmartinite
(Zn,Fe)WO
 
4
4.DB.30Krasnoselskite
CoWO
 
4
4.DB.30Heftetjernite
ScTaO
 
4
4.DB.30Huanzalaite
MgWO
 
4
4.DB.35Columbite-(Fe)
FeNb
 
2
O
 
6
4.DB.35Tantalite-(Fe)
FeTa
 
2
O
 
6
4.DB.35Columbite-(Mn)
(Mn,Fe)(Nb,Ta)
 
2
O
 
6
4.DB.35Tantalite-(Mn)
MnTa
 
2
O
 
6
4.DB.35Columbite-(Mg)
(Mg,Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)
 
2
O
 
6
4.DB.35Qitianlingite
(Fe,Mn)
 
2
(Nb,Ta)
 
2
WO
 
10
4.DB.35Magnocolumbite
4.DB.35Tantalite-(Mg)
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)(Ta,Nb)
 
2
O
 
6
4.DB.40Ferrowodginite
FeSnTa
 
2
O
 
8
4.DB.40Lithiotantite
Li(Ta,Nb)
 
3
O
 
8
4.DB.40Lithiowodginite
LiTa
 
3
O
 
8
4.DB.40Titanowodginite
MnTiTa
 
2
O
 
8
4.DB.40Wodginite
Mn(Sn,Ta)Ta
 
2
O
 
8
4.DB.40Ferrotitanowodginite
Fe
2+
 
TiTa
 
2
O
 
8
4.DB.40Wolframowodginite
Mn(Mn,Sn,Fe,Ta)(W,Ta,Nb)
 
2
O
 
8
4.DB.45Tivanite
V
3+
 
TiO
 
3
(OH)
4.DB.50Carmichaelite
(Ti,Cr,Fe)[O
 
2-x
(OH)
 
x
]
4.DB.55Alumotantite
AlTaO
 
4
4.DB.60Biehlite
((Sb,As)O)
 
2
[MoO
 
4
]
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
18.1.1Lithiotantite
Li(Ta,Nb)
 
3
O
 
8
18.1.2Lueshite
NaNbO
 
3
18.1.3Natroniobite
NaNbO
 
3
18.1.4Franconite
Na
 
2
Nb
 
4
O
 
11
 · 9H
 
2
O
18.1.5Natrotantite
Na
 
2
Ta
 
4
O
 
11
18.1.6Irtyshite
Na
 
2
(Ta,Nb)
 
4
O
 
11
18.1.7Rankamaite
(Na,K)
 
3
(Ta,Nb,Al)
 
11
(O,OH)
 
31
18.1.8Hydropyrochlore
(H
 
2
O,□)
 
2
Nb
 
2
(O,OH)
 
6
(H
 
2
O)
18.1.9Calciotantite
CaTa
 
4
O
 
11
18.1.10Rynersonite
Ca(Ta,Nb)
 
2
O
 
6
18.1.11Microlite Group
18.1.12Belyankinite
Ca
 
1-2
(Ti,Nb)
 
5
O
 
12
 · 9H
 
2
O (?)
18.1.13Latrappite
(Ca,Na)(Nb,Ti,Fe)O
 
3
18.1.14Hochelagaite
(Ca,Na,Sr)(Nb,Ti,Si,Al)
 
4
O
 
11
 · 8H
 
2
O
18.1.15Bariomicrolite (of Hogarth 1977)
18.1.16Parabariomicrolite
BaTa
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
 · 2H
 
2
O
18.1.17Bariopyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)
18.1.18Alumotantite
AlTaO
 
4
18.1.19Simpsonite
Al
 
4
(Ta,Nb)
 
3
O
 
13
(OH,F)
18.1.20Sosedkoite
(K,Na)
 
5
Al
 
2
(Ta,Nb)
 
22
O
 
60
18.1.21Thoreaulite
(Sn
2+
 
,Pb)(Ta,Nb)
 
2
O
 
6
18.1.22Stannomicrolite (of Hogarth 1977)
18.1.23Foordite
(Sn,Pb)(Nb,Ta)
 
2
O
 
6
18.1.24Changbaiite
PbNb
 
2
O
 
6
18.1.25Plumbopyrochlore (of Skorobogatova et al.)
18.1.26Plumbomicrolite (of Hogarth 1977)
18.1.27Stibiocolumbite
Sb(Nb,Ta)O
 
4
18.1.28Stibiotantalite
Sb(Ta,Nb)O
 
4
18.1.29Natrobistantite
18.1.30Cesplumtantite
(Cs,Na)
 
2
(Pb,Sb
3+
 
)
 
3
Ta
 
8
O
 
24
18.1.31Stibiomicrolite (of Groat et al.)
18.1.32Cesstibtantite
18.1.34Bismutotantalite
Bi(Ta,Nb)O
 
4
18.1.35Bismutomicrolite (of Hogarth 1977)
18.1.36Tantalite-(Mn)
MnTa
 
2
O
 
6
18.1.37Gerasimovskite
(Mn,Ca)(Nb,Ti)
 
5
O
 
12
 · 9H
 
2
O
18.1.38Tapiolite-(Mn)
(Mn,Fe)(Ta,Nb)
 
2
O
 
6
18.1.39Columbite-(Mn)
(Mn,Fe)(Nb,Ta)
 
2
O
 
6
18.1.40Wodginite
Mn(Sn,Ta)Ta
 
2
O
 
8
18.1.41Ixiolite
(Ta,Nb,Sn,Fe,Mn)
 
4
O
 
8
18.1.42Columbite-(Fe)
FeNb
 
2
O
 
6
18.1.43Tantalite-(Fe)
FeTa
 
2
O
 
6
18.1.44Columbite
(Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)
 
2
O
 
6
18.1.45Tantalite
(Fe,Mn)(Ta,Nb)
 
2
O
 
6
18.1.46Tapiolite
(Fe,Mn)(Ta,Nb)
 
2
O
 
6
18.1.48Columbite-(Mg)
(Mg,Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)
 
2
O
 
6
18.1.50Strüverite
(Ti,Ta,Fe)O
 
2
18.1.51 Staringite
(Fe,Mn)
 
x
(Ta,Nb)
 
2x
Sn
 
6-3x
O
 
12

Other Names for Tapiolite-(Fe)

Synonyms:
Ferrotapiolite
Other Languages:
German:Ferrotapiolit
Russian:Ферротапиолит
Spanish:Ferrotapiolita

Other Information

Fluorescence in UV light:Not fluorescent
Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Tapiolite-(Fe)

Reference List:

- +
Nordenskiöld, A. E. (1863): Om tantalitartade mineralier från nejden af Torro. Öfversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar, 20, 443-453

Canadian Mineralogist. 34: 631-647.

Zema, M.; Tarantino, S. C.; Giorgiani, A. (2006): Structural changes induced by cation ordering in ferrotapiolite. Mineralogical Magazine. 70, 319-328.

Internet Links for Tapiolite-(Fe)

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  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
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  • Ferrotapiolite details from Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF)
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    • Localities for Tapiolite-(Fe)

    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    Hide Locality List
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Argentina
     
    • Salta
      • Nevados de Palermo
        • El Quemado District
    		Galliski et al. (2001) Bismutotantalite from northwestern Argentina: description and crystal structure. Can. Min. Vol. 39, pp. 103-110.
    • San Luis
      • Chacabuco Department
        • Sierra de la Estranzuela
    		[MinRec 31:202]
    Australia
     
    • Western Australia
      • Bridgetown-Greenbushes Shire
        • Greenbushes Tinfield
    		Wise, M.A., and Cerny, P., 1996, The crystal chemistry of the tapiolite series: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 34, p. 631-647 (see p. 634).
    Austria
     
    • Carinthia
      • Millstatt lake ridge
        • Spittal
          • Lieser ravine
    		Walter, F. (1998): Exkursion E4 am 27.9.1998 - MinPet 98 (Pörtschach am Wörthersee/Kärnten) - Die Pegmatite des Millstätter See-Rückens. Mitt. Österr. Mineral. Ges. 143, 437-450
          • Wolfsberg
    		G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995
    Brazil
     
    • Minas Gerais
      • Doce valley
        • Divino das Laranjeiras
    		Luis Menezes
        • Galiléia
          • Sapucaia do Norte
    Rick Dalrymple
    Ron Gyllenhammer Collection, Luiz Menezes Label
    • Paraíba
      • Borborema mineral province
        • Frei Martinho
    		Beurlen, H., Da Silva, M.R.R., Thomas, R., Soares, D.R., and Olivier, P. (2008): Mineralium Deposita 43, 207-228.
    Beurlen, H., Da Silva, M.R.R., Thomas, R., Soares, D.R., and Olivier, P. (2008): Mineralium Deposita 43, 207-228.
          • Quixaba
    		Lapis 3/2008, p. 12 (ad)
    Witzke, T., Steins, M., Doering, T., Schuckmann, W., Wegner, R., Pöllmann, H. (2011): Fluornatromicrolite, (Na,Ca,Bi)2Ta2O6F, a new mineral from Quixaba, Paraíba, Brazil. Canadian Mineralogist, 49, 1105-1110
        • Junco do Seridó
    		Beurlen, H., Da Silva, M.R.R., Thomas, R., Soares, D.R., and Olivier, P. (2008): Mineralium Deposita 43, 207-228.
        • Nova Palmeira
    		Beurlen, H., Da Silva, M.R.R., Thomas, R., Soares, D.R., and Olivier, P. (2008): Mineralium Deposita 43, 207-228.
    Beurlen, H., Da Silva, M.R.R., Thomas, R., Soares, D.R., and Olivier, P. (2008): Mineralium Deposita 43, 207-228
    Beurlen, H., Da Silva, M.R.R., Thomas, R., Soares, D.R., and Olivier, P. (2008): Mineralium Deposita 43, 207-228.
        • Pedra Lavrada
    		Beurlen, H., Da Silva, M.R.R., Thomas, R., Soares, D.R., and Olivier, P. (2008): Mineralium Deposita 43, 207-228.
        • Picuí
    		Beurlen, H., Da Silva, M.R.R., Thomas, R., Soares, D.R., and Olivier, P. (2008): Mineralium Deposita 43, 207-228.
    • Rio Grande do Norte
      • Borborema mineral province
        • Acari
    		Beurlen, H., Da Silva, M.R.R., Thomas, R., Soares, D.R., and Olivier, P. (2008): Mineralium Deposita 43, 207-228.
        • Carnaúba dos Dantas
    		Beurlen, H., Da Silva, M.R.R., Thomas, R., Soares, D.R., and Olivier, P. (2008): Mineralium Deposita 43, 207-228.
    Beurlen, H., Da Silva, M.R.R., Thomas, R., Soares, D.R., and Olivier, P. (2008): Mineralium Deposita 43, 207-228.
        • Equador
    		 Paul Bongaerts collection; Canadian Mineralogist (1986): 24: 655-663.
        • Parelhas
    		Beurlen, H., Da Silva, M.R.R., Thomas, R., Soares, D.R., and Olivier, P. (2008): Mineralium Deposita 43, 207-228.
    Canada
     
    • Manitoba
      • Bird River Greenstone Belt
    		M. Masau, P. Cerny, M.A. Cooper, R. Chapman & J. Grice (2002) Can. Mineral. 40, 1649-1655; Morgan Masau, Petr Cerny and Ron Chapman (2000) Exsolution of zirconian-hafnian wodginite from manganoan-tantalian cassiterite, Annie Claim #3 granitic pegmatite, southeastern Manitoba, Canada. The Canadian Mineralogist, 38:685-694.
      • Lac-du-Bonnet area
        • Bernic Lake
    		American Mineralogist, Volume 94, pages 439–450, 2009
    • Northwest Territories
    		Wise, M. and Cerny, P., 1990, Beusite-Triphylite Intergrowths from theYellowknife Pegmatite Field, Northwest Territories, Canadian Mineralogist, v. 28: 133-139.
    • Ontario
      • Kenora District
        • Pickle Lake
    		Taylor, R.P., and Henham, R. (2001): Exploration and Mining Geology 10(1/2), 85-93.
        • Red Lake
    Can. Min. 36, 609; Tindle, A.G., Breaks, F.W., and Selway, J.B. (2002) Tourmaline in petalite-subtype gramitic pegmatites: evidence of fractionation and contamination from Pakeagama Lake and Separation Lake areas of northwestern Ontario, Canada. Canadian Mineralogist, 40, 753-788.
    Tindle, A.G. & Breaks, F.W. (1998) Oxide minerals of the Separation Rapids rare-element granitic pegmatite group, northwestern Ontario. Canadian Mineralogist, 36, 609-635. Tindle, A.G., Breaks, F.W. and Webb, P.C. (1998) Wodginite-group minerals from the Separation Rapids Rare-Element Granitic Pegmatite Group, northwestern Ontario. Canadian Mineralogist, 36, 637-658. ontariominerals.com
    China
     
    • Fujian Province
      • Nanping Prefecture
        • Yanping District
          • Nanping pegmatite field
    		Can Rao, Rucheng Wang, Huan Hu, and Wenlan Zhan (2009): Canadian Mineralogist 47(5), 1195-1212.
    • Xinjiang Autonomous Region
      • Yili Hasake Autonomous Prefecture (Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture)
        • Aletai Prefecture (Altay Prefecture)
          • Fuyun Co. (Koktokay Co.)
            • Koktokay pegmatite field (Keketuohai pegmatite field)
              • Altay Mine
    		Zhang et al. 2004, Min. Mag. Vol 68, pp. 739-756.
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • Karlovy Vary Region
        • Horní Slavkov (Schlaggenwald)
          • Krásno (Schönfeld)
    		Miloš René und Radek Škoda (2011): Nb-Ta-Ti oxides fractionation in rare-metal granites: Krásno-Horní Slavkov ore district, Czech Republic. Mineralogy and Petrology 103, 37-48.
    • Moravia (Mähren; Maehren)
      • Olomouc Region
        • Šumperk (Mährisch Schönberg)
          • Maršíkov (Marchendorf)
    		Novák, M., Černý, P.: Přehled minerálů niobu a tantalu z granitických pegmatitů České republiky. Bulletin mineralogicko-petrografického oddělení Národního muzea v Praze, 1999, roč. 7, s. 117-131.; Novák, M.: Maršíkov - Scheibengraben. In Exkurzní průvodce po mineralogických lokalitách na Sobotínsku. Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci, 2002, Olomouc, s. 38-41.
    Finland
     
    • Southern Finland Region
      • Tammela
        • Sukula
          • Kumala
    		Nordenskiöld A E (1863): Om tantalitartade mineralier från nejden af Torro. Öfversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar, 20, 443-453
    • Southwestern Finland Region
      • Kemiö Island (Kimito Island)
    • Western and Inner Finland Region
      • Orivesi
        • Eräjärvi area
    		Lahti, S. (2000): Compositional variation in columbite group minerals from different types of granitic pegmatites of the Eräjärvi district,South Finland. Journal of the Czech Geological Society. 45 (1-2),107-118
    Lahti, S. (2000): Compositional variation in columbite group minerals from different types of granitic pegmatites of the Eräjärvi district,South Finland. Journal of the Czech Geological Society. 45 (1-2),107-118
    Lahti, S.I., Johanson, B. & Virkkunen, M. (1983): Contribution to the chemistry of tapiolite – manganotapiolite, a new mineral. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland. 55, 101-109.
    Sandström, F. & Lahti, S.I. (2009): Viitaniemipegmatiten i Eräjärvi, Orivesi, Finland. Litofilen 26 (1): 11-38; Lahti, S. (2000): Compositional variation in columbite group minerals from different types of granitic pegmatites of the Eräjärvi district,South Finland. Journal of the Czech Geological Society. 45 (1-2),107-118
    Italy
     
    • Lombardy
      • Lecco Province
        • Colico
    		Banti, M., Banti, R., Sorlini, A. & Tonali, F. (2011). Il filone della Malpensata a Piona (LC). Un classico tra storia e novità. Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 1/2011, 10-28
      • Sondrio Province
        • Bodengo Valley
    		Guastoni, A., et al. (2007): [Title]. Mineralogical Magazine 71,579-585
    • Piedmont
      • Verbano-Cusio-Ossola Province
        • Ossola Valley
          • Domodossola
            • Cosasca
    		Piccoli, G.C., Maletto, G., Bosio, P., Lombardo, B. (2007). Minerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta. Associazione Amici del Museo "F. Eusebio" Alba, Ed., Alba (Cuneo) 607 pp.
          • Vigezzo Valley
            • Craveggia
    		Piccoli, G.C., Maletto, G., Bosio, P., Lombardo, B. (2007): Minerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta. Associazione Amici del Museo "F. Eusebio" Alba, Ed., Alba (Cuneo) 607 pp.
            • Druogno
              • Orcesco
    		Piccoli, G.C., Maletto, G., Bosio, P., Lombardo, B. (2007). Minerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta. Associazione Amici del Museo "F. Eusebio" Alba, Ed., Alba (Cuneo) 607 pp.
            • Trontano
    		Callegari A., Vanini F., 2002. La fersmite della pegmatite di Rio Graia. Riv. Mineral. Ital., 26 (4): 212-215.
    Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)
     
    • Haut-Sassandra region
      • Issia department
        • Issia
    		Allou, B. A.(2006), Expl. & Mining geology 14, 1-4, 61-77
    Allou, B.A. (2006), Expl & Mining Geology 14, 1-4, 61-77
    Allou B.A. et al. (2006), Expl. & Mining Geology. 14, 1-4, 61-77
    Mozambique
     
    • Zambezia Province
      • Alto Ligonha District
    		Dias, M. Bettencourt and Wilson, W. E., 2000, Mineralogical Record, 31:459-497.
    Dias, M. Bettencourt and Wilson, W. E., 2000, Mineralogical Record, 31:459-497.
    Dias, M. Bettencourt and Wilson, W. E., 2000, Mineralogical Record, 31:459-497.
    Slovakia
     
    • Bratislava Region
      • Bratislava Co.
        • Bratislava
          • Devín
    		Chudík P., Uher P., Gadas P., Škoda R., Pršek J., 2011: Niobium-tantalum oxide minerals in the Jezuitské Lesy granitic pegmatite, Bratislava Massif, Slovakia: To to Nb and Fe to Mn evolutionary trends in narrow Be, Cs-rich and Li, B-poor dike. Mineralogy and Petrology, 101, Special Issue: Accessory Minerals.
      • Pezinok Co.
        • Pezinok
          • Slnečné Valley
    		Uher P., Žitňan P., Ozdín D., 2007: Pegmatitic Nb-Ta oxide minerals in alluvial placers from Limbach, Bratislava Massif, Western Carpathians, Slovakia: compositional variations and evolutionary trend. Journal of Geosciences, 52, 1-2, 133-141.
    • Trnava Region
      • Piešťany Co.
    		Uher, P., Broska, I., 1989: Muskovitický pegmatit s obsahom minerálov vzácnych prvkov při Moravanoch n.V. (Považský Inovec). Min.Slovaca, 21,2,163 – 174
    Sweden
     
    • Uppland
      • Sigtuna
        • Arlanda
    		No reference listed
    • Västerbotten
      • Skellefteå
    		Cerny et al. (2004) Can. Min. 89, 505-518
    Switzerland
     
    • Ticino (Tessin)
      • Lago Maggiore
        • Brissago
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 164.
      • Riviera
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 164.
    USA
     
    • Arizona
      • Yavapai Co.
        • Bradshaw Mts (Bradshaw Range)
          • Castle Creek District
            • Castle Creek
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 221-222.
    • California
      • San Diego Co.
        • Warner Springs District
          • Warner Springs
    		Rocks & Minerals, May-June 2003 ; Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, Vol. 36, No. 5, p. 44
    • Colorado
      • Moffat Co.
        • Great Divide Area
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • Park Co.
        • Lake George (Badger Flats) Beryllium Area (Mountain Dale)
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
    • Maine
      • Oxford Co.
        • Buckfield
    		MinRec. 25(3):175-184
        • Peru
    		No reference listed
      • Sagadahoc Co.
        • Topsham
    		King, V. and Foord, E., 1994, Mineralogy of Maine.
    • New Hampshire
      • Grafton Co.
        • Groton
    		Whitmore & Lawrence, 2004. The Pegmatite Mines Known As Palermo, p. 96.
    • North Carolina
      • Yancey Co.
        • Spruce Pine District
          • Burnsville
            • Hurricane Mountain
    		"Mineralogy and History of the Ray Mica Mine, Yancey County, NC"
    • Wisconsin
      • Marathon Co.
    		Rocks & Min. (2007) 82:233
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