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Gehlenite

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Big Photo

Monzoni Mts, Fassa Valley, Trento Province, Trentino-Alto Adige, Italy
© D.Respino

Show Gehlenite Photos (34)



Formula:
Ca
 
2
Al(AlSiO
 
7
)
System:TetragonalColour:yellow-brown, ...
Hardness:5 - 6
Member of:Melilite Group
Name:
After the German chemist, Adolf Ferdinand Gehlen (1775-1815).


Gehlenite-Åkermanite Series.

Classification of Gehlenite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:8/C.02-15
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:9.BB.10

9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
B : Sorosilicates
B : Si2O7 groups, without non-tetrahedral anions; cations in tetrahedral [4] and greater coordination
Dana 8th edition ID:55.4.1.2

55 : SOROSILICATES Si2O7 Groups,Generally with no Additional Anions
4 : Si2O7 Groups, Generally with No Additional Anions with cations in [8] and lower coordination
Hey's CIM Ref.:16.9.1

16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
9 : Aluminosilicates of Ca
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Type Occurrence of Gehlenite

Type Locality:Monzoni Mts, Fassa Valley, Trento Province, Trentino-Alto Adige, Italy
Year of Discovery:1815

Physical Properties of Gehlenite

Lustre:Vitreous, Greasy
Colour:yellow-brown, colourless, greenish grey
Streak:white, grey-white
Hardness (Mohs):5 - 6
Cleavage:Distinct/Good

Crystallography of Gehlenite

Crystal System:Tetragonal
Class (H-M):4 2m - Scalenohedral
Space Group:P4 21m
Cell Parameters:a = 7.6850(4) Å, c = 5.0636(3) Å
Ratio:a:c = 1 : 0.659
Unit Cell Volume:V 299.05 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:2
Comment:Synthetic material.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
d-spacingIntensity
3.066 (43)
2.848 (100)
2.738 (32)
2.437 (38)
1.921 (64)
1.818 (75)
1.768 (36)

Optical Data of Gehlenite

Type:Uniaxial (-)
RI values: nω = 1.670 nε = 1.660
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.010

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:Moderate

Chemical Properties of Gehlenite

Formula:
Ca
 
2
Al(AlSiO
 
7
)
Essential elements:Al, Ca, O, Si
All elements listed in formula:Al, Ca, O, Si
Common Impurities:Ti,Fe,Mg,Mn,Na,K

Relationship of Gehlenite to other Species

Series:Forms a series with Åkermanite (see here)
Member of:Melilite Group
Other Members of Group:

- +
Åkermanite
Ca
 
2
Mg(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)
Alumoåkermanite
(Ca,Na)
 
2
(Al,Mg,Fe
2+
 
)(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)
Ferri-gehlenite
Ca
 
2
Fe
3+
 
AlSiO
 
7
Gugiaite
Ca
 
2
Be(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)
Hardystonite
Ca
 
2
Zn(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)
Okayamalite
Ca
 
2
B(BSiO
 
7
)
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
9.BB.10Åkermanite
Ca
 
2
Mg(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)
9.BB.10Cebollite
Ca
 
5
Al
 
2
(SiO
 
4
)
 
3
(OH)
 
4
9.BB.10Gugiaite
Ca
 
2
Be(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)
9.BB.10Hardystonite
Ca
 
2
Zn(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)
9.BB.10Jeffreyite
(Ca,Na)
 
2
(Be,Al)(Si
 
2
O
 
7
,HSi
 
2
O
 
7
)
9.BB.10Okayamalite
Ca
 
2
B(BSiO
 
7
)
9.BB.10Alumoåkermanite
(Ca,Na)
 
2
(Al,Mg,Fe
2+
 
)(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)
9.BB.15Barylite
Be
 
2
Ba(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)
9.BB.15Clinobarylite
Be
 
2
Ba(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)
9.BB.20Andrémeyerite
BaFe
2+
2
(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
16.9.2Anorthite
CaAl
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
8
16.9.3Yoshiokaite
(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)O
 
4
]
16.9.4Svyatoslavite
CaAl
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
8
16.9.5Dmisteinbergite
CaAl
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
8
16.9.6Grossular
Ca
 
3
Al
 
2
(SiO
 
4
)
 
3
16.9.7Vuagnatite
CaAl(SiO
 
4
)(OH)
16.9.8Zoisite
{Ca
 
2
}{Al
 
3
}(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)(SiO
 
4
)O(OH)
16.9.9Clinozoisite
{Ca
 
2
}{Al
 
3
}(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)(SiO
 
4
)O(OH)
16.9.10Prehnite
Ca
 
2
Al
 
2
Si
 
3
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
16.9.11Kamaishilite
Ca
 
2
(Al
 
2
SiO
 
6
)(OH)
 
2
16.9.12Bicchulite
Ca
 
2
(Al
 
2
SiO
 
6
)(OH)
 
2
16.9.13Margarite
CaAl
 
2
(Al
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
10
)(OH)
 
2
16.9.14Chantalite
CaAl
 
2
(SiO
 
4
)(OH)
 
4
16.9.15Cebollite
Ca
 
5
Al
 
2
(SiO
 
4
)
 
3
(OH)
 
4
16.9.17Katoite
Ca
 
3
Al
 
2
(SiO
 
4
)
 
3-x
(OH)
 
4x
16.9.18Lawsonite
CaAl
 
2
(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)(OH)
 
2
 · H
 
2
O
16.9.19Parthéite
CaAl
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
8
 · 2H
 
2
O
16.9.20Wairakite
Ca(Al
 
2
Si
 
4
O
 
12
) · 2H
 
2
O
16.9.21Vertumnite
Ca
 
4
Al
 
4
Si
 
4
O
 
6
(OH)
 
24
 · 3H
 
2
O
16.9.22Scolecite
CaAl
 
2
Si
 
3
O
 
10
 · 3H
 
2
O
16.9.23Laumontite
CaAl
 
2
Si
 
4
O
 
12
 · 4H
 
2
O
16.9.24Yugawaralite
CaAl
 
2
Si
 
6
O
 
16
 · 4H
 
2
O
16.9.25Gismondine-Ca
CaAl
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
8
 · 4H
 
2
O
16.9.26Epistilbite
CaAl
 
2
Si
 
6
O
 
16
 · 5H
 
2
O
16.9.27Goosecreekite
Ca[Al
 
2
Si
 
6
O
 
16
] · 5H
 
2
O
16.9.28Cowlesite
CaAl
 
2
Si
 
3
O
 
10
 · 6H
 
2
O
16.9.30Stellerite
Ca[Al
 
2
Si
 
7
O
 
18
] · 7H
 
2
O
16.9.31Strätlingite
Ca
 
2
Al
 
2
SiO
 
7
 · 8H
 
2
O
16.9.32Amstallite
CaAl(Si,Al)
 
4
O
 
8
(OH)
 
4
 · (H
 
2
O,Cl)

Other Names for Gehlenite

Synonyms:
Velardenite
Other Languages:
German:Adiaphanspat
Gehlenit
Russian:Геленит
Spanish:Gehlenita

Other Information

Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Gehlenite

Reference List:

- +
Christie, O.H.J. (1961) On sub-solidus relations of silicates; IV. The system åkermanite-sodium-gehlenite and gehlenite-sodium-gehlenite. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift: 42: 31-44.

Louisnathan, S.J. (1971), Refinement of the crystal structure of a natural gehlenite, Ca2Al(Al,Si)2O7: Canadian Mineralogist: 10: 822-837.

Hemingway, B.S. and Robie, R.A. (1984) Heat capacity and thermodynamic functions for gehlenite and staurolite: with comments on the Schottky anomaly in the heat capacity of staurolite. American Mineralogist: 69: 307-318.

Bouhifd, M.A., Gruener, G., Mysen, B.O., and Richet, P. (2002) Premelting and calcium mobility in gehlenite (Ca2Al2SiO7) and parawollastonite (CaSiO3). Physics and Chemistry of Minerals: 29: 655-662.

Internet Links for Gehlenite

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  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
  • American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database
  • Gehlenite details from Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF)
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    • Localities for Gehlenite

    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    Hide Locality List
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Australia
     
    • South Australia
      • Leigh Creek
    		Baker, G. (1953): Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 76, 1-20.
    Austria
     
    • Burgenland
      • Oberpullendorf
        • Kobersdorf
          • Pauliberg
    		U. Kolitsch, W. Postl, H.-P. Bojar and W. Trattner (2009): Die Mineralvorkommen im Basalt des Pauliberges. In: Autorenkollektiv (Red. M. A. Götzinger und P. Huber) (2009): Die Mineralien des Burgenlandes - Geologie, Mineralogie und mineralische Rohstoffe. – Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten aus dem Burgenland, Band 126, Amt der Burgenländischen Landesregierung, Abteilung 7 - Landesmuseum, Eisenstadt, 83-99.
    • Styria
      • Bad Radkersburg
        • Klöch
    		R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993)
    Canada
     
    • Newfoundland and Labrador
      • Labrador
    		OWENS, B.E. & KREMSER, P.T. (2010) Åkermanite breakdown to cuspidine-bearing sympectite in a calc-silicate xenolith, Kiglapait intrusion, Labrador, Canada. Canadian Mineralogist 48, 809-819.
    • Québec
      • Montréal
    		Dolan (1923)
    China
     
    • Anhui Province
      • Huaibei Prefecture
        • Suixi Co.
          • Sanpu ore field
    		Yiming Zhao, Yinan Zhang, and Chengsi Bi (1999): Ore Geology Reviews 14, 227-249.
    • Tibet Autonomous Region
      • Shannan Prefecture (Lhokha Prefecture; Lhoka Prefecture)
        • Qusum Co. (Qusong Co.)
    		Wenji Bai, Jingsui Yang, Qingsong Fang, Binggan Yan, and Zhongming Zhang (2001): Earth Science Frontiers 8(3), 111-121
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • Central Bohemia Region
        • Kutná Hora (Kuttenberg)
          • Poličany
            • Vrchlice river valley
    		Pauliš P. Mineralogické lokality okolí Kutné Hory. Kuttna, Kutná Hora 1999. ISBN 80-902719-0-1.
      • Ústí Region
        • Duchcov (Dux)
    		Žáček V., Skála R., Chlupáčová M., Dvořák Z. 2005: Ca-Fe3+-rich, Si-undersaturated buchite from Želénky, North-Bohemian Brown Coal Basin, Czech Republic. Eur. J. Mineral., 17, 623-633
    Germany
     
    • Lower Saxony
      • Harz
        • Bad Harzburg
    		No reference listed
    • Rhineland-Palatinate
      • Eifel
        • Daun
          • Üdersdorf
    		Schüller, W., Betz, V., Die Mineralien vom Emmelberg, Lapis 12/1986
        • Laach lake volcanic complex
          • Wassenach
    		Hentschel, G., (1987): Die Mineralien der Eifelvulkane, Weise Verlag, München (second edition)
        • Mayen
          • Ettringen
            • Bellerberg volcano
    		Hentschel, G. (1987): Die Mineralien der Eifelvulkane, Weise (München), 2. Auflage
              • Southern lava flow
                • Mayener Feld
    		Fischer, R.X. Tillmanns, E. (1983): Die Kristallstrukturen von natürlichem Na2Ca2Si3O9 vom Mt. Shaheru (Zaire) und aus dem Mayener Feld (Eifel), N. Jb. Mineral. Mh. 49-59
              • Western lava flow
    		Hentschel, G. (1961): Seltene Mineralneubildungen in einem Kalksteineinschluß der Lava des Ettringer Bellerberges, Fortschritte Mineralogie, Vol. 39, 345
        • Mendig
          • Niedermendig
    		Hentschel, G., Die Mineralien der Eifelvulkane, Weise Verlag München, 1983
        • Polch
          • Ochtendung
    		Blass, G., Graf , HW., Die Wannenköpfe bei Ochtendung in der Vulkaneifel und ihre Mineralien, MW 6/1999
    Greece
     
    • Attikí (Attica; Attika) Prefecture
      • Lavrion (Laurion; Laurium) District
    		Schnorrer-Köhler, G., Standfuss, L. & Standfuss, K. (1991): Neue Funde aus den antiken Schlacken von Lavrion, Griechenland. Lapis, 16 (6), 21-23; 58.
    Hungary
     
    • Pest Co.
      • Pilis Mts.
        • Pomáz
    		Fehér, B. (2000): Gehlenitic xenoliths from the Klanác Hill, Pomáz, Visegrád Mountains, Hungary. Acta Mineralogica-Petrographica (Szeged), XLI, Suppl., 39.
    Iran
     
    • East Azarbaijan Province (East Azerbaijan Province)
      • Ahar County
        • Ahar
    		Mollai, H., Sharma, R., and Pe-Piper, G. (2009): Ore Geology Reviews 35, 401-414.
    Israel
     
    • Negev
    		Sharygin, V.V., Sokol, E.V. & Vapnik, Ye. (2008): Minerals of the pseudobinary perovskite-brownmillerite series from combustion metamorphic larnite rocks of the Hatrurim Formation (Israel). Russian Geology and Geophysics 49, 709-726.
    Gross, S. (1977): The Mineralogy of the Hatrurim Formation, Israel. Geological Survey of Israel, Bulletin no. 70, 80 pp.
    Italy
     
    • Campania
      • Naples Province
        • Somma-Vesuvius Complex
    		[Lapis 1994:5 p.13-23,58]
            • Pollena - Trocchia area
    		Russo, M. & Punzo, I. (2004): I minerali del Somma-Vesuvio. AMI, Ed., Cremona, Italy, 320 pp.
    • Latium
      • Rome Province
        • Bracciano Lake
    		Schingaro, E. et al. (2001): Crystal chemistry of Kimzeyite from Anguillara, Mts. Sabatini, Italy, European Journal of Mineralogy, Vol. 13, 749-759
        • Rome
    		Gresta, S., Duronio, F., Mancinella D. (2002): Geositi e Sistema delle Aree Protette del Lazio: idee per la geoconservazione. Il Cercapietre. Not. del Gruppo Mineralogico Romano, 1-2: 48-55
          • Valleranello
        • Sacrofano Caldera
          • Magliano Romano
    		Stoppani, F.S. & Curti, E. (1982): I minerali del Lazio. Editoriale Olimpia, Firenze, 291 pp.
          • Sacrofano
      • Viterbo Province
        • Montalto di Castro
          • Pietra Massa Locality
    		Passaglia, E. & Turconi, B. (1982): Silicati ed altri minerali di Montalto di Castro - VT. Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 4/1982, 97-110.
    Lapis 28(12), 19-28 (2003)
    • Piedmont
      • Torino Province
        • Canavese District
          • Chiusella Valley
            • Traversella
    		Piccoli, G.C., Maletto, G., Bosio, P., Lombardo, B. (2007). Minerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta. Associazione Amici del Museo "F. Eusebio" Alba, Ed., Alba (Cuneo) 607 pp.
    • Sardinia
      • Medio Campidano Province
        • Arbus
    		Preite, D., & Zuanel, A. (2007). Montevecchio: storia, miniere e minerali. Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 31 (4), 230-246.
    • Trentino-Alto Adige
      • Trento Province
        • Fassa Valley
    		J. N. Fuchs (1815) J. Phys. Chem. (Schweigger), 15, 377
    De Michele, V. (1974). Guida mineralogica d'Italia. Istituto Geografico De Agostini, Novara, 2 vol.
    De Michele, V. (1974). Guida mineralogica d'Italia. Istituto Geografico De Agostini, Novara, 2 vol.
    De Michele, V. (1974). Guida mineralogica d'Italia. Istituto Geografico De Agostini, Novara, 2 vol.
    Exel, R. (1987): Guida mineralogica del Trentino e del Sudtirolo. Athesia, Bolzano, 204 pp.
        • Fiemme Valley
    		De Michele, V. (1974). Guida mineralogica d'Italia. Istituto Geografico De Agostini, Novara, 2 vol.
    • Tuscany
      • Grosseto Province
        • Pitigliano
    		Liotti L., 1991. I minerali dei vulcani laziali a Pitigliano (Grosseto). Riv. Mineral. Ital., 15: 121-139.
    • Umbria
      • Perugia Province
        • Spoleto
    		Stoppa F., Sharygin V.V., 2009. Melilitolite intrusion and pelite digestion by high temperature kamafugitic magma at Colle Fabbri, Spoleto, Italy. Lithos, 112, 306-320.
    Japan
     
    • Honshu Island
      • Chubu Region
        • Gifu Prefecture
          • Ena City
    		Excalibur Mineral Co. specimens
      • Chugoku Region
        • Hiroshima prefecture
          • Hiba-gun
    		Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan)
        • Okayama Prefecture
          • Takahashi City
            • Bitchu-cho-fuka (Bicchu-cho-fuka)
    		Mineralogical Record: 27: 304.; Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences Vol. 99 (2004) , No. 2 April 67-71
      • Tohoku Region
        • Fukushima Prefecture
    		Matsuyama, F. (2001)
        • Iwate Prefecture
          • Esashi City
    		Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan)
          • Kamaishi City
    		Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan)
    Mexico
     
    • Coahuila
      • Mun. de Sierra Mojada
        • Sierra Mojada
    		Mineralogical Magazine 1964 33 : 841-852
    • Durango
      • Mun. de Cuencamé
        • Velardeña District
          • Velardeña
    		Panczner (1987): 206.
    Morocco
     
    • Meknès-Tafilalet Region
      • Er Rachidia Province
        • Erfoud (Erfud)
          • Rissani
    		Caltech, photomicrograph by Chi Ma.
    New Zealand
     
    • North Island
      • Northland
        • Kaipara
    		Mason, B. (1957): Larnite, scawtite, and hydrogrossular from Tokatoka, New Zealand. American Mineralogist 42, 379-392.
    Outer Space
     
    Gornitz, V. (2007) Hot & cold origins: the mineralogy of a comet. Mineral News, 23, #1, 1-4.
    Palestine
     
    • West Bank
      • Hatrurim Formation
    		Seryotkin Y.V., Sokol E.V. & Kokh S.N. 2012: Natural pseudowollastonite: Crystal structure, associated minerals, and geological context. Lithos, vol. 134-135, pp. 75-90; Seryotkin, Yu.V., Sokol, E.V., Kokh, S.N. (2012): Natural pseudowollastonite: Crystal structure, associated minerals, and geological context. Lithos, 134–135, 75-90.
    Romania
     
    • Caraş-Severin Co.
      • Banat Mts
        • Oraviţa-Ciclova Cu-Mo-(W) ore field
    		Ştefan Marincea, Delia-Georgeta Dumitraş, Cristina Ghineţ, André-Mathieu Fransolet, Frédéric Hatert, and Mélanie Rondeaux (2011) GEHLENITE FROM THREE OCCURRENCES OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE SKARNS, ROMANIA: NEW MINERALOGICAL DATA. Canadian Mineralogist, 49:1001-1014.
    Marincea, S., Dumitraş. D-G., Ghinet, C, Fransolet, A.-M., Hatert, F. & Rondeaux, M. (2011): Gehlenite from three occurrences of high-temperature skarns, Romania: new mineralogical data. Canadian Mineralogist. 49, 1001-1014
    • Harghita Co.
      • Odorheiu Secuiesc (Székelyudvarhely; Oderhellen)
        • Racoş (Racoşu de Jos)
    		Szakáll, S., Almási, E., Köllı, A., Sajó, I., Vezzalini, G. (2006): New data about the minerals of the copper ore deposit at Balan (East Carpathians) and of limestone xenolithes from basalt at Racosu de Jos (Persani Mts.), Romania. Acta Mineral.-Petrogr., Abstr. Ser. 5, p. 112. [http://www.mineral.hermuz.hu/acta_05/pdf/szakalls1.pdf]; Szakáll, S. & Kristály, F., Eds. (2010): Mineralogy of Székelyland, Eastern Transylvania, Romania. Csík County Nature and Conservation Society, Miercurea-Ciuc, Romania, 321 pp.
    • Hunedoara Co.
      • Hunedoara
    		Canadian Mineralogist: 39: 1435-1453.
    Marincea, S., Dumitraş. D-G., Ghinet, C, Fransolet, A.-M., Hatert, F. & Rondeaux, M. (2011): Gehlenite from three occurrences of high-temperature skarns, Romania: new mineralogical data. Canadian Mineralogist. 49, 1001-1014
    Martins da Pedra collection
    Russia
     
    • Eastern-Siberian Region
      • Prebaikalia (Pribaikal'e)
        • Irkutskaya Oblast'
          • Narin-Kunta
    		P.M. Kartashov data; Armbruster, T., Lazic, B., Gfeller, F., Galuskin, E.V., Galuskina, I.O., Savelyeva, V.B., Zadov, A.E., Pertsev, N.N., Dzierżanowski, P. (2011): Chlorine content and crystal chemistry of dellaite from the Birkhin gabbro massif, Eastern Siberia, Russia. Mineralogical Magazine, 75, 379-394.
    Sweden
     
    • Medelpad
      • Timrå
    		Sandström, F., Binett, T., Wiklund, C. & Vikström, J. (2010): Alnöområdets geologi och mineralogi. Litiofilen. 27 (2) :14-42
    Uganda
     
    • Kabarole District
    		Barker, D.S. and Nixon, P.H. (1989) High-Ca, low-alkali carbonatite volcanism at Fort Portal, Uganda. Contributions to Minralogy and Petrology.: 103: 166-177.
    UK
     
    • Northern Ireland
      • Co. Antrim
        • Glenoe
    		P. A. Sabine, M. T. Styles and B. R. Young (1985) The Nature and Paragenesis of Natural Bredigite and Associated Minerals from Carneal and Scawt Hill, Co. Antrim. Mineralogical Magazine 49:663-670.
        • Larne
    		American Mineralogist: 33: 786
    • Scotland
      • North West Highlands (Inverness-shire)
        • Isle of Muck
    		Tilley, C.E. (1947) The gabbro-limestone contact zone of Camas Mor, Muck, Inverness-shire. Comptes Rendus de la Société geologique de Finlande, No. 140, 97–105.
    USA
     
    • California
      • Inyo Co.
        • Darwin District
          • Darwin
    		Am Min (1962) 47:1003-1005
        • Death Valley National Park
          • Panamint Mts (Panamint Range)
            • Ubehebe District
    		Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 259.
      • Riverside Co.
        • Crestmore
          • Crestmore quarries
            • Sky Blue Hill
    		Larsen, Esper Signius & William F. Foshag (1921), Merwinite, a new calcium magnesium orthosilicate from Crestmore, California: American Mineralogist:6: 144; Woodford, A.O., Crippen, R.A., and Garner, K.B. (1941) Section Across Commercial Quarry, Crestmorre, California. American Mineralogist: 26: 352-381; Woodford, A.O. (1943), Crestmore minerals: California Division Mines Report 39: 358; Burnham, C. W. (1959), Contact metamorphism of magnesian limestones at Crestmore, California Geological Society of America Bulletin: 70: 880; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 494.
    Woodford, A.O., Crippen, R.A., and Garner, K.B. (1941) Section Across Commercial Quarry, Crestmore, California. American Mineralogist: 26: 352-381.
    Woodford, A.O., Crippen, R.A., and Garner, K.B. (1941) Section Across Commercial Quarry, Crestmorre, California. American Mineralogist: 26: 352-381.
    Shannon, Earl Victor (1922), Velarsenite from a new locality in Tulare County, California: US National Museum Proceedings: 60, art. 22, 4 pp.:
    • Colorado
      • Gunnison Co.
        • White Earth District (Powderhorn District)
    • Maine
      • Oxford Co.
        • Stoneham
    		Bastin, Edson Sunderland (1911) Geology of the pegmatites and associated rocks of Maine, including feldspar, quartz, mica, and gem deposits. USGS Bulletin 445.
    • New Mexico
      • Luna Co.
        • Camel Mountain-Eagle Nest District
    		NMBGMR Open-file Report OF-459
    Handbook of Mineralogy - Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols
    Northrop, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd rev. ed., 1996
    • Texas
      • Culberson Co.
        • Apache Peak area
    		Rocks & Minerals: 66(3): 196-224.
      • Uvalde Co.
    • Virginia
      • Highland Co.
    		Minerals of Virginia, 1990 by R. V. Dietrich
    • Wyoming
      • Campbell Co.
        • Reno Junction
    		American Mineralogist, Volume 73, pages 1440-1448, 1988
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