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Groutite

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Black Water Mine, Black Mesa Basin, Apache Co., Arizona, USA
© Christian Rewitzer

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Formula:
Mn
3+
 
O(OH)
System:OrthorhombicColour:Black, may be iridescent
Hardness:3½ - 4
Member of:Diaspore Group
Name:
Named in 1945 by John W. Gruner in honor of Frank Fitch Grout (August 1, January 24, 1880 Rockford, Illinois - August 1, 1958 Minneapolis, MN), petrologist, University of Minnesota, USA.
Isostructural with:Diaspore


Diaspore Group.

Classification of Groutite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:4/F.06-80
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:4.FD.10

4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
F : Hydroxides (without V or U)
D : Hydroxides with OH, without H2O; chains of edge-sharing octahedra
Dana 8th edition ID:6.1.1.3

6 : HYDROXIDES AND OXIDES CONTAINING HYDROXYL
1 : XO(OH)
Hey's CIM Ref.:7.18.8

7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
18 : Oxides of Mn
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Type Occurrence of Groutite

Co-type Localities:Mahnomen pit, Ironton, Cuyuna North Range, Crow Wing Co., Minnesota, USA
Sagamore Mangan No. 2 pit, Ironton, Cuyuna North Range, Crow Wing Co., Minnesota, USA
Year of Discovery:1945

Physical Properties of Groutite

Lustre:Sub-Adamantine, Resinous, Waxy, Greasy, Dull
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Opaque
Colour:Black, may be iridescent
Streak:dark brown
Hardness (Mohs):3½ - 4
Hardness (Vickers):VHN100=630 - 711 kg/mm2
Tenacity:Brittle
Cleavage:Perfect
Perfect on {010}
Less perfect {100}
Fracture:Irregular/Uneven, Splintery
Density (measured):4.144 g/cm3
Density (calculated):4.172 g/cm3

Crystallography of Groutite

Crystal System:Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:Pnma {P21/n 21/m 21/a}
Cell Parameters:a = 4.56Å, b = 10.7Å, c = 2.87Å
Ratio:a:b:c = 0.426 : 1 : 0.268
Unit Cell Volume:V 140.03 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:4
Morphology:Wedge- or lens-shaped crystals
Twinning:Reported
Comment:Non-standard group Pnmd
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
d-spacingIntensity
4.20 (100)
2.81 (30)
2.67 (30)
2.53 (10)
2.37 (50)
2.31 (20)
1.69 (30)
1.61 (20)
Comments:24:1233

Optical Data of Groutite

Type:Biaxial (+)
RI values: nα = 2.100 - 2.200 nγ = 2.100
2V:Measured: 40° to 50°
Birefringence:0.1
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.000

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:Moderate
Optical Extinction:Parallel
Pleochroism:Strong
Comments:X= very dark brown to black
Y= yellowish brown

Chemical Properties of Groutite

Formula:
Mn
3+
 
O(OH)
Essential elements:H, Mn, O
All elements listed in formula:H, Mn, O

Relationship of Groutite to other Species

Member of:Diaspore Group
Other Members of Group:

- +
Bracewellite
CrO(OH)
Diaspore
AlO(OH)
Goethite
α-Fe
3+
 
O(OH)
Montroseite
(V
3+
 
,Fe
3+
 
)O(OH)
Tsumgallite
GaO(OH)
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
4.FD.05Spertiniite
Cu(OH)
 
2
4.FD.10Bracewellite
CrO(OH)
4.FD.10Diaspore
AlO(OH)
4.FD.10Goethite
α-Fe
3+
 
O(OH)
4.FD.10Guyanaite
CrO(OH)
4.FD.10Montroseite
(V
3+
 
,Fe
3+
 
)O(OH)
4.FD.10Tsumgallite
GaO(OH)
4.FD.15Manganite
Mn
3+
 
O(OH)
4.FD.20Yttrotungstite-(Y)
YW
 
2
O
 
6
(OH)
 
3
4.FD.20Yttrotungstite-(Ce)
(Ce,Nd,Y)W
 
2
O
 
6
(OH)
 
3
4.FD.20Unnamed (Nd-analogue of Yttrotungstite-(Ce) )
(Nd,Ce, La)W
 
2
O
 
6
(OH)
 
3
4.FD.25Frankhawthorneite
Cu
 
2
Te
6+
 
O
 
4
(OH)
 
2
4.FD.30Khinite
Pb
2+
 
Cu
2+
3
Te
6+
 
O
 
6
(OH)
 
2
4.FD.30Parakhinite
Pb
2+
 
Cu
2+
3
Te
6+
 
O
 
6
(OH)
 
2
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
7.18.1Manganosite
MnO
7.18.2Hausmannite
MnMn
 
2
O
 
4
7.18.3Pyrolusite
MnO
 
2
7.18.4Ramsdellite
Mn
4+
 
O
 
2
7.18.5Akhtenskite
ε-Mn
4+
 
O
 
2
7.18.6Feitknechtite
Mn
3+
 
O(OH)
7.18.7Manganite
Mn
3+
 
O(OH)
7.18.9Nsutite
(Mn
4+
 
,Mn
2+
 
)(O,OH)
 
2
7.18.10Pyrochroite
Mn(OH)
 
2
7.18.11Birnessite
(Na,Ca)
 
0.5
(Mn
4+
 
,Mn
3+
 
)
 
2
O
 
4
 · 1.5H
 
2
O
7.18.12Aurorite
(Mn
2+
 
,Ag,Ca)Mn
4+
3
O
 
7
 · 3H
 
2
O
7.18.13Cianciulliite
Mn(Mg,Mn)
 
2
Zn
 
2
(OH)
 
10
 · 2-4H
 
2
O

Other Names for Groutite

Other Languages:
German:Groutit
Russian:Гроутит
Simplified Chinese:锰榍石
Spanish:Groutita

Other Information

Fluorescence in UV light:Not fluorescent
Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:Manganese ore

References for Groutite

Reference List:

- +
American Mineralogist (1947): 32: 654-659.

Acta Crystallographica: 24: 1233-1236.

Kohler, T., Armbruster, T., and Libowitzky, E. (1997) Hydrogen bonding and Jahn-Teller distortion in groutite, α-MnOOH, and manganite, γ-MnOOH, and their relations to the manganese dioxides ramsdellite and pyrolusite. Journal of Solid State Chemistry: 133: 486-500.

Internet Links for Groutite

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    • Localities for Groutite

    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    Hide Locality List
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Argentina
     
    • Córdoba
      • Minas Department
    		Sureda (1978): Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina 33(4):299-324
    Australia
     
    • South Australia
      • Eyre Peninsula
        • Middleback Range
          • Iron Knob
    		No reference listed
    • Western Australia
      • Ashburton Shire
    		[MinRec 24:203]; Min. Record 24,203-218(1993)
    Mineralogical Record 24,203-216,218.
    Austria
     
    • Carinthia
      • Gailtaler Alpen & Karnische Alpen
        • Bleiberg District
    		G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995
    Canada
     
    • Nova Scotia
      • Hants Co.
        • Walton
    		Canadian Mineralogist 9 (1969) 718-720.
    • Ontario
      • Rainy River District
        • Hutchinson Township
          • Atikokan
    		Richard Gunter specimen (ID by XRD)
    • Québec
      • Estrie
        • Les Sources RCM
          • Asbestos
    		Grice, J.D. and Williams, R. (1979): Famous mineral localities: The Jeffrey Mine, Asbestos, Québec. Mineralogical Record, 10(2):69-80
    China
     
    • Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
      • Hulunbuir League (Hulunbei'er Prefecture)
        • New Barag Right Banner (Xin Barag Youqi)
    		Zhicheng Lü, Paiping Zhang, Guozheng Duan, Libo Hao, and Guanghua Dong (2002): Journal of Mineraloy and Petrology 22(1), 1-5
    • Sichuan Province
      • Leshan Prefecture
        • Jinkouhe District
    		Xingfen Wang (1989): Geology and Prospecting 25(12), 8-11
    France
     
    • Franche-Comté
      • Haute-Saône
        • Faucogney-et-la-Mer
          • Esmoulières
            • Saphoz
    		Wittern, Journée: "Mineralien finden in den Vogesen", von Loga (Cologne), 1997
    Perseil, E. A. (1975) - Nature and mineralogical studies of manganese oxides and carbonates in Faucogney (Haute-Saone). Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, D, 280, 1931-1934
    Perseil, E. A. (1975) - Nature and mineralogical studies of manganese oxides and carbonates in Faucogney (Haute-Saone). Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, D, 280, 1931-1934
    • Midi-Pyrénées
      • Ariège
    		Perseil, E. A. (1967): Manganese mineralization of the Upper Devonian in Las Cabesses (Ariege). Comptes Rendus du Congres National des Societes Savantes, Section des Sciences 91 (Part 2), 313-321.
      • Hautes-Pyrénées
        • Aure Valley
          • Vielle Aure
    		DE ASCENCAO GUEDES R., TIXADOR Y., CASTERET A. & GOUJOU JC. (2002) La mine de Coustou, Vielle-Aure, Hautes-Pyrénées. Le Règne Minéral, 47, 23-31. (in french)
    Germany
     
    • Baden-Württemberg
      • Black Forest
        • Titisee-Neustadt
          • Eisenbach
    		S. Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
    K. Walenta: "Die Mineralien des Schwarzwaldes", Weise (Munich), 1992
    • Bavaria
      • Franconia
        • Spessart
          • Hösbach
            • Rottenberg
    		Aufschluss 50, 65-78 (1999)
    • Lower Saxony
      • Peine
    • Saxony-Anhalt
      • Harz
        • Wernigerode
          • Elbingerode
    		Lapis 2003(2), 13-20
    • Thuringia
      • Harz
        • Nordhausen
          • Ilfeld
    		Gunnar Färber (EDS- and XRD-analysed; pers. comm. to Uwe Kolitsch)
    Greece
     
    • Attikí Prefecture (Attica; Attika)
      • Lavrion District (Laurion; Laurium)
        • Lavrion District Mines
          • Lavrion (Laurion; Laurium)
    		No reference listed
    • Macedonia Department
      • Kavála Prefecture
        • Kavála
    		Andrew P. Fornadel, Paul G. Spry, Vasilios Melfos, Michael Vavelidis and Panagiotis Ch. Voudouris (2011): Is the Palea Kavala Bi–Te–Pb–Sb ± Au district, northeastern Greece, an intrusion-related system? Ore Geology Reviews, 39, 119-133.
    Hungary
     
    • Veszprém Co.
      • Bakony Mts.
        • Eplény
    		Koch: Minerals of Hungary, 1985
        • Úrkút
          • Csárda Hill
    		Szakáll & Jánosi (1996) The Minerals of Hungary
    India
     
    • Andhra Pradesh
      • Adilabad District
    		Rao, J. S. R. Krishna; Kasipathi, C. (1985): Occurrence of todorokite from Adilabad Manganese Mines, Andhra Pradesh. Current Science 54, 862.
    Italy
     
    • Liguria
      • La Spezia Province
        • Vara Valley
          • Borghetto Vara
    Japan
     
    • Hokkaido
      • Hiyama Province
    		Hariya (1959) Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Series 4, 10, 255-262.; Miura, Hiroyuki;Kudou, Haruhiko;Choi, Jai Ho;Hariya, Yu (1990) The Crystal Structure of Ramsdellite from Pirika Mine. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University. Series 4, Geology and mineralogy; Vol.XXII, No.4
    • Honshu Island
      • Tohoku Region
        • Aomori Prefecture
          • Shimokita peninsula
    		Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan)
    Kazakhstan
     
    • Kostanay Province (Qostanay Oblysy; Kostanai Oblast')
    		Evseev, A. A. (1995) Kazaknstan and Middle Asia. A brief Mineralogical Guide. World of Stone 8:24-30
    Mexico
     
    • Baja California (Baja California Norte; BC Norte)
    		http://www.minrec.org/pdfs/MR25-General-G_small.pdf
    • Chihuahua
      • Mun. de Aquiles Serdán
        • Santa Eulalia District
          • East Camp
    		Megaw, P.K.M., 1990b, Geology and geochemistry of the Santa Eulalia mining district, Chihuahua, Mexico.: Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Arizona, 549 p
    • Durango
      • Mun. de Mapimí
        • Mapimí
    		Rocks & Min.: 56:247.
    Norway
     
    • Aust-Agder
      • Arendal
        • Arendal Iron Mines
          • Øyestad
    		Neumann, H. (1985): Norges Mineraler. Norges geologiske Undersøkelse Skrifter 68, p. 89
    • Vest-Agder
      • Kristiansand
    		Breivik, H. ; Myre, K. & Larsen, A. O. (2007): Manganforekomster på Sørlandet: Kvivikdalen (Kostøl, Ålefjær): Norsk Bergverksmuseums Skrift, 35, 25-31
    Portugal
     
    • Aveiro District
      • Anadia
    • Setúbal District
      • Santiago do Cacém
        • Cercal
    		Martins da Pedra collection
    Romania
     
    • Suceava Co.
      • Suceava district
        • Iacobeni (Jakobeny; Jacobeny; Jakabfalva)
    		http://minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu
    Russia
     
    • Eastern-Siberian Region
      • Saha Republic (Sakha Republic; Yakutia)
    		[World of Stones 12:49]
        • Polar Yakutia
    		Econ Geol (1995) 90:658-675
    South Africa
     
    • Northern Cape Province
      • Kalahari manganese fields
    		Minerals of South Africa
        • Hotazel
    		Van King
        • Kuruman
          • N'Chwaning Mines
    		[Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) - The Kalahari (Afrique du Sud) manganese field : an update, Mineralogical Record, 22 (3), 279-302.]
    Minerals of South Africa
    Spain
     
    • Murcia
      • Cartagena
        • Sierra Minera de Cartagena-La Unión
          • San Ginés de la Jara
            • Cabezo de San Ginés
    Ukraine
     
    • Kirovohrad Oblast' (Kirovohrads'ka Oblast')
      • Haivoron district
    		Dominik Schlaefli - collection
    Łukasz Kruszewski
    USA
     
    • Arizona
      • Apache Co.
        • Black Mesa Basin
    		Christian Rewitzer collection
      • Cochise Co.
        • Mule Mts
          • Warren District
            • Bisbee
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 240; Galbraith, F.W. & D.J. Brennan (1959), Minerals of AZ: 38.
      • Navajo Co.
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 240.
      • Pinal Co.
        • Pinal Mts
          • Pioneer District
            • Superior
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 240.
      • Yuma Co.
        • Kofa Mts (S.H. Mts)
          • Kofa District
            • Kofa Game Range
              • King of Arizona Mine (King of Arizona property; King of Arizona group of claims; King of Arizona vein; Kofa Mine; Gleason Mine; Homestake claim)
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 140.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 240, 315.
              • North Star Mine (Northstar Mine)
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 240, 339, 398.
        • Little Horn Mts
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 240; Cousins, N.B. (1972), Relationship of black calcite to gold and silver mineralization in the Sheep Tanks mining district, Yuma Co., AZ, AZ State Univ. M.S. thesis.
    • Connecticut
      • Middlesex Co.
        • Haddam
    		Schooner, Richard. (circa 1980s), Untitled manuscript on central Connecticut minerals.
    • Michigan
      • Gogebic Co.
        • Gogebic iron range
          • Wakefield
    		Mineralogy of Michigan (2004) Heinrich & Robinson
      • Iron Co.
        • Menominee iron range
          • Stambaugh
    		Mineralogy of Michigan (2004) Heinrich & Robinson
    Mineralogy of Michigan (2004) Heinrich & Robinson
    • Minnesota
      • Crow Wing Co.
        • Cuyuna North Range
          • Ironton
    		American Mineralogist (1947): 32: 654-659.
    Amer.Min.(1945) 30, 169
          • Riverton
    		R&M 48:6 p 420
    Allen Lundgren collection
        • Cuyuna Range
    		Min.Rec.: 20(5):390; 21:97; Rocks & Min.: 62:319.
    • Nevada
      • Mineral Co.
        • Candelaria District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    • New Jersey
      • Sussex Co.
        • Franklin Mining District
          • Franklin
    		Klein, C., Jr: Am.Min.:53:1417 (1968); Klein, C., Jr. & Frondel, C.: Am. Min.:52:858-860 (1967); Dunn(1995):Pt4:593.
    • New Mexico
      • Sierra Co.
    		Northrop, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd Rev. Ed., 1996
    • New York
      • St. Lawrence Co.
    		AmMIn 64:1199-1218
    George Robinson & Steven Chamberlain (2007) Gazetteer of major New York State mineral localities. Rocks & Minerals, 82, #6, 472-483.; George Robinson & Steven Chamberlain (2007) Gazetteer of major New York State mineral localities. Rocks & Minerals, 82, #6, 472-483.; American Mineralogist 44:877-878
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