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Hanksite

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Trona Mine (American Potash and Chemical Corp.), San Bernardino Co., California, USA
© Alfonso Rodriguez

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Formula:
Na
 
22
K(SO
 
4
)
 
9
(CO
 
3
)
 
2
Cl
System:HexagonalColour:Colourless to grey, ...
Lustre:Vitreous, DullHardness:3 - 3½
Name:Honors Henry Garber Hanks (1826-1907) for service as first state mineralogist of California.
This page provides mineralogical data about Hanksite.

Classification of Hanksite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:6/B.14-30
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:7.BD.30

7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
B : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, without H2O
D : With only large cations
Dana 8th edition ID:32.3.1.1

32 : COMPOUND SULFATES
3 : Anhydrous Compound Sulfates containing Hydroxyl or Halogen
Hey's CIM Ref.:12.2.2

12 : Carbonates with other anions
2 : Carbonates with sulphate
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Type Occurrence of Hanksite

Type Locality:Searles Lake, San Bernardino Co., California, USA
Place of Conservation of Type Material:Smithsonian Museum, Washington DC 81217
Year of Discovery:1885
Geological Setting of type material:Lacustrine evaporite deposit.

Occurrences of Hanksite

Geological Setting:Lacustrine evaporite deposits.

Physical Properties of Hanksite

Lustre:Vitreous, Dull
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Transparent, Translucent
Colour:Colourless to grey, yellow or almost black; colourless in transmitted light..
Streak:White
Hardness (Mohs):3 - 3½
Tenacity:Brittle
Cleavage:Distinct/Good
Good on {0001}
Fracture:Irregular/Uneven
Density (measured):2.562 g/cm3
Density (calculated):2.585 g/cm3

Crystallography of Hanksite

Crystal System:Hexagonal
Class (H-M):6/m - Dipyramidal
Space Group:P63/m
Cell Parameters:a = 10.465(21) Å, c = 21.191(43) Å
Ratio:a:c = 1 : 2.025
Unit Cell Volume:V 2,009.84 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:2
Morphology:Large, short prismatic [0001] to tabular {0001} crystals to 20cm.; also as quartzoids with large {10_12}; {10_10} striated horizontally; crystals frequently in interpenetrating groups.
Crystal Atlas:
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Hanksite - {110}, {113}, {001}, {223}
Hanksite - {110}, {113}, {001}

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X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data Set:
Horizontal Axis: ° to ° Vertical Axis: % Source Data: Filtered Data: Peaks:
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.

Optical Data of Hanksite

Type:Uniaxial (-)
RI values: nω = 1.481 nε = 1.461
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.020

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:Moderate

Chemical Properties of Hanksite

Formula:
Na
 
22
K(SO
 
4
)
 
9
(CO
 
3
)
 
2
Cl
Essential elements:C, Cl, K, Na, O, S
All elements listed in formula:C, Cl, K, Na, O, S

Relationship of Hanksite to other Species

Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
7.BD.05Sulphohalite
Na
 
6
[F|Cl|(SO
 
4
)
 
2
]
7.BD.05Sulfohalite
7.BD.10Galeite
Na
 
15
[F
 
4
|Cl|(SO
 
4
)
 
5
]
7.BD.10Schairerite
Na
 
3
[(F,Cl)|SO
 
4
]
7.BD.15Kogarkoite
Na
 
3
[F|SO
 
4
]
7.BD.20Caracolite
Na
 
3
Pb
 
2
[Cl|(SO
 
4
)
 
3
]
7.BD.20Cesanite
Na
 
3
Ca
 
2
[OH|(SO
 
4
)
 
3
]
7.BD.25Burkeite
Na
 
6
CO
 
3
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
7.BD.35Cannonite
Bi
 
2
[O|(OH)
 
2
|SO
 
4
]
7.BD.40Lanarkite
Pb
 
2
[O|SO
 
4
]
7.BD.45Grandreefite
Pb
 
2
SO
 
4
F
 
2
7.BD.50Itoite
Pb
 
3
Ge
4+
 
[O|OH|SO
 
4
]
 
2
7.BD.55Chiluite
Bi
 
6
Mo
 
2
Te
 
2
O
 
21
7.BD.60Hectorfloresite
Na
 
9
[IO
 
3
|(SO
 
4
)
 
4
]
7.BD.65Pseudograndreefite
Pb
 
6
SO
 
4
F
 
10
7.BD.70Sundiusite
Pb
 
10
[O
 
8
|SO
 
4
|Cl
 
2
]
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
12.2.1Burkeite
Na
 
6
CO
 
3
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
12.2.3Tychite
Na
 
6
Mg
 
2
SO
 
4
(CO
 
3
)
 
4
12.2.4Motukoreaite
NaMg
 
19
Al
 
12
(CO
 
3
)
 
6.5
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
(OH)
 
54
·28H
 
2
O
12.2.5Ferrotychite
Na
 
6
(Fe,Mn,Mg)
 
2
SO
 
4
(CO
 
3
)
 
4
12.2.6Nakauriite
Cu
 
8
[(OH)
 
6
|CO
 
3
|(SO
 
4
)
 
4
] · 48H
 
2
O
12.2.7Carbonatecyanotrichite
Cu
 
4
Al
 
2
[(OH)
 
12
|(CO
 
3
,SO
 
4
)] · 2H
 
2
O
12.2.8Rapidcreekite
Ca
 
2
[CO
 
3
|SO
 
4
] · 4H
 
2
O
12.2.9Tatarskite
Ca
 
6
Mg
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
2
Cl
 
4
(OH)
 
4
·7H
 
2
O
12.2.10Schulenbergite
(Cu,Zn)
 
7
[(OH)
 
10
|(SO
 
4
,CO
 
3
)
 
2
] · 3H
 
2
O
12.2.11Leadhillite
Pb
 
4
SO
 
4
(CO
 
3
)
 
2
(OH)
 
2
12.2.12Macphersonite
Pb
 
4
SO
 
4
(CO
 
3
)
 
2
(OH)
 
2
12.2.13Susannite
Pb
 
4
SO
 
4
(CO
 
3
)
 
2
(OH)
 
2
12.2.14Wherryite
Pb
 
4
CuCO
 
3
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
(Cl,OH)
 
2
O
12.2.15Caledonite
Cu
 
2
Pb
 
5
[(OH)
 
6
|CO
 
3
|(SO
 
4
)
 
3
]
12.2.16Nasledovite
PbMn
 
3
Al
 
4
(CO
 
3
)
 
4
SO
 
4
O
 
5
·5H
 
2
O
12.2.17Jouravskite
Ca
 
6
Mn
3+
2
[(OH)
 
4
|(SO
 
4
,CO
 
3
)]
 
3
 · 26H
 
2
O
12.2.18Schröckingerite
NaCa
 
3
(UO
 
2
)[F|(CO
 
3
)
 
3
|SO
 
4
] · 10H
 
2
O
12.2.19Manganotychite
Na
 
6
Mn
 
2
SO
 
4
(CO
 
3
)
 
4
12.2.20Hauckite
Fe
3+
3
(Mg,Mn
2+
 
)
 
24
Zn
 
18
[(OH)
 
81
|(CO
 
3
)
 
2
|(SO
 
4
)
 
4
]
12.2.21Paraotwayite
Ni(OH)
 
2-x
(SO
 
4
,CO
 
3
)
 
0.5x
12.2.22Carrboydite
(Ni,Cu)
 
14
Al
 
9
[(OH)
 
43
|(SO
 
4
,CO
 
3
)
 
6
] · 7H
 
2
O
12.2.23Mountkeithite
(Mg,Ni)
 
11
(Fe
3+
 
,Cr
3+
 
,Al)
 
3
[(OH)
 
24
|(SO
 
4
,CO
 
3
)
 
3.5
] · 11H
 
2
O
12.2.24Camerolaite
Cu
 
4
Al
 
2
[(OH)
 
10
|CO
 
3
|(HSbO
 
4
,SO
 
4
)] · 2H
 
2
O

Other Names for Hanksite

Synonyms:
Other Languages:
Dutch:Hanksiet
German:Hanksit
Italian:Hanksite
Russian:Ганксит
Spanish:Hanksita

Other Information

Fluorescence in UV light:Pale yellow under LW UV
Other Information:Readily soluble in water. Saline taste.
Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Hanksite

Reference List:Dana and Penfield (1885) American Journal of Science: 30: 136.

Hidden, W.E. (1885), On hanksite, a new anhydrous sulphato-carbonate of sodium from San Bernardino County, California, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 3: 238-241 [also American Journal of Science, 3rd. series: 30: 133-135, 1885; Mining & Scientific Press: 50: 1, 1885.

Comptes rendu de l’Académie des sciences de Paris: 123: 1325.

Pratt, Joseph Hyde (1896), On northupite; pirssonite, a new mineral; Gaylussite and hanksite from Borax Lake, San Bernardino County, California: American Journal of Science, 4th. series: 2: 123-135; …Zeitschr. Kristallographie, Band 27: 416-429 (1896); …(abstract): Neues Jahrb., Band 2: 451-455 (1897).

Goldschmidt, V. (1918) Atlas der Krystallformen. 9 volumes, atlas, and text: vol. 4: 109.

Koch (1931) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 80: 416.

Ramsdell (1939) American Mineralogist: 24: 109.

Murdoch, Joseph (1951), Notes on California minerals: nuevite = samarskite; trona, and hanksite; Gaylussite: American Mineralogist: 36: 358-361.

Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged, 1124 pp.: 628-629.

Carnahan, V. (1962), Hanksite: Mineralogist: 30: 4-9.

Araki, T. & T. Zoltai (1973), The crystal structure of hanksite: American Mineralogist: 58: 799-801.

Acta Crystallographica: B28: 3614-3617.

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    Localities for Hanksite

    Hide Locality List
    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
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    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Argentina
     
    • Neuquén
      • Copahue
        • Copahue Geothermal Field
    		Mineral. Mag. 71 (2007) 235-240.
    Sweden
     
    • Medelpad
      • Sundsvall
    		No reference listed
    USA
     
    • California
      • Inyo Co.
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 629; Handbook of Mineralogy - Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols.
      • San Bernardino Co.
    		American Journal of Science (1885), ser. 3, 30, 133-135; Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 549, 629; Mineralogical Record (2007): 38: 213.
    Arliguie M collection
      • San Luis Obispo Co.
        • Carrizo Plain
    		Collection of NHM, Vienna
    • Nevada
      • Churchill Co.
        • Soda Lake District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    Mineral and/or Locality
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