Hydrocerussite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Hydrocerussite
Formula:
Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2
Colour:
White or gray; colourless in transmitted light
Lustre:
Adamantine, Pearly, Dull
Hardness:
3½
Specific Gravity:
6.8
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Name:
Named in 1877 by Nils Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld in allusion to the composition, being a HYDRated lead carbonate, similar to cerussite.
Hydrocerussite is a secondary mineral usually found in oxidized lead ore deposits. It it less common than cerussite (anhydrous lead carbonate). Also reported as a mycobiont of the Stereocaulon vesuvianum lichen found in a ruined Pb-smelting mill (vide Burford et al., 2003).
Closely related minerals are plumbonacrite and somersetite.
Visually very similar to Unnamed (Na-Pb Carbonate-Hydroxide II) (a slag phase).
Closely related minerals are plumbonacrite and somersetite.
Visually very similar to Unnamed (Na-Pb Carbonate-Hydroxide II) (a slag phase).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1969
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1969:5
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
a4f49f8b-05db-4229-9bef-c334fb049be9
IMA Classification of Hydrocerussite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1877
Classification of Hydrocerussite
5.BE.10
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
B : Carbonates with additional anions, without H2O
E : With Pb, Bi
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
B : Carbonates with additional anions, without H2O
E : With Pb, Bi
16a.2.2.1
16a : ANHYDROUS CARBONATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
2 : (AB)3(XO3)2Zq
16a : ANHYDROUS CARBONATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
2 : (AB)3(XO3)2Zq
11.9.2
11 : Carbonates
9 : Carbonates of Pb, Zr and Th
11 : Carbonates
9 : Carbonates of Pb, Zr and Th
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Hcer | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Pronunciation of Hydrocerussite
Pronunciation:
Play | Recorded by | Country |
---|---|---|
Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Hydrocerussite
Adamantine, Pearly, Dull
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
White or gray; colourless in transmitted light
Streak:
White
Hardness:
3½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
On {0001}.
On {0001}.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
6.8 g/cm3 (Measured) 6.94 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Hydrocerussite
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 2.090 nε = 1.940
Birefringence:
0.15
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.150
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Optical Extinction:
Parallel
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Chemistry of Hydrocerussite
Mindat Formula:
Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Hydrocerussite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3m (3 2/m) - Hexagonal Scalenohedral
Space Group:
R3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.239(5) Å, c = 23.65(2) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 4.514
Unit Cell V:
562.16 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
3
Morphology:
Crystals steep pyramidal {h0h1} with {0001} very small at times. Thin scales with a hexagonal presentation and flattened {0001}; also thick tabular {0001}. Frequently as a surface alteration of lead, cerussite, etc.
Comment:
Space group R-3m, with a = 5.2465(6) and c = 23.702(3) A, is given by Martinetto et al. (2002), on the basis of a structure solution from powder data.
Crystal Structure
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Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0009160 | Hydrocerussite | Cowley J M (1956) Electron-diffraction study of the structure of basic lead carbonate, 2PbCO3*Pb(OH)2 Acta Crystallographica 9 391-396 | 1956 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0020726 | Hydrocerussite | Siidra O, Nekrasova D, Depmeier W, Chukanov N, Zaitsev A, Turner R (2018) Hydrocerussite-related minerals and materials: structural principles, chemical variations and infrared spectroscopy Acta Crystallographica B74 182-195 | 2018 | Merehead quarry, Somerset, England | 0 | 293 | |
0020727 | Hydrocerussite | Siidra O, Nekrasova D, Depmeier W, Chukanov N, Zaitsev A, Turner R (2018) Hydrocerussite-related minerals and materials: structural principles, chemical variations and infrared spectroscopy Acta Crystallographica B74 182-195 | 2018 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0010324 | Hydrocerussite | Martinetto P, Anne M, Dooryhee E, Walter P, Tsoucaris G (2002) Synthetic hydrocerussite, 2PbCO3*Pb(OH)2 by X-ray powder diffraction Acta Crystallographica C58 i82-i84 | 2002 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
7.8 Å | (5) |
4.47 Å | (60) |
4.25 Å | (60) |
3.61 Å | (90) |
3.29 Å | (90) |
2.715 Å | (20) |
2.623 Å | (100) |
2.491 Å | (30) |
2.261 Å | (10) |
2.231 Å | (50) |
2.120 Å | (30) |
2.099 Å | (20) |
2.046 Å | (30) |
1.884 Å | (20) |
1.856 Å | (30) |
1.696 Å | (40) |
1.649 Å | (20) |
1.613 Å | (30) |
1.584 Å | (20) |
1.576 Å | (10) |
1.562 Å | (10) |
1.530 Å | (30) |
1.513 Å | (20) |
1.485 Å | (20) |
1.388 Å | (10) |
1.353 Å | (10) |
1.340 Å | (10) |
1.309 Å | (30) |
1.292 Å | (30) |
1.251 Å | (30) |
Comments:
ICDD 13-131
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] | |
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
49 : Oxic cellular biomineralization (see also #44) | <0.54 |
53 : Other minerals with taphonomic origins | <0.4 |
Type Occurrence of Hydrocerussite
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Metamorphosed Mn-Fe deposit.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Hydrocerussite
Other Language Names for Hydrocerussite
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
63 photos of Hydrocerussite associated with Cerussite | PbCO3 |
43 photos of Hydrocerussite associated with Lead | Pb |
25 photos of Hydrocerussite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
24 photos of Hydrocerussite associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
23 photos of Hydrocerussite associated with Pyrochroite | Mn(OH)2 |
23 photos of Hydrocerussite associated with Galena | PbS |
22 photos of Hydrocerussite associated with Diaboleite | Pb2CuCl2(OH)4 |
12 photos of Hydrocerussite associated with Allactite | Mn2+7(AsO4)2(OH)8 |
10 photos of Hydrocerussite associated with Thorikosite | Pb3Cl2(OH)(SbO3,AsO3) |
9 photos of Hydrocerussite associated with Litharge | PbO |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
5.BE.X | Abellaite | NaPb2(CO3)2(OH) |
5.BE.05 | Shannonite | Pb2O(CO3) |
5.BE.15 | Plumbonacrite | Pb5O(OH)2(CO3)3 |
5.BE.20 | Phosgenite | Pb2CO3Cl2 |
5.BE.25 | Bismutite | (BiO)2CO3 |
5.BE.30 | Kettnerite | CaBiCO3OF |
5.BE.35 | Beyerite | Ca(BiO)2(CO3)2 |
5.BE.40 | Grootfonteinite | Pb3O(CO3)2 |
5.BE.45 | Somersetite | Pb8O2(OH)2(CO3)5 |
Fluorescence of Hydrocerussite
Usually fluoresces medium to dull white, also dull-yellow. Bright white in 365nm LED.
Other Information
Notes:
Soluble in acids with effervescence.
Health Risks:
Contains lead - always wash hands after handling. Do not lick.
Internet Links for Hydrocerussite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1969.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Hydrocerussite
Reference List:
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin Vol. 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.202
Siidra, Oleg, Nekrasova, Diana, Depmeier, Wulf, Chukanov, Nikita, Zaitsev, Anatoly, Turner, Rick (2018) Hydrocerussite-related minerals and materials: structural principles, chemical variations and infrared spectroscopy. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials, 74 (2). 182-195 doi:10.1107/s2052520618000768
Localities for Hydrocerussite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Prof Ken McQueen presentation to New ... |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Sielecki (1988) |
Sielecki (1988) | |
| Toma (2017) |
| M. Latham Collection 2011 |
| MacLeod (1991) |
Austria | |
| Blaß et al. (1997) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
J. Taucher: Carinthia II 186./106.:132 (1996) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| A.Pichler (2003) |
| SIGMUND (1902) +1 other reference |
| Kirchner et al. (2007) |
| Schachinger et al. (2014) |
| matrixx 5 |
Niedermayr (1997) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (2000) |
| Strasser (1989) |
Niedermayr et al. (2009) | |
Schebesta (Autoren) +1 other reference | |
| P. Tomazic et al. (2012) |
| [Lapis 1992: 2 p.19-30] |
| Schachinger et al. (2014) |
| Bojar et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Strasser (2006) |
| 54. +1 other reference |
| Exel (1993) |
Belgium | |
| Blaß et al. (1995b) |
| Collected by Michel Blondieau - SEM-EDS ... |
Van Troyen et al. (2018) | |
Canada | |
| |
| |
| Sabina |
| Sabina (1983) |
| Sabina +1 other reference |
| 166-175. +2 other references |
| 176-178. +2 other references |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
Chile | |
| Remy Phillippe personal communication |
China | |
| Yanjing Chen et al. (2008) |
| Zude Jin (1981) |
| Chen (2002) |
Czech Republic | |
| RÜSENBERG et al. (1996) |
| Fengl +3 other references |
DR Congo | |
| Jedwab et al. (1992) |
France | |
| Vernay (1997) +1 other reference |
| Anthony Geneyton |
| Favreau G. et al. (1996) |
| Chollet Pascal Collection +1 other reference |
| PASSAQUI J.-P. et al. (2007) |
| Inventaire minéralogique de la France ... |
| Germain C. et al. (1990) |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Gol (2014) |
| Favreau et al. (2003) |
| Leconte J. et al. (2016) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Robert PECORINI (2016) |
| Lheur et al. (1998) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Robert Pecorini collection; EDX ... |
Germany | |
| 50. (in German) +2 other references |
Walenta (1992) | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Lapis 21 (12) |
| Lapis 21 (12) |
www.mineralienatlas.de (2021) | |
| Wittern (1995) |
| [Wittern (1995) |
| Walenta (1997) +3 other references |
Walenta (1992) | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| ex-Petitjean collection |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) +1 other reference |
| |
| Lapis (1) |
"Lithothek" collection of the ... | |
| Gröbner et al. (2009) |
| |
| |
| |
| Schnorrer (1994) |
Wittern (2001) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Lapis 25 (12) |
| Lapis (2) |
| Bender et al. (1994) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
International Association of Collectors of Slag Minerals (3) +1 other reference | |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Lapis 1988 (1) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Lapis (2) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Weiss: "Mineralienfundstellen et al. (Munich) |
| Der Aufschluss Vol.55 |
| Schnorrer-Köhler et al. (1991) |
| Witzke (2012) |
| Wittern (2001) |
Greece | |
| Rieck et al. (1999) |
LAPIS 24 (7/8) +1 other reference | |
| |
| Blaß et al. (1998) |
| Fritz Schreiber collection |
40 (in German) +1 other reference | |
Uwe Kolitsch (PXRD-analysed) | |
Fritz Schreiber collection | |
Gelaude et al. (1996) | |
Collection of RJ Martin (visual ID) | |
Gelaude et al. (1996) +1 other reference | |
Rüsenberg (2001) | |
Gelaude et al. (1996) | |
Gelaude et al. (1996) | |
Lacroix et al. (1908) | |
| Sotiropoulou et al. (2010) |
Greenland | |
| [Mineralogical Record - Vol 24 No 2] +1 other reference |
Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
Indonesia | |
| Hattori et al. (2004) |
Iran | |
| Anthony (2005) |
Italy | |
| Demartin et al. (2014) |
Russo et al. (2014) | |
| Russo et al. (2014) |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana (Avril/Juin) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Ferretti P. et al. (2022) |
| Rocchetti I. (2012) |
| "Lithothek der Münchener Micromounter" ... |
| Int. Assoc. of Collectors of Slag Minerals (2) |
www.comune.pisa.it (2000) | |
| Franzini et al. (1992) +2 other references |
| Jansen et al. (1998) |
Japan | |
| Kato (1973) |
Namibia | |
| Keller (1977) |
Ettler et al. (2009) | |
Norway | |
| Raade (1993) +1 other reference |
| Knut Eldjarn Collection |
| Husdal (2019) |
| Husdal (2008) |
| Larsen et al. (2005) |
| Åmli et al. (1972) |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| L. O. Kvamsdal (1988) +1 other reference |
Peru | |
| Sangameshwar et al. (1983) |
Poland | |
| Coppola et al. (2009) |
| Coppola et al. (2009) |
| Coppola et al. (2009) |
Portugal | |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
Russia | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Rakhimov et al. (2023) |
| Local geolofist S.V.Kolesnichenko data |
| Voloshin et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Arzamastsev et al. (2008) |
| Yakovenchuk et al. (2007) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data of ... |
Slovakia | |
| Ondrejka et al. (2020) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| SAMS (South African Micromount Society) |
Spain | |
| Abella i Creus (2018) |
| Rosell et al. (2017) |
| Van der Berg et al. (2020) |
Sweden (TL) | |
| Tschermaks Min. Pet. Mitt. 3 (1953) +2 other references |
| Nysten (1984) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Van der Burgt et al. (2015) |
| Graeser (2008) |
Tunisia | |
| Kutzke et al. (1997) |
UK | |
| Day (1999) |
| BMS Newsletter 79 (http://britishmicromountsociety.homestead.com/Gannell-Smelter.html) |
| Elton et al. (2004) |
| Norman Wilson collection |
| Norman Wilson collection |
Norman Wilson personal collection | |
| www.ukminingventures.com (n.d.) |
| P Haas collection |
| |
| Day (1999) |
Kingsbury et al. (MS) +2 other references | |
Kingsbury et al. (MS) +3 other references | |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS) +2 other references |
Cooper et al. (1990) +1 other reference | |
Kingsbury et al. (MS) +3 other references | |
Kingsbury et al. (MS) +4 other references | |
Kingsbury et al. (MS) +2 other references | |
Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| Day (1999) |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS) +2 other references |
| Hartley (1984) +1 other reference |
Briscoe et al. (2008) | |
| Peter J. Briscoe et al. (2021) |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| S. Rust collection +4 other references |
| Norman Wilson collection |
| Alabaster (1977) +4 other references |
| Day (1999) |
| Mineralogical Record: 27: 253. +1 other reference |
Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Day (1999) |
| Rust (2022) |
| |
S Rust collection | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
Steve Rust collection | |
| S.Rust Collection |
S. Rust collection | |
| Rust et al. (1988) |
| Day (1999) |
Steve Rust collection | |
| Steve Rust |
| Green et al. (1996) +2 other references |
| Day (1999) |
| Cotterell et al. (2011) |
| |
USA | |
| Graeme (1993) |
Graeme (1993) +1 other reference | |
| Raman verified by Dr. Yang |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Mandarino (1996) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Mineral News (2002) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Fahey et al. (1950) +2 other references |
Fahey et al. (1950) +3 other references | |
| David Shannon |
| Kampf et al. (2019) |
| Ream (2004) |
| Gleba (2008) |
| Shawn Carlson (2010) |
| King (n.d.) |
| ... +1 other reference |
| Miller (1971) |
Alminas +2 other references | |
Vietnam | |
Zambia | |
| Mike Leppington collection (visual identification) |
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Torr Works Quarry, Cranmore, Mendip, Somerset, England, UK