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Hydrocerussite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About HydrocerussiteHide

Formula:
Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2
Colour:
White or gray; colourless in transmitted light
Lustre:
Adamantine, Pearly, Dull
Hardness:
Specific Gravity:
6.8
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Name:
Named in 1877 by Nils Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld in allusion to the composition, being a HYDRated lead carbonate, similar to cerussite.
Hydrocerussite is a secondary mineral usually found in oxidized lead ore deposits. It it less common than cerussite (anhydrous lead carbonate). Also reported as a mycobiont of the Stereocaulon vesuvianum lichen found in a ruined Pb-smelting mill (vide Burford et al., 2003).

Closely related minerals are plumbonacrite and somersetite.
Visually very similar to Unnamed (Na-Pb Carbonate-Hydroxide II) (a slag phase).


Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:
1969
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1969:5
GUID
(UUID V4):
a4f49f8b-05db-4229-9bef-c334fb049be9

IMA Classification of HydrocerussiteHide

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1877

Classification of HydrocerussiteHide

5.BE.10

5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
B : Carbonates with additional anions, without H2O
E : With Pb, Bi
16a.2.2.1

16a : ANHYDROUS CARBONATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
2 : (AB)3(XO3)2Zq
11.9.2

11 : Carbonates
9 : Carbonates of Pb, Zr and Th

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

SymbolSourceReference
HcerIMA–CNMNCWarr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43

Pronunciation of HydrocerussiteHide

Pronunciation:
PlayRecorded byCountry
Jolyon RalphUnited Kingdom

Physical Properties of HydrocerussiteHide

Adamantine, Pearly, Dull
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
White or gray; colourless in transmitted light
Streak:
White
Hardness:
3½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
On {0001}.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
6.8 g/cm3 (Measured)    6.94 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of HydrocerussiteHide

Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 2.090 nε = 1.940
Birefringence:
0.15
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.150
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Optical Extinction:
Parallel
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic

Chemistry of HydrocerussiteHide

Mindat Formula:
Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2

Crystallography of HydrocerussiteHide

Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3m (3 2/m) - Hexagonal Scalenohedral
Space Group:
R3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.239(5) Å, c = 23.65(2) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 4.514
Unit Cell V:
562.16 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
3
Morphology:
Crystals steep pyramidal {h0h1} with {0001} very small at times. Thin scales with a hexagonal presentation and flattened {0001}; also thick tabular {0001}. Frequently as a surface alteration of lead, cerussite, etc.

Comment:
Space group R-3m, with a = 5.2465(6) and c = 23.702(3) A, is given by Martinetto et al. (2002), on the basis of a structure solution from powder data.

Crystal StructureHide

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IDSpeciesReferenceLinkYearLocalityPressure (GPa)Temp (K)
0009160HydrocerussiteCowley J M (1956) Electron-diffraction study of the structure of basic lead carbonate, 2PbCO3*Pb(OH)2 Acta Crystallographica 9 391-3961956synthetic0293
0020726HydrocerussiteSiidra O, Nekrasova D, Depmeier W, Chukanov N, Zaitsev A, Turner R (2018) Hydrocerussite-related minerals and materials: structural principles, chemical variations and infrared spectroscopy Acta Crystallographica B74 182-1952018Merehead quarry, Somerset, England0293
0020727HydrocerussiteSiidra O, Nekrasova D, Depmeier W, Chukanov N, Zaitsev A, Turner R (2018) Hydrocerussite-related minerals and materials: structural principles, chemical variations and infrared spectroscopy Acta Crystallographica B74 182-1952018synthetic0293
0010324HydrocerussiteMartinetto P, Anne M, Dooryhee E, Walter P, Tsoucaris G (2002) Synthetic hydrocerussite, 2PbCO3*Pb(OH)2 by X-ray powder diffraction Acta Crystallographica C58 i82-i842002synthetic0293
CIF Raw Data - click here to close

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
7.8 Å(5)
4.47 Å(60)
4.25 Å(60)
3.61 Å(90)
3.29 Å(90)
2.715 Å(20)
2.623 Å(100)
2.491 Å(30)
2.261 Å(10)
2.231 Å(50)
2.120 Å(30)
2.099 Å(20)
2.046 Å(30)
1.884 Å(20)
1.856 Å(30)
1.696 Å(40)
1.649 Å(20)
1.613 Å(30)
1.584 Å(20)
1.576 Å(10)
1.562 Å(10)
1.530 Å(30)
1.513 Å(20)
1.485 Å(20)
1.388 Å(10)
1.353 Å(10)
1.340 Å(10)
1.309 Å(30)
1.292 Å(30)
1.251 Å(30)
Comments:
ICDD 13-131

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic ModeEarliest Age (Ga)
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event<2.4
47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals]
47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates]
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere<0.6
49 : Oxic cellular biomineralization (see also #44)<0.54
53 : Other minerals with taphonomic origins<0.4

Type Occurrence of HydrocerussiteHide

Geological Setting of Type Material:
Metamorphosed Mn-Fe deposit.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:

Synonyms of HydrocerussiteHide

Other Language Names for HydrocerussiteHide

Common AssociatesHide

Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
63 photos of Hydrocerussite associated with CerussitePbCO3
43 photos of Hydrocerussite associated with LeadPb
25 photos of Hydrocerussite associated with CalciteCaCO3
24 photos of Hydrocerussite associated with FluoriteCaF2
23 photos of Hydrocerussite associated with PyrochroiteMn(OH)2
23 photos of Hydrocerussite associated with GalenaPbS
22 photos of Hydrocerussite associated with DiaboleitePb2CuCl2(OH)4
12 photos of Hydrocerussite associated with AllactiteMn2+7(AsO4)2(OH)8
10 photos of Hydrocerussite associated with ThorikositePb3Cl2(OH)(SbO3,AsO3)
9 photos of Hydrocerussite associated with LithargePbO

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat GroupingHide

5.BE.XAbellaiteNaPb2(CO3)2(OH)Hex. 6mm : P63mc
5.BE.05ShannonitePb2O(CO3)Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21
5.BE.15PlumbonacritePb5O(OH)2(CO3)3Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3c1
5.BE.20PhosgenitePb2CO3Cl2Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/mbm
5.BE.25Bismutite(BiO)2CO3Orth. mm2 : Imm2
5.BE.30KettneriteCaBiCO3OFOrth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmmn
5.BE.35BeyeriteCa(BiO)2(CO3)2Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Immm
5.BE.40GrootfonteinitePb3O(CO3)2Hex. 6mm : P63mc
5.BE.45SomersetitePb8O2(OH)2(CO3)5Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P63/mmc

Fluorescence of HydrocerussiteHide

Usually fluoresces medium to dull white, also dull-yellow. Bright white in 365nm LED.

Other InformationHide

Notes:
Soluble in acids with effervescence.
Health Risks:
Contains lead - always wash hands after handling. Do not lick.

Internet Links for HydrocerussiteHide

References for HydrocerussiteHide

Reference List:

Localities for HydrocerussiteHide

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed. - This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. - Good crystals or important locality for species. - World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia
 
  • Australian Capital Territory
    • Paddy's River District
Prof Ken McQueen presentation to New ...
  • New South Wales
    • Yancowinna Co.
      • Broken Hill district
        • Broken Hill
          • Broken Hill South Mine (BHS Mine; South Mine)
Birch et al. (1997)
  • Queensland
    • City of Mount Isa
      • Mount Isa
Sielecki (1988)
Sielecki (1988)
  • South Australia
    • Flinders Ranges
      • North Flinders Ranges
        • Mount Lyndhurst station
Toma (2017)
  • Tasmania
    • West Coast municipality
      • Zeehan mining district
        • Zeehan mineral field
          • Tasmanian Smelting Company site
M. Latham Collection 2011
  • Western Australia
    • Exmouth Shire
MacLeod (1991)
Austria
 
  • Carinthia
    • Sankt Veit an der Glan District
      • Hüttenberg
        • Sankt Martin am Silberberg
Blaß et al. (1997)
    • Spittal an der Drau District
      • Malta
Niedermayr et al. (1995)
J. Taucher: Carinthia II 186./106.:132 (1996)
      • Reißeck
        • Penk
          • Teuchlbach valley
Niedermayr et al. (1995)
    • Villach
      • Mittewald
A.Pichler (2003)
  • Lower Austria
    • Baden District
      • Alland
SIGMUND (1902) +1 other reference
  • Salzburg
    • St. Johann im Pongau District
      • Bad Gastein
        • Naßfeld valley
          • Kreuzkogel massif
            • Radhausberg
Kirchner et al. (2007)
    • Tamsweg District
      • Weißpriach
Schachinger et al. (2014)
    • Zell am See District
      • Bramberg am Wildkogel
        • Nasenkopf mountain
matrixx 5
Niedermayr (1997)
      • Hollersbach im Pinzgau
Niedermayr et al. (2000)
      • Rauris
        • Alteck - Hoher Sonnblick area
          • Kolm-Saigurn
Strasser (1989)
Niedermayr et al. (2009)
Schebesta (Autoren) +1 other reference
  • Styria
    • Bruck-Mürzzuschlag District
      • Spital am Semmering
        • Steinhaus am Semmering
          • Fröschnitz valley (Fröschnitz)
            • Hasen valley
P. Tomazic et al. (2012)
    • Liezen District
      • Öblarn
        • Walchen
[Lapis 1992: 2 p.19-30]
      • Schladming
        • Giglach valley
          • Giglach lakes
Schachinger et al. (2014)
    • Weiz District
      • Rettenegg
        • Prinzkogel (Prinzenkogel)
          • Prinzkogel mines
            • Southern District
Bojar et al. (1994) +1 other reference
  • Tyrol
    • Imst District
      • Haiming
Strasser (2006)
      • Karrösten
54. +1 other reference
    • Schwaz District
      • Mayrhofen
Exel (1993)
Belgium
 
  • Wallonia
    • Liège
      • Plombières
Blaß et al. (1995b)
    • Namur
      • Andenne
Collected by Michel Blondieau - SEM-EDS ...
Van Troyen et al. (2018)
Canada
 
  • British Columbia
    • Similkameen Mining Division
      • Similkameen River
      • Tulameen River
  • Ontario
    • Frontenac County
      • Loughborough Township
Sabina
      • Olden Township
Sabina (1983)
  • Québec
    • Gaspésie-Îles-de-la-Madeleine
      • La Côte-de-Gaspé RCM
        • Gaspé
Sabina +1 other reference
    • Montérégie
      • La Vallée-du-Richelieu RCM
        • Mont Saint-Hilaire
166-175. +2 other references
    • Montréal
176-178. +2 other references
  • Yukon
    • Watson Lake mining district
Peatfield (n.d.)
Chile
 
  • Atacama
    • Copiapó Province
      • Copiapó
        • Cachiyuyo de Llampos mining district
Remy Phillippe personal communication
China
 
  • Henan
    • Luoyang
      • Luoning County
Yanjing Chen et al. (2008)
  • Yunnan
    • Honghe
      • Gejiu City
Zude Jin (1981)
    • Qujing
      • Huize County
Chen (2002)
Czech Republic
 
  • Central Bohemian Region
    • Příbram District
      • Lhota u Příbramě
RÜSENBERG et al. (1996)
  • Liberec Region
    • Semily District
      • Harrachov
Fengl +3 other references
DR Congo
 
  • North Kivu
Jedwab et al. (1992)
France
 
  • Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
    • Loire
      • Roanne
        • Le Crozet
Vernay (1997) +1 other reference
        • Saint-Germain-Laval
Anthony Geneyton
    • Rhône
      • Villefranche-sur-Saône
        • Les Ardillats
Favreau G. et al. (1996)
        • Poule-les-Écharmeaux
Chollet Pascal Collection +1 other reference
  • Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
    • Saône-et-Loire
      • Autun
        • Saint-Prix
PASSAQUI J.-P. et al. (2007)
  • Brittany
    • Côtes-d'Armor
      • Guingamp
        • Plélauff
Inventaire minéralogique de la France ...
    • Finistère
      • Châteaulin
        • Poullaouen
Germain C. et al. (1990)
  • Grand Est
    • Haut-Rhin
      • Colmar-Ribeauvillé
        • Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines
Wittern et al. (Cologne)
  • Occitanie
    • Ariège
      • Saint-Girons
        • Aulus-les-Bains
Gol (2014)
    • Aude
      • Narbonne
        • Padern
Favreau et al. (2003)
    • Aveyron
      • Villefranche-de-Rouergue
        • Asprières
Leconte J. et al. (2016)
        • Villefranche-de-Rouergue
Queneau (n.d.)
    • Gard
      • Le Vigan
        • Alzon
Robert PECORINI (2016)
    • Lozère
      • Florac
        • Vialas
Lheur et al. (1998)
      • Mende
        • Saint-Léger-de-Peyre
Queneau (n.d.)
    • Tarn
      • Castres
        • Montredon-Labessonnié
          • Peyrebrune
Robert Pecorini collection; EDX ...
Germany
 
  • Baden-Württemberg
    • Freiburg Region
      • Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald
        • Badenweiler
          • Badenweiler Pb mining district
            • Sehringen
50. (in German) +2 other references
Walenta (1992)
      • Emmendingen
        • Freiamt
Walenta (1992)
      • Lörrach
        • Aitern
Lapis 21 (12)
        • Todtnau
Lapis 21 (12)
www.mineralienatlas.de (2021)
      • Ortenaukreis
        • Gengenbach
          • Gengenbach
Wittern (1995)
        • Hausach
          • Hausach
[Wittern (1995)
        • Oberwolfach
Walenta (1997) +3 other references
Walenta (1992)
      • Waldshut
        • Dachsberg
          • Urberg
Walenta (1992)
        • St Blasien
Walenta (1992)
        • Ühlingen-Birkendorf
          • Brenden
Walenta (1992)
    • Karlsruhe Region
      • Freudenstadt
        • Bad Rippoldsau-Schapbach
          • Wildschapbach valley
Wittern (2001)
  • Hesse
    • Darmstadt
      • Bergstraße
        • Lautertal (Odenwald)
          • Reichenbach
            • Borstein
ex-Petitjean collection
    • Kassel Region
      • Hersfeld-Rotenburg
        • Nentershausen
          • Süß
            • Richelsdorf Smelter
Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) +1 other reference
  • Lower Saxony
    • Goslar District
      • Braunlage
        • St Andreasberg
      • Clausthal-Zellerfeld
        • Oberschulenberg
Lapis (1)
"Lithothek" collection of the ...
        • Zellerfeld veins
Gröbner et al. (2009)
      • Langelsheim
        • Astfeld
        • Grane Reservoir
        • Lautenthal
    • Oder valley
Schnorrer (1994)
Wittern (2001)
  • North Rhine-Westphalia
    • Arnsberg
      • Hochsauerlandkreis
        • Arnsberg
          • Hüsten
Weiß (1990)
        • Brilon
Lapis 25 (12)
        • Sundern
          • Bönkhausen
Lapis (2)
      • Märkischer Kreis
        • Iserlohn
          • Letmathe
Bender et al. (1994)
      • Siegen-Wittgenstein
        • Kreuztal
          • Ferndorf
Neschen (n.d.)
    • Cologne
      • Aachen
        • Eschweiler
Blaß et al. (1995)
        • Stolberg
Blaß et al. (1995)
International Association of Collectors of Slag Minerals (3) +1 other reference
      • Euskirchen
        • Kall
Blaß et al. (1995)
    • Düsseldorf
      • Essen
        • Dellwig
Weiß (1990)
      • Mettmann
        • Velbert
          • Rützkausen
Lapis 1988 (1)
  • Rhineland-Palatinate
    • Ahrweiler
      • Adenau
        • Antweiler
Weiß (1990)
    • Bitburg-Prüm
      • Prüm
        • Bleialf
          • Neue Hoffnung Mine
Lapis (2)
    • Donnersbergkreis
      • Winnweiler
        • Imsbach
Wittern (2001)
    • Neuwied
      • Unkel
        • Rheinbreitbach
Weiss: "Mineralienfundstellen et al. (Munich)
    • Rhein-Lahn-Kreis
      • Lahnstein
        • Friedrichssegen
Der Aufschluss Vol.55
      • Loreley
        • Braubach
Schnorrer-Köhler et al. (1991)
  • Saxony
    • Erzgebirgskreis
      • Zschopau
Witzke (2012)
  • Thuringia
    • Saale-Orla District
      • Wurzbach
        • Weitisberga
Wittern (2001)
Greece
 
  • Attica
    • East Attica
      • Lavreotiki
        • Lavrion Mining District
          • Agios Konstantinos (Kamariza)
            • Kamariza Mines (Kamareza Mines)
Rieck et al. (1999)
LAPIS 24 (7/8) +1 other reference
          • Km 3
            • Kaminiza mines
          • Sounion
            • Cato Sounio mines
Blaß et al. (1998)
          • Vromopoussi
            • Vromopoussi mines
Fritz Schreiber collection
40 (in German) +1 other reference
Uwe Kolitsch (PXRD-analysed)
Fritz Schreiber collection
Gelaude et al. (1996)
Collection of RJ Martin (visual ID)
Gelaude et al. (1996) +1 other reference
Rüsenberg (2001)
Gelaude et al. (1996)
Gelaude et al. (1996)
Lacroix et al. (1908)
  • South Aegean
    • Thira
      • Santorini Island
Sotiropoulou et al. (2010)
Greenland
 
  • Kujalleq
[Mineralogical Record - Vol 24 No 2] +1 other reference
Bortolozzi (n.d.)
Indonesia
 
  • South Kalimantan Province
    • Banjar Regency
Hattori et al. (2004)
Iran
 
  • South Khorasan Province
    • Tabas County
      • Deyhuk District
        • Nayband (Neyband)
Anthony (2005)
Italy
 
  • Campania
    • Naples
      • Somma-Vesuvius Complex
Demartin et al. (2014)
Russo et al. (2014)
        • Ottaviano
Russo et al. (2014)
  • Liguria
    • Genoa
      • Genoa
        • Varenna Valley
Rivista Mineralogica Italiana (Avril/Juin)
  • Piedmont
    • Metropolitan City of Turin
      • Traversella
Piccoli et al. (2007)
  • Sardinia
    • South Sardinia Province
      • Domusnovas
Stara et al. (1996)
  • Trentino-Alto Adige (Trentino-South Tyrol)
    • Trento Province (Trentino)
      • Faedo
Ferretti P. et al. (2022)
      • Novaledo
Rocchetti I. (2012)
  • Tuscany
    • Grosseto Province
      • Massa Marittima
        • Valpiana - Castello della Marsiliana area slag sites
"Lithothek der Münchener Micromounter" ...
    • Livorno Province
      • Campiglia Marittima
Int. Assoc. of Collectors of Slag Minerals (2)
www.comune.pisa.it (2000)
      • Piombino
Franzini et al. (1992) +2 other references
      • Sassetta
        • Canina Valley
Jansen et al. (1998)
Japan
 
  • Miyazaki Prefecture
    • Nishiusuki District
      • Takachiho
Kato (1973)
Namibia
 
  • Oshikoto Region
    • Tsumeb
Keller (1977)
Ettler et al. (2009)
Norway
 
  • Buskerud
    • Drammen
      • Konnerud
        • Konnerudkollen Mines (Konnerud Mines)
Raade (1993) +1 other reference
    • Øvre Eiker
      • Gunhildrud
Knut Eldjarn Collection
  • Nordland
    • Narvik
Husdal (2019)
    • Sørfold
Husdal (2008)
  • Telemark
    • Porsgrunn
      • Auenlandet
        • Sagåsen
Larsen et al. (2005)
  • Vestfold
    • Larvik
      • Tvedalen
Åmli et al. (1972)
        • Tuften
Larsen et al. (2010)
  • Viken
    • Nesodden
L. O. Kvamsdal (1988) +1 other reference
Peru
 
  • Pasco
    • Pasco province
      • Cerro de Pasco
Sangameshwar et al. (1983)
Poland
 
  • Lesser Poland Voivodeship
    • Chrzanów County
      • Gmina Trzebinia
Coppola et al. (2009)
    • Olkusz County
      • Gmina Bolesław
Coppola et al. (2009)
      • Gmina Olkusz
Coppola et al. (2009)
Portugal
 
  • Beja
    • Odemira
      • São Luís
Pedro Alves collection and analytical ...
Russia
 
  • Altai Krai
Palache et al. (1951)
  • Bashkortostan
Rakhimov et al. (2023)
  • Chelyabinsk Oblast
    • Verkhny Ufaley
      • Ufaley District (Ufalei District)
Local geolofist S.V.Kolesnichenko data
  • Murmansk Oblast
    • Belye Tundry Massif
Voloshin et al. (2005) +1 other reference
    • Khibiny Massif
      • Eveslogchorr Mt
        • Astrophyllite Stream
Arzamastsev et al. (2008)
    • Lovozersky District
      • Seidozero Lake
Yakovenchuk et al. (2007)
  • Sverdlovsk Oblast
    • Ivdelsky Urban Okrug
      • Ivdel
Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data of ...
Slovakia
 
  • Banská Bystrica Region
    • Brezno District
      • Bacúch
Ondrejka et al. (2020)
South Africa
 
  • Mpumalanga
    • Nkangala District Municipality
      • Victor Khanye Local Municipality
        • Delmas
Cairncross et al. (1995)
            • Dwarsfontein Farm
              • Transvaal Mine
SAMS (South African Micromount Society)
Spain
 
  • Catalonia
    • Tarragona
      • Baix Camp
        • Alforja
Abella i Creus (2018)
      • Priorat
        • Ulldemolins
Rosell et al. (2017)
  • Murcia
    • Mazarrón
Van der Berg et al. (2020)
Sweden (TL)
 
  • Värmland County
    • Filipstad
      • Långban Ore District
Tschermaks Min. Pet. Mitt. 3 (1953) +2 other references
      • Persberg ore district
        • Pajsberg
Nysten (1984)
Switzerland
 
  • Uri
    • Urseren
      • Realp
        • Tiefenbach
          • Gletschhorn
Stalder et al. (1998)
  • Valais
    • Goms
      • Binn
Van der Burgt et al. (2015)
        • Fäld
Graeser (2008)
Tunisia
 
  • Mahdia
    • Mahdia
Kutzke et al. (1997)
UK
 
  • England
    • Bristol
      • Westbury on Trym
Day (1999)
    • Cornwall
      • Crantock
BMS Newsletter 79 (http://britishmicromountsociety.homestead.com/Gannell-Smelter.html)
      • Lezant
Elton et al. (2004)
    • County Durham
      • Healeyfield
Norman Wilson collection
      • Stanhope
Norman Wilson collection
Norman Wilson personal collection
        • Eastgate
          • Eastgate Quarry
            • Lady Annabella Mine
              • Fairy Hole Vein
www.ukminingventures.com (n.d.)
        • Rogerley Quarry
P Haas collection
    • Cumbria
      • Allerdale
        • Above Derwent
        • Caldbeck
Day (1999)
Kingsbury et al. (MS) +2 other references
Kingsbury et al. (MS) +3 other references
          • Roughton Gill
Kingsbury et al. (MS) +2 other references
Cooper et al. (1990) +1 other reference
Kingsbury et al. (MS) +3 other references
Kingsbury et al. (MS) +4 other references
Kingsbury et al. (MS) +2 other references
Stanley et al. (1991)
      • Copeland
        • Whitehaven
Day (1999)
      • Eden
        • Mungrisdale
Kingsbury et al. (MS) +2 other references
Hartley (1984) +1 other reference
Briscoe et al. (2008)
    • Derbyshire
      • Bolsover District
        • Hodthorpe and Belph
Peter J. Briscoe et al. (2021)
      • Derbyshire Dales District
        • Matlock
Ford et al. (1993)
      • North East Derbyshire District
        • Ashover
          • Milltown
S. Rust collection +4 other references
    • Northumberland
      • Allendale
Norman Wilson collection
    • Somerset
      • Mendip
        • Cranmore
Alabaster (1977) +4 other references
        • Nunney
Day (1999)
        • Priddy
Mineralogical Record: 27: 253. +1 other reference
Palache et al. (1951)
      • Sedgemoor
        • Cheddar
Day (1999)
  • Scotland
    • Dumfries and Galloway
      • Wanlockhead
Rust (2022)
        • Wanlock Dod-Whytes Cleuch
S Rust collection
    • South Lanarkshire
Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference
Steve Rust collection
        • Wanlock Dod
S.Rust Collection
S. Rust collection
  • Wales
    • Ceredigion
      • Ceulanymaesmawr
        • Tal-y-bont
Rust et al. (1988)
      • Trefeirig
        • Pen-bont Rhydybeddau
Day (1999)
Steve Rust collection
      • Upper Llanfihangell-y-Creuddyn
        • Cwmystwyth
Steve Rust
        • Pontrhydygroes
Green et al. (1996) +2 other references
    • Powys
      • Machynlleth
        • Dylife
Day (1999)
      • Old Radnor
Cotterell et al. (2011)
      • Rhayader
USA
 
  • Arizona
    • Cochise County
Graeme (1993)
Graeme (1993) +1 other reference
      • Tombstone Mining District
Raman verified by Dr. Yang
    • Gila County
      • Banner Mining District
        • Christmas
Anthony et al. (1995)
    • Graham County
      • Aravaipa Mining District
        • Klondyke
          • Grand Reef Mountain
            • Laurel Canyon
Mandarino (1996)
    • La Paz County
      • Silver Mining District
Anthony et al. (1995)
    • Maricopa County
      • Osborn Mining District
        • Tonopah
          • Tiger Wash
Mineral News (2002) +1 other reference
      • Vulture Mining District
Anthony et al. (1995)
    • Pinal County
      • Mammoth Mining District
        • Tiger
          • St. Anthony deposit
Fahey et al. (1950) +2 other references
Fahey et al. (1950) +3 other references
    • Santa Cruz County
David Shannon
  • Colorado
    • San Miguel County
      • Slick Rock Mining District
Kampf et al. (2019)
  • Idaho
    • Shoshone County
      • Yreka Mining District
Ream (2004)
  • Massachusetts
    • Hampshire County
      • Easthampton
Gleba (2008)
  • Michigan
    • Marquette County
Shawn Carlson (2010)
  • New Jersey
    • Sussex County
      • Franklin
King (n.d.)
  • North Carolina
    • Carteret County
      • Beaufort
... +1 other reference
  • Rhode Island
    • Providence County
      • Cranston
Miller (1971)
Alminas +2 other references
Vietnam
 
Zambia
 
  • Central Province
    • Kabwe District
      • Kabwe
Mike Leppington collection (visual identification)
 
Mineral and/or Locality  
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