|
|
Ice
This page is currently not sponsored. Click here to sponsor this page.
Belorechenskoe (Belorechenskoye; Dakhovskoe; Belaya Rechka) deposit, Adygea (Adygeya) Republic, Northern Caucasus Region, Russia
© 2006 S. Sayamov
| Formula: |
| |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| System: | Hexagonal | Colour: | Colourless to white, ... | |||||
| Hardness: | 1½ | |||||||
| Name: | From Old English is, from Proto-Germanic *isa-. | |||||||
Stable as a solid under 0°C (at standard atmospheric pressure). There are many different structural varieties of ice, although the standard form found on earth is Ih (hexagonal ice) as described here.
Classification of Ice | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| IMA status: | Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strunz 8th edition ID: | 4/A.01-10 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID: | 4.AA.05 4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates) A : Metal: Oxygen = 2:1 and 1:1 A : Cation:Anion (M:O) = 2:1 (and 1.8:1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dana 8th edition ID: | 4.1.2.1 4 : SIMPLE OXIDES 1 : A2X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hey's CIM Ref.: | 7.1.1 7 : Oxides and Hydroxides 1 : Oxides of hydrogen | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| mindat.org URL: | http://www.mindat.org/min-2001.html Please feel free to link to this page. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Physical Properties of Ice | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lustre: | Vitreous | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Diaphaneity (Transparency): | Transparent, Translucent | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Colour: | Colourless to white, pale blue to greenish blue in thick layers | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Streak: | White | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hardness (Mohs): | 1½ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hardness Data: | Measured | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tenacity: | Brittle | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fracture: | Conchoidal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Density (measured): | 0.9167 g/cm3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Crystallography of Ice | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crystal System: | Hexagonal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Morphology: | Usualyy as snow crystals, in complex six-rayed stellate forms of great variety, flattened {0001}. Delicate skeletal forms or hopper-shaped prisms as hoar frost. Lathlike crystals, greartly elongated at times, by crystallization on the surface of water. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Twinning: | Twin plane (α): {0001}, and (b): {0001¯}. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Optical Data of Ice | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Type: | Uniaxial | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| RI values: | nα = 1.320 nβ = 1.330 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Maximum Birefringence: | δ = 1.320 Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Surface Relief: | Moderate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chemical Properties of Ice | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Formula: |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Essential elements: | H, O | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| All elements listed in formula: | H, O | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Relationship of Ice to other Species | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping): - + |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other Names for Ice | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other Languages: |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Varieties: |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other Information | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Magnetism: | Diamagnetic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Health Warning: | See http://www.dhmo.org/ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
References for Ice | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reference List: - + | Hellmann, G. (1893): Schneekrystalle. Verlag von Rudolf Mückenberger, Berlin, 66 pp. [http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/no_cache/dms/load/img/?IDDOC=320734] Dobrowolski (1916), Ark. Kemi: 6(7). Mügge (1918): Centralblatt für Mineralogie: 187. Adams (1930), Royal Society of London, Proceedings: 128: 588. Bernal and Fowler (1933), Journal Chem. Phys.: 1: 515. Blackwelder (1939), American Journal of Science: 238: 61. Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1944), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Volume I: Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 7th edition, revised and enlarged: 494-498. Acta Crystallographica: 41: 169-172. Aoki, K., Yamawaki, H., Sakashita, M., and Fujihisa, S. (1996) Infrared absorption study of the hydrogen-bond symmetrization in ice to 110 GPa. Physical Review B, 54: 15673-15677. Goncharov, A.F., Struzhkin, V.V., Somayazulu, M.S., Hemley, R.J., and Mao, H.K. (1996) Compression of ice to 210 gigapascals: Infrared evidence for s symmetric hydrogen-bonded phase. Science: 273-218-220. Wolanin, E., Pruzan, P., Chervin, J.C., Canny, B., Gauthier, M., Hausermann, D., and Hanfland, M. (1997) Equation of state of ice VII up to 106GPa. Physical Review B, 56: 5781-5785. www.its.caltech.edu http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mindat.org articles about Ice | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Article entries: |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Internet Links for Ice | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Search Engines: |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External Links: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mineral Dealers: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Jobs: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Localities for Ice | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the
 symbol to view information about a locality.
The symbol next to localities in the list
can be used to jump to that position on the map.
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
(TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
|
Mindat Lightbox
Mineral and Locality SearchOptions| Fade toolbar when not in focus | Fix toolbar to bottom of page | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Hide Social Media Links | |||
| Slideshow frame delay | seconds | ||
