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Ilsemannite

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Formula:
Mo
 
3
O
 
8
· nH
 
2
O
Colour:Black, blue-black, or ...
Name:After J.C. Ilsemann (1727-1822), a former Mining Commissioner at Clausthal, Harz, who published an early study of molybdenite (1787).


See also the visually similar mourite.

Classification of Ilsemannite

IMA status:Questionable/Doubtful
Strunz 8th edition ID:4/E.03-30
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:4.FJ.15

4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
F : Hydroxides (without V or U)
J : Hydroxides with H2O +- (OH); corner-sharing octahedra
Dana 8th edition ID:4.6.3.1

4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
6 : Miscellaneous
Hey's CIM Ref.:7.15.4

7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
15 : Oxides of Mo and W
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Type Occurrence of Ilsemannite

Type Locality:Bad Bleiberg, Bleiberg District, Gailtaler Alpen & Karnische Alpen, Carinthia, Austria
Year of Discovery:1871

Physical Properties of Ilsemannite

Colour:Black, blue-black, or blue; turns blue on exposure

Crystallography of Ilsemannite

Morphology:Earthy masses or crusts; as a stain or disseminated pigment.

Chemical Properties of Ilsemannite

Formula:
Mo
 
3
O
 
8
· nH
 
2
O
Essential elements:H, Mo, O
All elements listed in formula:H, Mo, O

Relationship of Ilsemannite to other Species

Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
4.FJ.05Meymacite
WO
 
3
· 2H
 
2
O
4.FJ.05Sidwillite
MoO
 
3
· 2H
 
2
O
4.FJ.10Tungstite
WO
 
3
· H
 
2
O
4.FJ.15Hydrotungstite
WO
 
3
· 2H
 
2
O
4.FJ.20Parabariomicrolite
BaTa
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
· 2H
 
2
O
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
7.15.1Tugarinovite
MoO
 
2
7.15.2Molybdite
MoO
 
3
7.15.3Sidwillite
MoO
 
3
· 2H
 
2
O
7.15.5Tungstite
WO
 
3
· H
 
2
O
7.15.6Hydrotungstite
WO
 
3
· 2H
 
2
O
7.15.7Meymacite
WO
 
3
· 2H
 
2
O
7.15.8Alumotungstite
7.15.9Jixianite
Pb(W,Fe
3+
 
)
 
2
(O,OH)
 
7

Other Names for Ilsemannite

Synonyms:
Molybdenum Blue
Other Languages:
German:Ilsemannit
Molybdänblau
Simplified Chinese:蓝钼矿
Spanish:Ilsemannita
Traditional Chinese:蓝鉬矿

Other Information

Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Ilsemannite

Reference List:

- +
Höfer (1871), Jb. Min.: 566.

Horton (1916), US Bureau of Mines Bulletin 111: 15.

Schaller (1917), WashingtonAc Sc., Journal: 7: 417.

Hess (1923), USGS Bulletin 750A.

Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1944), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Volume I: Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 7th edition, revised and enlarged: 603-604.

Staples, Lloyd William (1951), Ilsemannite and jordisite: American Mineralogist: 36: 609-614.

Internet Links for Ilsemannite

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  • Localities for Ilsemannite

    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Australia
     
    • Queensland
      • Tablelands Region
        • Bamford
    No reference listed
    • Tasmania
      • Scottsdale district
    Bottrill & Baker (in prep) Catalogue of minerals of Tasmania
    Austria
     
    • Carinthia
      • Gailtaler Alpen & Karnische Alpen
        • Bleiberg District
    Am Min 36 (1951), 609; G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995
    L. Kostelka: Der Karinthin, 31./32: 129-132 (1956)
    Gerhard Niedermayr, Bleiberg, Bergbau - Geologie - Mineralien
        • Paternion
          • Rubland
    R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993)
    • Tyrol
      • North Tyrol
        • Lechtaler Alpen
          • Biberwier
    Hanneberg, A., Simon, P. & Wolkersdorfer, C. (2009): Galmei und schöne Wulfenite: Der Blei-Zink-Bergbau rund um den Fernpaß in Tirol. Lapis 34 (4), 21-31; 54.
    Brazil
     
    • Minas Gerais
      • Poços de Caldas plateau
        • Caldas
    WABER, N., SCHORSCHER, H.D., & PETERS, T. (1992) Hydrothermal and supergene uranium mineralization at the Osamu Utsumi mine, Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 45, 53-112.
    China
     
    • Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
      • Chongzuo Prefecture
        • Daxin Co.
    Min, M.-Z., Luo, X.-Z., Mao, S.-L., Zheng, D.-Y., and Shen, B.-P. (2002): Ore Geology Reviews 19(1/2), 79-93.
    • Hebei Province
      • Zhangjiakou Prefecture
        • Guyuan Co.
    Dahlkamp, F.J. (2009): Uranium Deposits of the World. Springer (Berlin, Heidelberg), pp. 31-156
    • Hunan Province
      • Chenzhou Prefecture
        • Suxian District
    Dahlkamp, F.J., Ed. (2009): Uranium Deposits of the World. Springer (Berlin, Heidelberg), pp. 31-156
    • Jiangxi Province
      • Fuzhou Prefecture
        • Chongren Co.
          • Xiangshan Uranium ore field
    Dahlkamp, F.J., Ed. (2009): Uranium Deposits of the World. Springer (Berlin, Heidelberg), pp. 31-156
        • Le'an Co.
          • Xiangshan Uranium ore field
            • Zoujiashan ore district
    Dahlkamp, F.J., Ed. (2009): Uranium Deposits of the World. Springer (Berlin, Heidelberg), pp. 31-156
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • Hradec Králové Region
        • Trutnov (Trautenau)
          • Radvanice
    Jirásek, J.: Thermal Changes of the Rocks in the Dump Pile of the Kateřina Colliery in Radvanice (Eastern Bohemia). Ostrava: VSB – Technical University of Ostrava, Institute of Geological Engineering - 541, 2001. 69 p.
      • Liberec Region
    Scharm, B.: Přehled minerálů nalezených v oblasti uranových koncentrací v severočeské křídě. Bulletin mineralogicko-petrografického oddělení Národního muzea v Praze, 1995, roč. 3, s. 169-172.
      • Ústí Region
        • Krušné Hory Mts (Erzgebirge)
          • Krupka (Graupen)
    Sejkora, J., Breiter, K.: Historický rudní revír Krupka, Krušné hory. Bulletin mineralogicko-petrografického oddělení Národního muzea v Praze, 1999, roč. 7, s. 29-45.
    Gabon
     
    • Haut-Ogooué Province
      • Franceville
    J. Geffroy, J.A. Sarcia, J. Chervet : "Les Minéraux Uranifères Français", 1960, Institut National des Sciences et Techniques Nucléaires / Saclay - PUF.
    Germany
     
    • Baden-Württemberg
      • Black Forest
        • Münstertal
          • Hof
    K. Walenta: "Die Mineralien des Schwarzwaldes", Weise (Munich), 1992
    • Bavaria
      • Upper Bavaria
        • Bad Reichenhall
          • Inzell
            • Kienberg
    Hegemann, F. (1949): Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 1(5/6), 690-715; Lapis 9(1), 11-14 (1984)
    • Saxony
      • Erzgebirge
        • Altenberg
    Mineralien-Welt, (2), 17-39.
        • Ehrenfriedersdorf
    Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
        • Freiberg District
          • Brand-Erbisdorf
            • Himmelsfürst Mine
    Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
        • Schmiedeberg
    Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
      • Vogtland
        • Oelsnitz
    Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
    • Thuringia
      • Gera
        • Ronneburg U deposit
    T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998(7/8), 26-64
    Guatemala
     
    • Quetzaltenango Department
      • El Palmar
    (E. Nitta, M. Kimata, M. Hoshino, T. Echigo, S. Hamasaki, H. Shinohara, N. Nishida, T. Hatta, M. Shimizu (2006) “High-temperature sublimate minerals from Iwodake volcano, Satsuma-Iwojima, Kyusyu, Southwestern Japan.” –oral presentation at IMA meeting in Kobe.)
    Indonesia
     
    • Jawa Island (Java Island)
      • Yogyakarta Province
    (E. Nitta, M. Kimata, M. Hoshino, T. Echigo, S. Hamasaki, H. Shinohara, N. Nishida, T. Hatta, M. Shimizu (2006) “High-temperature sublimate minerals from Iwodake volcano, Satsuma-Iwojima, Kyusyu, Southwestern Japan.” –oral presentation at IMA meeting in Kobe.)
    Imants Kavalieros (1994) Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 50, 479-491.
    Japan
     
    • Kyushu Region
      • Nansei Archipelago
        • Kagoshima Prefecture
    F. Africano, G. Van Rompaey, A. Bernard, F. Le Guern (2002) Deposition of trace elements from high temperature gases of Satsuma-Iwojima volcano. Earth Planets Space 54, 275-286.
    Mexico
     
    • Durango
      • Mun. de Gómez Palacio
        • Sierra de Bermejillo
    Panczner(1987):239.
    • Sonora
      • Mun. de Moctezuma
    Lapis 2001(1), 11-40
    Russia
     
    • Eastern-Siberian Region
      • Transbaikalia (Zabaykalye)
        • Chitinskaya Oblast'
          • Krasnokamensk
            • Strel'tsovskoe Mo-U ore field
    P.M. Kartashov data
    Pavel M. Kartashov data
    • Far-Eastern Region
      • Sakhalinskaya Oblast'
        • Kuril Islands
          • Iturup Island
    (E. Nitta, M. Kimata, M. Hoshino, T. Echigo, S. Hamasaki, H. Shinohara, N. Nishida, T. Hatta, M. Shimizu (2006) “High-temperature sublimate minerals from Iwodake volcano, Satsuma-Iwojima, Kyusyu, Southwestern Japan.” –oral presentation at IMA meeting in Kobe.) http://maurice.strahlen.org/kurilles/kurilles.htm
    Slovenia
     
    • Aleksander Rečnik (2010) Minerals of the lead and zinc ore deposit Mežica. Bode Vlg. & Jožef Stefan Institute. Ljubljana: 112 pp.
    Terzic, S.B. (): Tallium and merccury in minerals from the Mezica dore eposit. Geologija, 15, 361-369
    South Africa
     
    • KwaZulu-Natal Province
    Minerals of South Africa
    Tajikistan
     
    • Viloyati Sogd (Viloyati Sughd; Viloyati Khodzhent; Viloyati Leninabad)
      • Zeravshan Range
        • Yagnob River
    D.I.Belakovskiy data
    P.M. Kartashov data; Belakovski D.I.. Die Mineralien der brennenden Kohlefloze von Ravat in Tadshikistan, Lapis, 1990, N 12 p.21-26. (in German)
    UK
     
    • England
      • Co. Durham
        • Billingham
    Mineralogical Magazine 1959 32 : 172-175.
    USA
     
    • Arizona
      • Apache Co.
        • Navajo Indian Reservation
          • Monument Valley
            • Monument No. 2 channel
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 258; Witkind, I.J. & R.E. Thaden (1963), Geology and uranium-vanadium deposits of the Monument Valley area, Apache and Navajo Cos., AZ: 117.
      • Cochise Co.
        • Mule Mts
          • Warren District
    [MinRec 12:307]
            • Warren
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 258.
      • Coconino Co.
        • Cameron District
          • Cameron
    Keith (1970), AZ Bur. Mines Bull. 182: 103-159, 202-289; Bollin & Kerr (1958), Guidebook for New Mexico Geol.Soc., 9th. Field Conference F.P. 164-168.
            • Huskon Mines
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 258.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 258.
        • Grand Canyon National Park
          • South Rim
            • Orphan District
              • Grand Canyon Village
    Gornitz, V. (2004), Grand Canyon Uranium: The Orphan Mine, Mineral News: 20(6): 7.
        • Vermillion Cliffs District
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 258, 431; Petersen, R.G., et al (1959), An occurrence of rhenium associated with uraninite in Coconino Co., AZ, Econ.Geol.: 54: 254-267.
    • California
      • Inyo Co.
        • Death Valley National Park
          • Death Valley
            • North End of Death Valley
    Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1944), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Volume I: 7th edition: 604; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 227.
      • Kern Co.
    Page, L. R.; Stocking, H. E.; Smith, H. B. (1956) Contributions to the geology of uranium and thorium by the United States Geological Survey and Atomic Energy Commission for the United Nations International Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, Geneva, Switzerland, 1955. USGS Professional Paper 300 pp97-103
          • Kern River Canyon
    Troxel, Bennie Wyatt & P.K. Morton (1962), Mines and mineral resources of Kern County, California: California Division Mines & Geology County Report 1, 370 pp.: 330; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 79, 341.
          • Miracle Hot Springs (Hobo Hot Springs)
    Troxel, Bennie Wyatt & P.K. Morton (1962), Mines and mineral resources of Kern County, California: California Division Mines & Geology County Report 1, 370 pp.: 333; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 341.
      • Shasta Co.
        • Klamath Mts
          • Gibson
    Cook, C.W. (1922), A new occurrence of ilsemannite (Gibson, Shasta County, California): American Journal of Science, 5th. Series: 4: 50-52; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 186, 227; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 341.
    • Colorado
      • Boulder Co.
        • Boulder Co. Tungsten District
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
        • Jamestown District
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
      • Clear Creek Co.
        • Idaho Springs District
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • Costilla Co.
        • McCarty Park Area
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • Fremont Co.
        • Tallahassee Creek District
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • Gunnison Co.
        • Quartz Creek District
          • Gold Hill Cumberland Pass
    U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 289
    U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 289
      • Jackson Co.
        • Northgate District
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • Jefferson Co.
        • Foothill District
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • Moffat Co.
        • Maybell District
          • Maybell Mines
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
      • Saguache Co.
        • Cochetopa District (Cochetopa Creek District)
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.; Page, L. R.; Stocking, H. E.; Smith, H. B. (1956) Contributions to the geology of uranium and thorium by the United States Geological Survey and Atomic Energy Commission for the United Nations International Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, Geneva, Switzerland, 1955. USGS Professional Paper 300 pp97-103
      • San Juan Co.
        • Elk Park
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • San Miguel Co.
        • Placerville District
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • Teller Co.
        • Cripple Creek District
    Min Rec 36:2 pp143-185
    • Nevada
      • Elko Co.
        • Bootstrap District
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Esmeralda Co.
        • Tule Canyon District
    NBMG Bull 78 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Esmeralda County, Nevada; NBMG Open File Report 79-3
    NBMG Bull 78 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Esmeralda County, Nevada; NBMG Open File Report 79-3
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada; NBMG Open File Report 79-3
      • Eureka Co.
        • Lynn District
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Humboldt Co.
        • Buffalo Mountain District
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
        • Potosi District
          • Adam Peak
    [MinRec 16:20]; NBMG Open File Report 79-3
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia
      • Mineral Co.
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
          • Brovard
    NBMG Open File Report 79-3
      • Nye Co.
        • San Antonio Mts
          • San Antone District
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia; NBMG Open File Report 79-3
      • Washoe Co.
        • Freds Mountain District
    NBMG Bull 70 Geology and Mineral Resources of Washoe and Storey Counties, Nevada; NBMG Open File Report 79-3
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada; NBMG Open File Report 79-3
    • New Mexico
      • McKinley Co.
    Northrop, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd Rev. Ed., 1996
          • Ambrosia Lake area
    NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology of the Grants Uranium Region
    NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology of the Grants Uranium Region
    NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology of the Grants Uranium Region
    NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology of the Grants Uranium Region
    NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology of the Grants Uranium Region
    NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology of the Grants Uranium Region
    NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology of the Grants Uranium Region
    NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology of the Grants Uranium Region
    NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology of the Grants Uranium Region
    NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology of the Grants Uranium Region
    NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology of the Grants Uranium Region
    • Oregon
      • Harney Co.
        • Pueblo District (Denio District)
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
      • Lake Co.
        • Lakeview
    Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology NBMG Open-File Report 96-3 By Stephen B. Castor, Christopher D. Henry, Lisa A. Shevenell
    • South Dakota
      • Fall River Co.
    R&M 75:3 pp 156-169
    SDSMT Bull 18 Roberts and Rapp "Mineralogy of the Black Hills"
      • Pennington Co.
    R&M 75:3 pp 156-169
      • Shannon Co.
    SDSMT Bull 18 Roberts and Rapp "Mineralogy of the Black Hills"
    • Texas
      • Culberson Co.
        • Sierra Diablo
    R&M 66:3 pp 196-224
      • Karnes Co.
    Smith, A.E. (1991), Texas Mineral Locations Index, Rocks & Min.: 66(3).
    • Utah
      • Grand Co.
        • La Sal Mts
          • North Mountain
            • La Sal District
    UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
      • Piute Co.
    Page, L. R.; Stocking, H. E.; Smith, H. B. (1956) Contributions to the geology of uranium and thorium by the United States Geological Survey and Atomic Energy Commission for the United Nations International Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, Geneva, Switzerland, 1955. USGS Professional Paper 300 pp97-103
    UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
      • San Juan Co.
        • Elk Ridge
    UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
          • Notch Mines
    UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
        • White Canyon District
          • Red Canyon
    UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
          • White Canyon
            • Copper Point
    UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah; U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.; USGS TEI #514; Page, L. R.; Stocking, H. E.; Smith, H. B. (1956) Contributions to the geology of uranium and thorium by the United States Geological Survey and Atomic Energy Commission for the United Nations International Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, Geneva, Switzerland, 1955. USGS Professional Paper 300 pp263-279
    USGS Bull 1125
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
      • Sevier Co.
        • Gold Mountain District
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
      • Uintah Co.
        • Ouray
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    • Wyoming
      • Carbon Co.
    Rocks & Minerals 76:383
      • Fremont Co.
        • Gas Hills District
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    www.excaliburmineral.com; U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.; Page, L. R.; Stocking, H. E.; Smith, H. B. (1956) Contributions to the geology of uranium and thorium by the United States Geological Survey and Atomic Energy Commission for the United Nations International Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, Geneva, Switzerland, 1955. USGS Professional Paper 300 pp361-370.
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
      • Natrona Co.
        • East Gas Hills District
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
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