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Krausite

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Javier Mine (Javier Ortega Mine), Huachuas, Lucanas Province, Ayacucho Department, Peru
© G.Bernadi

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Formula:
KFe(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · H
 
2
O
System:MonoclinicColour:Pale lemon yellow, ...
Lustre:Sub-Vitreous, Waxy, EarthyHardness:2½
Name:
Named by William F. Foshag in honor of Dr. Edward Henry Kraus [December 1, 1875 Syracuse, New York, USA - February 3, 1973 Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA], American mineralogist, University of Michigan.
This page provides mineralogical data about Krausite.

Classification of Krausite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:6/C.15-10
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:7.CC.05

7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
C : With medium-sized and large cations
Dana 8th edition ID:29.5.1.1

29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
5 : AB(XO4)2·xH2O
Hey's CIM Ref.:25.11.7

25 : Sulphates
11 : Sulphates of Fe and other metals
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Type Occurrence of Krausite

Type Locality:Sulphur Hole (Sulfur Hole; Sulphur pit), Mule Canyon, Yermo, Calico District (Daggett District), Calico Mts (Calico Hills), San Bernardino Co., California, USA
Place of Conservation of Type Material:Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC
Year of Discovery:1931
Geological Setting of type material:Secondary mineral in sulfate bearing chert.
Associated Minerals at type locality:
CoquimbiteAlunite

Occurrences of Krausite

Geological Setting:Oxidation material on pyrite bearing dumps.

Physical Properties of Krausite

Lustre:Sub-Vitreous, Waxy, Earthy
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Transparent, Translucent
Comment:Not vitreous
Colour:Pale lemon yellow, yellowish green, gray; colourless to pale yellow in transmitted light.
Streak:White
Hardness (Mohs):2½
Tenacity:Brittle
Cleavage:Perfect
Perfect on {001}; Good on {100}
Density (measured):2.84 g/cm3
Density (calculated):2.839 g/cm3

Crystallography of Krausite

Crystal System:Monoclinic
Class (H-M):2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:P21/m {P1 1 21/m} {P21/m} {P1 21/m 1}
Space Group Setting:P21/m
Cell Parameters:a = 7.91Å, b = 5.15Å, c = 8.99Å
β = 102.75°
Ratio:a:b:c = 1.536 : 1 : 1.746
Unit Cell Volume:V 357.19 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:2
Morphology:Commonly earthy to finely granular. Crystals may be short prismatic [001]; also equant to tabular {001}. Larger crystals tend to be rough and opaque, smaller ones brilliant and clear.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
d-spacingIntensity
6.69 (70)
4.40 (80)
4.26 (50)
3.69 (70)
3.09 (100)
2.77 (40)
2.58 (40)
2.55 (40)
Comments:ICDD 18-1028

Optical Data of Krausite

Type:Biaxial (+)
RI values: nα = 1.588 nβ = 1.650 nγ = 1.722
2V:Measured: 75°
Birefringence:0.034
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.134

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:Moderate
Dispersion:relatively strong
Optical Extinction:Z=b, Y^c = -35°
Pleochroism:Visible
Comments:X = Colourless
Y = Pale yellow
Z = Pale yellow
Comments:2V large

Chemical Properties of Krausite

Formula:
KFe(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · H
 
2
O
Essential elements:Fe, H, K, O, S
All elements listed in formula:Fe, H, K, O, S
Analytical Data:Slowly decomposed by water. Yields acid water.
Empirical Formula:
KFe
3+
 
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · H
 
2
O
Relationship of Krausite to other Species
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- + 
7.CC.10Tamarugite
NaAl(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 6H
 
2
O
7.CC.15Kalinite
KAl(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 11H
 
2
O Not confirmed
7.CC.15Mendozite
NaAl(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 11H
 
2
O
7.CC.20Lonecreekite
(NH
 
4
)Fe
3+
 
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 12H
 
2
O
7.CC.20Alum-(K)
KAl(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 12H
 
2
O
7.CC.20Alum-(Na)
NaAl(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 12H
 
2
O
7.CC.20Tschermigite
(NH
 
4
)Al(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 12H
 
2
O
7.CC.20Lanmuchangite
Tl
+
 
Al(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 12H
 
2
O
7.CC.25Voltaite
K
 
2
Fe
2+
5
Fe
3+
3
Al(SO
 
4
)
 
12
 · 18H
 
2
O
7.CC.25Zincovoltaite
K
 
2
Zn
 
5
Fe
3+
3
Al(SO
 
4
)
 
12
 · 18H
 
2
O
7.CC.25Pertlikite
K
 
2
(Fe
2+
 
,Mg)
 
2
Mg
 
4
Fe
3+
2
Al(SO
 
4
)
 
12
 · 18H
 
2
O
7.CC.25Ammoniomagnesiovoltaite
(NH
 
4
)
 
2
Mg
2+
5
Fe
3+
3
Al(SO
 
4
)
 
12
 · 18H
 
2
O
7.CC.30Kröhnkite
Na
 
2
Cu(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 2H
 
2
O
7.CC.35Ferrinatrite
Na
 
3
Fe(SO
 
4
)
 
3
 · 3H
 
2
O
7.CC.40Goldichite
KFe(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O
7.CC.45Löweite
Na
 
12
Mg
 
7
(SO
 
4
)
 
13
 · 15H
 
2
O
7.CC.50Blödite
Na
 
2
Mg(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O
7.CC.50Nickelblödite
Na
 
2
(Ni,Mg)(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O
7.CC.50Changoite
Na
 
2
Zn(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O
7.CC.50Zincblödite
7.CC.55Leonite
K
 
2
Mg(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O
7.CC.55Mereiterite
K
 
2
Fe(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O
7.CC.60Boussingaultite
(NH
 
4
)
 
2
Mg(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 6H
 
2
O
7.CC.60Cyanochroite
K
 
2
Cu(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 6H
 
2
O
7.CC.60Mohrite
(NH
 
4
)
 
2
Fe(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 6H
 
2
O
7.CC.60Nickelboussingaultite
(NH
 
4
)
 
2
Ni(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 6H
 
2
O
7.CC.60Picromerite
K
 
2
Mg(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 6H
 
2
O
7.CC.65Polyhalite
K
 
2
Ca
 
2
Mg(SO
 
4
)
 
4
 · 2H
 
2
O
7.CC.70Leightonite
K
 
2
Ca
 
2
Cu(SO
 
4
)
 
4
 · 2H
 
2
O
7.CC.75Amarillite
NaFe(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 6H
 
2
O
7.CC.80Konyaite
Na
 
2
Mg(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 5H
 
2
O
7.CC.85Wattevilleite
Na
 
2
Ca(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O (?)
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- + 
25.11.1Natrojarosite
NaFe
 
3
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
6
25.11.2Sideronatrite
Na
 
2
Fe(SO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH) · 3H
 
2
O
25.11.3Metasideronatrite
Na
 
2
Fe(SO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH) · H
 
2
O
25.11.4Ferrinatrite
Na
 
3
Fe(SO
 
4
)
 
3
 · 3H
 
2
O
25.11.5Amarillite
NaFe(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 6H
 
2
O
25.11.6Yavapaiite
KFe(SO
 
4
)
 
2
25.11.8Goldichite
KFe(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O
25.11.9Jarosite
KFe
3+
 
 
 
3
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
6
25.11.10Voltaite
K
 
2
Fe
2+
5
Fe
3+
3
Al(SO
 
4
)
 
12
 · 18H
 
2
O
25.11.11Ungemachite
K
 
3
Na
 
8
Fe(SO
 
4
)
 
6
(NO
 
3
)
 
2
 · 6H
 
2
O
25.11.12Metavoltine
Na
 
6
K
 
2
FeFe
 
6
(SO
 
4
)
 
12
O
 
2
 · 18H
 
2
O
25.11.13Sabieite
(NH
 
4
)Fe
3+
 
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
25.11.14Ammoniojarosite
(NH
 
4
)Fe
3+
3
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
6
25.11.15Clairite
(NH
 
4
)
 
2
Fe
 
3
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
(OH)
 
3
 · 3H
 
2
O
25.11.16Mohrite
(NH
 
4
)
 
2
Fe(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 6H
 
2
O
25.11.17Lonecreekite
(NH
 
4
)Fe
3+
 
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 12H
 
2
O
25.11.18Godovikovite
(NH
 
4
)Al(SO
 
4
)
 
2
25.11.19Botryogen
MgFe
3+
 
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH) · 7H
 
2
O
25.11.21Slavíkite
(H
 
3
O
+
 
)
 
3
Mg
 
6
Fe
 
15
(SO
 
4
)
 
21
(OH)
 
18
 · 99H
 
2
O
25.11.23Sturmanite
Ca
 
6
(Fe
3+
 
,Al,Mn
3+
 
)
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
[B(OH)
 
4
](OH)
 
12
 · 25H
 
2
O
25.11.24Millosevichite
(Al,Fe)
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
25.11.25Aluminocopiapite
Al
 
2/3
Fe
3+
4
(SO
 
4
)
 
6
(OH)
 
2
 · 20H
 
2
O
25.11.26Halotrichite
FeAl
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
 · 22H
 
2
O
25.11.27Idrizite
(Mg,Fe)(Al,Fe)
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
(OH)
 
2
 · 15H
 
2
O or near
25.11.28Lishizhenite
ZnFe
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
4
 · 14H
 
2
O
25.11.29Zincovoltaite
K
 
2
Zn
 
5
Fe
3+
3
Al(SO
 
4
)
 
12
 · 18H
 
2
O
Other Names for Krausite
Other Languages:
German:Krausit
Russian:Краузит
Simplified Chinese:钾铁矾
Spanish:Krausita
Other Information
Fluorescence in UV light:Not fluorescent
Other Information:Slowly decomposed by water leaving ferric oxide.
Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
References for Krausite
Reference List:

- + 
Foshag, W.F. (1931): Krausite, a new sulphate from California. American Mineralogist: 16: 352-360.



Graeber, E.J. & A. Rosenzweig (1965): The unit cell of Krausite. American Mineralogist: 50: 504-507.



Graeber, E.J., B. Morosin & A. Rosenzweig (1965): The crystal structure of Krausite, KFe(SO4)2•H2O: American Mineralogist: 50: 1929-1936.



American Mineralogist (1986): 71: 202-205.


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    • Localities for Krausite
    






    


    

    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the  symbol to view information about a locality. 
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can be used to jump to that position on the map.

    

    

    
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    (TL) indicates type locality.  ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.

    Argentina
     
    

    • Jujuy
    

      • El Palmar District
    
    		http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/krausite.pdf.; Marquez-Zavalia, Maria Florencia, Lomniczi de Upton, Irene & Galliski, Miguel Angel (2001): Krausite in fumaroles from Santa Barbara mine, northwestern Argentina. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte  2001, 378-384. ; Zavalia, Maria Florencia Marquez & Galliski, Miguel Angel (1995): Goldichite of fumarolic origin from the Santa Barbara mine, Jujuy, northwestern Argentina. Canadian Mineralogist 33, 1059-1062. 
    Chile
     
    

    • Antofagasta Region
    

      • El Loa Province
    

        • Calama
    

          • Cerritos Bayos
    
    		Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schluter, Curator of Hamburg Mineralogical Museum, Germany; Kampf, A.R.; Mills, S.J.; Housley, R.M.; Williams, P.A.; Dini, M. (2012): Alcaparrosaite, K3Ti4+Fe3+(SO4)4O(H2O)2, a new hydrophobic Ti4+ sulfate from Alcaparrosa, Chile. Mineralogical Magazine 76, 851-861.
    




          • Chuquicamata District
    

            • Toki Cu deposit (Toki Cluster)
    
    		Natural History Museum Vienna collection (Uwe Kolitsch SXRD on Arturo Molina material)
    China
     
    

    • Xinjiang Autonomous Region
    

      • Hami Prefecture (Kumul Prefecture; Qumul Prefecture)
    

        • Hami Co. (Kumul Co.; Qumul Co.)
    
    		Xu Ying-xia, Ding Kui-shou, Qin Ke-zhang, Miao Yu, Fang Tong-hui, Xu Xing-wang, and Sun He (2006): Geology in China 33(3), 605-616.
    France
     
    

    • Languedoc-Roussillon
    

      • Gard
    

        • Saint-Laurent-le-Minier
    
    		Minéralogie de la mine des malines (Daniel Gol, Alain Martaud, Nicolas Meisser, Pascal Chollet) - Le regne minéral, H.S.  XVI, pp 49-86. 
    




- Gol, D, Martaud, A., Meisser, N. & Chollet, P. (2010): Minéralogie des Malines, Gard. Le Règne Minéral, HS XVI, 49-88.
    Germany
     
    

    • Saxony
    

      • Dresden
    
    		Thalheim, K.; Reichel, W. & Witzke, T. (1991): Die Minerale des Döhlener Beckens.- Schriften des Staatlichen Museums für Mineralogie und Geologie zu Dresden, Nr. 3
    Greece
     
    

    • Attikí (Attica; Attika) Prefecture
    

      • Lavrion (Laurion; Laurium) District
    

        • Lavrion District Mines
    

          • Plaka
    

            • Plaka Mines
    
    		Dr. A. Godelitsas collection and analysis
    Italy
     
    

    • Campania
    

      • Phlegrean Volcanic complex
    

        • Naples Province
    
    		http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/krausite.pdf.
    





            • Pozzuoli
    
    		De Michele, V. (1974). Guida mineralogica d'Italia. Istituto Geografico De Agostini, Novara, 2 vol
    

    • Sicily
    

      • Messina Province
    

        • Eolie Islands (Aeolian Islands)
    

          • Lipari
    

            • Vulcano Island
    

              • Porto Levante
    
    		Campostrini I. et al - Vulcano: ein aussergewohnlicher Fundpunkt von neuen und seltenen Mineralien - MineralienWelt 2010 - nr.3 - p.40-57
    Mexico
     
    

    • Durango
    

      • Mun. de Cuencamé
    

        • Velardeña District
    

          • Velardeña
    
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 463; Handbook of Mineralogy - Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols.; Am Min (1931), 16:352-360
    Peru
     
    

    • Ayacucho Department
    

      • Lucanas Province
    

        • Huachuas
    
    		Hyršl, J. (2010): Ein Neufund fantastischer Sulfate in der Mina Javier. Mineralien-Welt 21 (3), 68-71 (in German).  ; Roth, P. and Meisser, N. (2012) Goldichit: Ausgezeichnete Kristalle aur Peru. Lapis, 37, #5, 37.
    USA
     
    

    • California
    

      • San Bernardino Co.
    
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 616.
    




          • Calico District (Daggett District)
    

            • Yermo
    

              • Mule Canyon
    
    		Foshag, William Frederick (1931c), Krausite, a new sulphate from California: American Mineralogist: 16: 352-360; Moller, W.P. (1963) Sulfur Hole. Mineralogist: 31, part 1, N. 3: 14-15; part 2, No. 4: 12, 13; Graeber, E.J. and Rosenzweig, A. (1965) The unit cell of krausite. American Mineralogist: 50: 504-507; Graeber, E.J., Morosin, B., and Rosenzweig, A. (1965) The crystal structure of krausite, KFe(SO4)2 •H2O. American Mineralogist: 50: 1929-1936; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 265, 273, 278; Joseph F. Cooper, Jr., Gail E. Dunning, Ted A. Hadley, and William P. Moller (2001) The Sulfur Hole, Calico District, San Bernardino County, California
    

    • Utah
    

      • Emery Co.
    

        • San Rafael District (San Rafael Swell)
    

          • Calf Mesa
    
    		In the collection of Brent Thorne
    


      • Wayne Co.
    
    		http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/krausite.pdf.
    

    


    

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