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Lead

Big Photo

Långban, Filipstad, Värmland, Sweden
© RWMW

Show Lead Photos (33)
Formula:
Pb
System:IsometricColour:grey, but coated with ...
Lustre:MetallicHardness:1½


Native Lead is extremely rare, Lead is far more commonly found and mined as the lead sulphide mineral, Galena. The Romans named the refined metal Plumbum and used it for pipes in plumbing. Its major use today is in lead acid batteries and for radiation shields. It is also a constituent of low melting alloys. Native Lead is somewhat ductile and very malleable.

Classification of Lead

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:1/A.05-20
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:1.AA.05

1 : ELEMENTS (Metals and intermetallic alloys; metalloids and nonmetals; carbides, silicides, nitrides, phosphides)
A : Metals and Intermetallic Alloys
A : Copper-cupalite family
Dana 7th edition ID:1.1.21.1
Dana 8th edition ID:1.1.1.4

1 : NATIVE ELEMENTS AND ALLOYS
1 : Metals, other than the Platinum Group
Hey's CIM Ref.:1.30

1 : Elements and Alloys (including the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au)
mindat.org URL:http://www.mindat.org/min-2358.html
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Physical Properties of Lead

Lustre:Metallic
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Opaque
Colour:grey, but coated with white Hydrocerrusite
Streak:grey
Hardness (Mohs):1½
Hardness Data:Measured
Tenacity:Malleable
Cleavage:None Observed
none, malleable
Fracture:Hackly
Density (measured):11.37 g/cm3
Density (calculated):11.341 g/cm3

Crystallography of Lead

Crystal System:Isometric
Class (H-M):m3m (4/m 3 2/m) - Hexoctahedral
Space Group:Fm3m (F4/m 3 2/m)
Cell Parameters:a = 4.9506Å
Unit Cell Volume:V 121.33 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:4
Morphology:Commonly as rounded masses and plates up to 60kg.
Twinning:Herring bone twins at 60 degrees {111}
Crystal Atlas:
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Lead no.1 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Lead no.5 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

About Crystal Atlas

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The mindat.org Crystal Atlas allows you to view a selection of crystal drawings of real and idealised crystal forms for this mineral and, in certain cases, 3d rotating crystal objects. You need Java to see these. You can download Java for free - click here to download Java

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Optical Data of Lead

Type:Isotropic
Internal Reflections:none
Pleochroism:Non-pleochroic

Chemical Properties of Lead

Formula:
Pb
Essential elements:Pb
All elements listed in formula:Pb
Empirical Formula:
Pb

Relationship of Lead to other Species

Related to:
  • Copper Group
    • Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):
    1.AA.05Aluminium
    Al
    1.AA.05Copper
    Cu
    1.AA.05Electrum
    (Au, Ag)
    1.AA.05Gold
    Au
    1.AA.05Nickel
    Ni
    1.AA.05Silver
    Ag
    1.AA.10Auricupride
    Cu
     
    3
    		Au
    1.AA.10Tetra-auricupride
    AuCu
    1.AA.10Cuproauride
    1.AA.10Rozhkovite
    1.AA.15Anyuiite
    Au(Pb,Sb)
     
    2
    1.AA.15Khatyrkite
    (Cu,Zn)Al
     
    2
    1.AA.15Iodine
    I
    1.AA.15Novodneprite
    AuPb
     
    3
    1.AA.20Cupalite
    (Cu,Zn)Al
    1.AA.25Hunchunite
    Au
     
    2
    		Pb
    Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:
    1.1Copper
    Cu
    1.2Silver
    Ag
    1.5Gold
    Au
    1.6Auricupride
    Cu
     
    3
    		Au
    1.7Tetra-auricupride
    AuCu
    1.8Zinc
    Zn
    1.9Cadmium
    Cd
    1.10Danbaite
    CuZn
     
    2
    1.11Zhanghengite
    CuZn
    1.12Mercury
    Hg
    1.13Kolymite
    Cu
     
    7
    		Hg
     
    6
    1.14Moschellandsbergite
    Ag
     
    2
    		Hg
     
    3
    1.15Eugenite
    Ag
     
    11
    		Hg
     
    2
    1.16Schachnerite
    Ag
     
    1.1
    		Hg
     
    0.9
    1.17Paraschachnerite
    Ag
     
    3
    		Hg
     
    2
    1.18Luanheite
    Ag
     
    3
    		Hg
    1.19Weishanite
    (Au,Ag)
     
    3
    		Hg
     
    2
    1.20Indium
    In
    1.21Aluminium
    Al
    1.22Khatyrkite
    (Cu,Zn)Al
     
    2
    1.23Cupalite
    (Cu,Zn)Al
    1.24Diamond
    C
    1.25Graphite
    C
    1.26Chaoite
    C
    1.27Lonsdaleite
    C
    1.28Silicon
    Si
    1.29Tin
    Sn
    1.31Anyuiite
    Au(Pb,Sb)
     
    2
    1.31Novodneprite
    AuPb
     
    3
    1.32Leadamalgam
    HgPb
     
    2
    1.33Arsenic
    As
    1.34Arsenolamprite
    As
    1.35Paxite
    CuAs
     
    2
    1.36Koutekite
    Cu
     
    5
    		As
     
    2
    1.37Domeykite
    Cu
     
    3
    		As
    1.38Algodonite
    (Cu
     
    1-x
    		As
     
    x
    		)
    1.39Novakite
    Cu
     
    20
    		AgAs
     
    10
    1.40Kutinaite
    Cu
     
    2
    		AgAs
    1.41Antimony
    Sb
    1.42Stibarsen
    AsSb
    1.43Paradocrasite
    Sb
     
    3
    		As
    1.44Horsfordite
    1.45Cuprostibite
    Cu
     
    2
    		(Sb,Tl)
    1.46Allargentum
    (Ag
     
    1-x
    		Sb
     
    x
    		)
    1.47Aurostibite
    AuSb
     
    2
    1.48Dyscrasite
    Ag
     
    3
    		Sb
    1.49Bismuth
    Bi
    1.50Maldonite
    Au
     
    2
    		Bi
    1.51Sulphur
    S
     
    8
    1.52Rosickýite
    S
    1.53Selenium
    Se
    1.54Tellurium
    Te
    1.55Chromium
    Cr
    1.56Rhenium
    Re
    1.57Iron
    Fe
    1.58Chromferide
    Fe
     
    3
    		Cr
     
    1-x
    		 (x=0.6)
    1.59Ferchromide
    Cr
     
    1.5
    		Fe
     
    0.5-x
    1.60Wairauite
    CoFe
    1.61Nickel
    Ni
    1.62Kamacite
    (Fe,Ni)
    1.63Taenite
    (Fe,Ni)
    1.64Tetrataenite
    FeNi
    1.65Awaruite
    Ni
     
    3
    		Fe
    1.66Palladium
    (Pd,Pt)
    1.67Potarite
    PdHg
    1.68Paolovite
    Pd
     
    2
    		Sn
    1.69Stannopalladinite
    (Pd,Cu)
     
    3
    		Sn
     
    2
    1.70Cabriite
    Pd
     
    2
    		SnCu
    1.71Taimyrite
    (Pd,Cu,Pt)
     
    3
    		Sn
    1.72Atokite
    (Pd,Pt)
     
    3
    		Sn
    1.73Rustenburgite
    (Pt,Pd)
     
    3
    		Sn
    1.74Zvyagintsevite
    (Pd,Pt,Au)
     
    3
    		(Pb,Sn)
    1.75Plumbopalladinite
    Pb
     
    2
    		Pd
     
    3
    1.76Osmium
    (Os,Ir,Ru)
    1.77Iridium
    (Ir,Os,Ru)
    1.82Platinum
    Pt
    1.83Hongshiite
    PtCu
    1.84Niggliite
    PtSn
    1.85Isoferroplatinum
    Pt
     
    3
    		Fe
    1.86Tetraferroplatinum
    PtFe
    1.87Tulameenite
    Pt
     
    2
    		CuFe
    1.88Ferronickelplatinum
    Pt
     
    2
    		FeNi
    1.89Rhodium
    (Rh,Pt)

    Other Names for Lead

    Synonyms:
    AabamLoadNative LeadPlomb
    German names:
    Blei
    Italian names:
    Piombo
    Russian names:
    Свинец
    Swedish names:
    Bly

    Other Information

    Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

    References for Lead

    Reference List:Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1944), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Seventh edition, Volume I: 102-103.

    Internet Links for Lead

    Search Engines:
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    • External Links:
  • Look for Lead on Webmineral
  • Look for Lead on Athena Mineralogy
  • Look for Lead on Wikipedia
  • Look for Lead on Mineralien Atlas
  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
  • American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database
  • Search for Lead in the Natural History Museum (London) online catalogue
  • Lead details from Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF)
    • Mineral Dealers:
  • Find Lead on www.crystalclassics.co.uk
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  • Search for Lead on minvision.com
  • Fabre Minerals - search for Lead specimens
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    Localities for Lead

    Hide Locality List
    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
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    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Argentina
     
    • Jujuy
      • Sierra de Aguilar
    Australia
     
    • New South Wales
      • Clive Co.
    		H.F. Henley et al. Grafton-MacLean 1:250 000 Metallogenic Map and Mineral Deposit Data sheets, 2001
      • Gough Co.
        • Torrington
    		H.F. Henley et a. Grafton-MacLean 1:250 000 Metallogenic Map and Mineral Deposit Data sheets, 2001
      • Robinson Co.
        • Cobar
          • Mullimut
    		L.B. Gilligan and J.G. Byrnes Cobar Metallogenic Map 1:250 000
      • Westmoreland Co.
        • Oberon
    		Markham, N, & Basden, H, 1974. The mineral deposits of NSW. Geological Survey of NSW., 313-315pp
      • Yancowinna Co.
    		Birch BH Book
    • South Australia
      • Flinders Ranges
        • North Flinders Ranges
          • Paralana High Plains
    		Wuelser-Pierre-Alain; Lahaye-Yann; Brugger-Joel 2004. Mineralogy and zircon geochemistry of uranium sedimentary-hosted Beverley Deposit (Lake Frome Embayment, Curnamona Province, South Australia), McGoldrick-Peter (editor) Abstracts - Geological Society of Australia. 73; Pages 138. 2004.
    • Tasmania
      • Fingal valley
        • Avoca District
    		Bottrill & Baker (in prep) Catalogue of minerals of Tasmania
      • Rosebery district
        • Rosebery
    Austria
     
    • Carinthia
      • Friesach - Hüttenberg area
        • St Martin am Silberberg
    		Blaß, G., Graf, H.-W. & Pichler, A. (1997): Sekundäre Neubildungen in Schlacken von St. Martin am Silberberg in Kärnten (1). Mineralien-Welt, 8(5), 42-45.
    • Salzburg
      • Hohe Tauern Mts
        • Rauris valley
          • Hüttwinkl valley
            • Alteck Mt. - Hoher Sonnblick Mt. area
              • Kolm-Saigurn
    		A. Strasser: Die MInerale Salzburgs (1989)
    • Styria
      • Niedere Tauern Mts
        • Öblarn
          • Walchen
    		[Lapis 1992: 2 p.19-30]
    Belgium
     
    • Limburg Province
      • Dilsen-Stokkem
    • Namur Province
      • Andenne
    		No reference listed
    Canada
     
    • Newfoundland and Labrador
      • Newfoundland
        • Baie Verte Peninsula
    		Christian Bracke Collection
    • Québec
      • Rouville Co.
        • Mont Saint-Hilaire
    		Horváth, L and Gault, R.A. (1990), The mineralogy of Mont Saint-Hilaire Quebec. Mineralogical Record: 21: 284-359.
    China
     
    • Hebei Province
      • Chengde Prefecture
        • Luan River (Luan He) valley
    		Shao Dianxin, Zhou Jianxiong, Zhang Jianhong, and Bao Daxi (1984): Acta Mineralogica Sinica 4, 97-101.
    • Henan Province
      • Nanyang Prefecture
        • Tongbai Co.
    		Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3 (1997)
    • Jilin Province (Manchuria; Dongbei Region)
      • Yanbian Chaoxianzu Autonomous Prefecture
        • Hunchun Co.
          • Sandaogou Au deposit
            • Shajin Mine
    		Extra Lapis English No. 5 Gold
    • Shandong Province
      • Linyi Prefecture
        • Yimeng Mts (Yimeng Shan)
          • Mengyin Co.
            • Mengyin Kimberlite field
              • Changma Kimberlite belt
                • Wangcun deposit
    		Gorshkov, A.I., Titkov, S.V., Yan Nan Bao, Ryabchikov, I.D., and Magazina, L.O. (2006): Geology of Ore Deposits 48(4), 326-334.
    • Shanxi Province
      • Xinzhou Prefecture
        • Yuanping Co.
    		http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/open-file/of03-220/DATABASE/lode_deposits.txt
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • Central Bohemia Region
        • Příbram
    		[Der Aufschluss 1996:6 p.267-287]
      • Hradec Králové Region
        • Trutnov (Trautenau)
          • Radvanice
    		Žáček, V., Ondruš, P.: Mineralogy of recently formed sublimates from Kateřina colliery in Radvanice, Eastern Bohemia, Czech Republic. Bulletin of the Czech geological survey, 1998, vol. 73, no. 2, s. 289-302.
    Ethiopia
     
    • Wallaga (Welega; Wollega; Ouallega) Province
      • Assosa region
    		P.M. Kartashov data
    Finland
     
    • Etelä-Suomen Lääni
      • Orivesi
    		No reference listed
    • Itä-Suomen Lääni
    		No reference listed
    France
     
    • Brittany
      • Finistère
        • Poullaouen
    		Germain C., Leydet J-C., Saget Ph. (1990), Les minéraux de néoformation de Huelgoat (Finistère), Le Cahier des Micromonteurs, n°3, 3-16
    • Languedoc-Roussillon
      • Lozère
    		No reference listed
    • Rhône-Alpes
      • Loire
        • La Pacaudière
    		No reference listed
    Germany
     
    • Baden-Württemberg
      • Black Forest
        • Lahr
          • Reichenbach
            • Weiler
    		Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
    • Lower Saxony
      • Harz Mts
        • St Andreasberg District
    		No reference listed
    • North Rhine-Westphalia
      • Sauerland
        • Arnsberg
          • Hüsten
    		D. Pawlowski: "Mineralfundstellen im Sauerland", Weise (Munich), 1991
    • Rhineland-Palatinate
      • Lahn valley
    		Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
    Greece
     
    • Attikí (Attica; Attika) Prefecture
      • Lavrion (Laurion; Laurium) District
        • Lavrion District slag localities
          • Agios Nikolaos [St Nicholas] area
    		No reference listed
          • Lavrion (Laurion; Laurium)
    		No reference listed
          • Oxygon area
    		No reference listed
          • Panormos area
    		No reference listed
          • Passa Limani area
    		Gelaude, Piet, van Kalmthout, Piet, and Rewitzer, Christian (1996) Laurion: The Minerals of the Ancient Slags, Janssen Print, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
          • Sounion area
    		Gelaude, Piet, van Kalmthout, Piet and Rewitzer, Christian, (1996) Laurion: The Minerals in the Ancient Slags, Janssen Print, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
          • Thorikos area
    		Gelaude, Piet, van Kalmthout, Piet and Rewitzer, Christian (1996) Laurion: The Minerals in the Ancient Slags, Janssen Print, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
          • Tourkolimanon area
    		No reference listed
          • Vrissaki area
    		Gelaude, Piet, van Kalmthout, Piet, and Rewitzer, Christian (1996) Laurion: The Minerals in the Ancient Slags, Janssen Print, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
    Greenland
     
    • Kitaa (West Greenland) Province
      • Narsaq
    		[Mineralogical Record - Vol 24 No 2]
      • Qeqertarsuaq Island (Disko Island)
    		Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: "Handbook of Mineralogy", Vol. 1, 1990
    Iran
     
    • East Azarbaijan Province
      • Takab (Takan Tepe)
    Italy
     
    • Trentino-Alto Adige
      • Trento Province
        • Lagorai Group
          • Telve
    		Exel, R. (1987): Guida mineralogica del Trentino e del Sudtirolo. Athesia, Bolzano, 204 pp.
    • Tuscany
      • Livorno Province
        • Piombino
    		Muenchener Micromounter-Lithothek
    Mexico
     
    • Veracruz
      • Mun. de Las Minas
        • Zomelahuacan
    		Panczner (1987): 250.
    Mongolia
     
    • Hovd Aimag (Khovd Aimag)
      • Altai Mts
    		P.M. Kartashov data
    Namibia
     
    • Otjozondjupa Region
      • Grootfontein District
        • Kombat
    		Mineralogical Record: 22: 421.
    Poland
     
    • Lower Silesia (Dolnośląskie)
      • Legnica
    		Kucha H. 1983: Precious metal-bearing shale from Zechstein copper deposits, Lower Silesia, Poland. Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy (Sect. B: Applied Earth Science), 92, 72-79
    • Małopolskie
      • Nowy Targ District
        • Szczawnica
    		Wojciechowski J. 1955: O żyłach kruszcowych pod Szczawnicą. Biul. Inst. Geol. 101
    Russia
     
    • Eastern-Siberian Region
      • Saha Republic (Sakha Republic; Yakutia)
    		[World of Stones 12:49]
        • Vilyui River Basin (Vilui River Basin; Wilui River Basin)
          • Lower Khann'ya River
      • Transbaikalia (Zabaykalye)
        • Chitinskaya Oblast'
    		P.M. Karashov data
        • Irkutskaya Oblast'
          • Bodaibo Region
    		http://www.igem.ru/igem/chem/pt/sukhloge.htm
    • Far-Eastern Region
      • Chukot Peninsula
        • Magadanskaya Oblast'
          • Kolyma area
            • Bol'shoi Anyui River Basin
              • Baimka River
                • Aluchinskii Massif (Aluchin horst)
    		No reference listed
      • Kamchatka Oblast'
        • Bezymyannyi Volcano
    		No reference listed
    No reference listed
      • Magadanskaya Oblast'
        • Kolym (Kolyma) River Basin
          • Ducat District
            • Omsukchan
              • Ducat ore field
    		No reference listed
      • Primorskiy Kray
        • Khanka Lake
    		V.V. Seredin data
    • Northern Region
      • Murmanskaja Oblast'
        • Kola Peninsula
          • Khibiny Massif
    		Pekov, I.V. & Podlesnyi, A.S. (2004): Kukisvumchorr Deposit: Mineralogy of Alkaline Pegmatites and Hydrotermalites. Mineralogical Almanac, vol. 7, 140 pages + xxiv photo's pages; Krivovichev, S.V., Pakhomovsky, Ya.A., Ivanyuk, G.Yu., Mikhailova, J.A., Men’shikov, Yu.P., Armbruster, Th., Selivanova, E.A., Meisser, N. (2007): Yakovenchukite-(Y), K3NaCaY2(Si12O30)(H2O)4, a new mineral from the Khibiny massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia: A novel type of octahedral-tetrahedral open-framework structure. American Mineralogist, 92, 1525-1530.
              • Kirovskii apatite mine (Kirovsky Mine; Kirov Mine)
    		American Mineralogist, Volume 92, pages 1525-1530, 2007
    • Urals Region
      • Chelyabinsk Oblast'
        • Karabash (Karabasch)
          • Soimon Valley
            • Zlatoya Gora)
    		http://maurice.strahlen.org/ural/srednji.htm
      • Southern Urals
        • Orenburgskaya Oblast'
    		M.I. Novgorodova Doklady AN SSSR, 1979, v.248, N4, pp.965-968
    Sweden
     
    • Dalarna
      • Hedemora
        • Garpenberg
    		No reference listed
    • Värmland
      • Filipstad
    		GFF 113, 35; MinMag 54, 109
    Nysten, P., Holtstam, D. and Jonsson, E. (1999) The Långban minerals. In Långban - The mines,their minerals, geology and explorers (D. Holtstam and J. Langhof, eds.), Swedish Museum of Natural History and Raster Förlag, Stockholm & Chr. Weise Verlag, Munich, pp. 89-183.
        • Nordmark
    		Kjell Gatedal
    Mineralogical Magazine (1998) 62 (3), 395-407
        • Pajsberg
    		Dana 7: I: 103; Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 726, 857.
    No reference listed
    • Västmanland
      • Hällefors
        • Grythyttan
    No reference listed
    The Moon
     
    Mokhov A.V., Kartashov P.M., Bogatikov O.A. (2007) Moon under a microscope, - Moscow, Nauka, p.128 (in Rus.).
    UK
     
    • England
      • Devon
        • South Devon
    		[Collected by Dr. K. Banister]
          • Torquay
    		[Camm, 1995, 71 - "Gold in the Counties of Cornwall and Devon"]
    • Wales
      • Gwynedd (Merionethshire)
        • Dolgellau Gold Belt
          • Bontddu
    		Natiom
    Ukraine
     
    • Kirovohrad Oblast' (Kirovohrads'ka Oblast')
    USA
     
    • Arizona
      • Maricopa Co.
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 273.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 273.
        • Wickenburg Mts
          • San Domingo District
            • San Domingo Wash
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 273.
      • Santa Cruz Co.
        • Patagonia
    		Wilson, E.D. (1927), AZ Gold Placers, 2nd.ed. (revised), Univ. AZ Bull. 124: 55-56; AZ Bur. Mines Bull. 135 (1933), AZ Gold Placers & Palcering: 78.
        • Patagonia Mts
          • Harshaw District
            • Patagonia
    		Keith, Stanton B. (1975), Arizona Bureau of Mines Bull. 191, Index of Mining Properties in Santa Cruz County Arizona: 59 (Table 4); Schrader, F.C. & J.M. Hill (1915), Mineral deposits of the Santa Rita and Patagonia Mts, AZ, USGS Bull. 582: 279.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 273.
      • Yavapai Co.
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 273.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 273.
    • Colorado
      • Hinsdale Co.
        • Lake City District (Lake District)
          • Lake City
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • Lake Co.
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • Summit Co.
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
    • Idaho
      • Blaine Co.
    		R&M 70:4 pp 242-263
        • Wood River District
    		Dana 7:I:103,518.
      • Shoshone Co.
        • Coeur d'Alene District
          • Canyon Creek
    		Ream, Lanny R. 2004. Idaho Minerals, 2nd edition, Revised and Updated
    • Missouri
    		Yale Peabody Museum 174
    • New Jersey
      • Sussex Co.
        • Franklin Mining District
          • Franklin
    		Palache(1935):26; Dunn(1995):Pt4:522.
    • New Mexico
      • Eddy Co.
    		Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
      • Sierra Co.
    		Northrop, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd Rev. Ed., 1996
      • Socorro Co.
    		Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
    Leonard S.Wiener and Sigrid Ballew,1995, Updated by Kenny Gay,2006, A Listing Of North Carolina Minerals,Geologic Note No.4
    Josiah Turner,1875,Minerals of North Carolina,Appendix C to Kerr,W.C,Report Geological Survey of North Carolina,Raleigh
    • Texas
      • Presidio Co.
        • Shafter District
    		BEG Min Res Circ 71
    • Virginia
      • Amelia Co.
        • Winterham
    		Rocks & Minerals 79:4 p 256
      • Buckingham Co.
        • Gold-Pyrite Belt
          • Bremo Bluff
    		Minerals of Virginia, 1990 by R. V. Dietrich
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