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Lead

Big Photo

Långban, Filipstad, Värmland, Sweden
© RWMW

Show Lead Photos (42)
Formula:
Pb
System:IsometricColour:grey, but coated with ...
Lustre:MetallicHardness:1½
Name:Named for chemical element.


Native lead is extremely rare, lead is far more commonly found and mined as the lead sulphide mineral galena. The Romans named the refined metal 'plumbum' and used it for pipes in plumbing. Its major use today is in lead acid batteries and for radiation shields. It is also a constituent of low melting alloys. Native lead is somewhat ductile and very malleable.

Classification of Lead

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:1/A.05-20
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:1.AA.05

1 : ELEMENTS (Metals and intermetallic alloys; metalloids and nonmetals; carbides, silicides, nitrides, phosphides)
A : Metals and Intermetallic Alloys
A : Copper-cupalite family
Dana 7th edition ID:1.1.21.1
Dana 8th edition ID:1.1.1.4

1 : NATIVE ELEMENTS AND ALLOYS
1 : Metals, other than the Platinum Group
Hey's CIM Ref.:1.30

1 : Elements and Alloys (including the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au)
mindat.org URL:http://www.mindat.org/min-2358.html
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Physical Properties of Lead

Lustre:Metallic
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Opaque
Colour:grey, but coated with white Hydrocerrusite
Streak:grey
Hardness (Mohs):1½
Hardness Data:Measured
Tenacity:Malleable
Cleavage:None Observed
none, malleable
Fracture:Hackly
Density (measured):11.37 g/cm3
Density (calculated):11.341 g/cm3

Crystallography of Lead

Crystal System:Isometric
Class (H-M):m3m (4/m 3 2/m) - Hexoctahedral
Space Group:Fm3m (F4/m 3 2/m)
Cell Parameters:a = 4.9506Å
Unit Cell Volume:V 121.33 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:4
Morphology:Commonly as rounded masses and plates up to 60kg.
Twinning:Herring bone twins at 60 degrees {111}
Crystal Atlas:
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Lead no.1 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Lead no.5 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

About Crystal Atlas

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The mindat.org Crystal Atlas allows you to view a selection of crystal drawings of real and idealised crystal forms for this mineral and, in certain cases, 3d rotating crystal objects. You need Java to see these. You can download Java for free - click here to download Java

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Optical Data of Lead

Type:Isotropic
Internal Reflections:none
Pleochroism:Non-pleochroic

Chemical Properties of Lead

Formula:
Pb
Essential elements:Pb
All elements listed in formula:Pb
Empirical Formula:
Pb

Relationship of Lead to other Species

Related to:
  • Copper Group
    • Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

    - +
    1.AA.05Aluminium
    Al
    1.AA.05Copper
    Cu
    1.AA.05Electrum
    (Au, Ag)
    1.AA.05Gold
    Au
    1.AA.05Nickel
    Ni
    1.AA.05Silver
    Ag
    1.AA.05UM2004-08-E:AuCuPd
    (Cu,Pd,Au)
    1.AA.05UM1991-06-E:AuCu
    Au
     
    3
    		Cu
    1.AA.10aAuricupride
    Cu
     
    3
    		Au
    1.AA.10bTetra-auricupride
    AuCu
    1.AA.10aCuproauride
    Cu
     
    3
    		Au
    1.AA.15Anyuiite
    Au(Pb,Sb)
     
    2
    1.AA.15Khatyrkite
    (Cu,Zn)Al
     
    2
    1.AA.15Iodine
    I
    1.AA.15Novodneprite
    AuPb
     
    3
    1.AA.15UM1985-02-E:AlZn
    ZnAl
     
    2
    1.AA.20Cupalite
    (Cu,Zn)Al
    1.AA.25Hunchunite
    Au
     
    2
    		Pb
    Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

    - +
    1.1Copper
    Cu
    1.2Silver
    Ag
    1.5Gold
    Au
    1.6Auricupride
    Cu
     
    3
    		Au
    1.7Tetra-auricupride
    AuCu
    1.8Zinc
    Zn
    1.9Cadmium
    Cd
    1.10Danbaite
    CuZn
     
    2
    1.11Zhanghengite
    CuZn
    1.12Mercury
    Hg
    1.13Kolymite
    Cu
     
    7
    		Hg
     
    6
    1.14Moschellandsbergite
    Ag
     
    2
    		Hg
     
    3
    1.15Eugenite
    Ag
     
    11
    		Hg
     
    2
    1.16Schachnerite
    Ag
     
    1.1
    		Hg
     
    0.9
    1.17Paraschachnerite
    Ag
     
    3
    		Hg
     
    2
    1.18Luanheite
    Ag
     
    3
    		Hg
    1.19Weishanite
    (Au,Ag)
     
    3
    		Hg
     
    2
    1.20Indium
    In
    1.21Aluminium
    Al
    1.22Khatyrkite
    (Cu,Zn)Al
     
    2
    1.23Cupalite
    (Cu,Zn)Al
    1.24Diamond
    C
    1.25Graphite
    C
    1.26Chaoite
    C
    1.27Lonsdaleite
    C
    1.28Silicon
    Si
    1.29Tin
    Sn
    1.31Anyuiite
    Au(Pb,Sb)
     
    2
    1.31Novodneprite
    AuPb
     
    3
    1.32Leadamalgam
    HgPb
     
    2
    1.33Arsenic
    As
    1.34Arsenolamprite
    As
    1.35Paxite
    CuAs
     
    2
    1.36Koutekite
    Cu
     
    5
    		As
     
    2
    1.37Domeykite
    Cu
     
    3
    		As
    1.38Algodonite
    (Cu
     
    1-x
    		As
     
    x
    		)
    1.39Novakite
    Cu
     
    20
    		AgAs
     
    10
    1.40Kutinaite
    Cu
     
    2
    		AgAs
    1.41Antimony
    Sb
    1.42Stibarsen
    AsSb
    1.43Paradocrasite
    Sb
     
    3
    		As
    1.44Horsfordite
    1.45Cuprostibite
    Cu
     
    2
    		(Sb,Tl)
    1.46Allargentum
    (Ag
     
    1-x
    		Sb
     
    x
    		)
    1.47Aurostibite
    AuSb
     
    2
    1.48Dyscrasite
    Ag
     
    3
    		Sb
    1.49Bismuth
    Bi
    1.50Maldonite
    Au
     
    2
    		Bi
    1.51Sulphur
    S
     
    8
    1.52Rosickýite
    S
    1.53Selenium
    Se
    1.54Tellurium
    Te
    1.55Chromium
    Cr
    1.56Rhenium
    Re
    1.57Iron
    Fe
    1.58Chromferide
    Fe
     
    3
    		Cr
     
    1-x
    		 (x=0.6)
    1.59Ferchromide
    Cr
     
    1.5
    		Fe
     
    0.5-x
    1.60Wairauite
    CoFe
    1.61Nickel
    Ni
    1.62Kamacite
    (Fe,Ni)
    1.63Taenite
    (Fe,Ni)
    1.64Tetrataenite
    FeNi
    1.65Awaruite
    Ni
     
    3
    		Fe
    1.66Palladium
    (Pd,Pt)
    1.67Potarite
    PdHg
    1.68Paolovite
    Pd
     
    2
    		Sn
    1.69Stannopalladinite
    (Pd,Cu)
     
    3
    		Sn
     
    2
    1.70Cabriite
    Pd
     
    2
    		SnCu
    1.71Taimyrite
    (Pd,Cu,Pt)
     
    3
    		Sn
    1.72Atokite
    (Pd,Pt)
     
    3
    		Sn
    1.73Rustenburgite
    (Pt,Pd)
     
    3
    		Sn
    1.74Zvyagintsevite
    (Pd,Pt,Au)
     
    3
    		(Pb,Sn)
    1.75Plumbopalladinite
    Pd
     
    3
    		Pb
     
    2
    1.76Osmium
    (Os,Ir,Ru)
    1.77Iridium
    (Ir,Os,Ru)
    1.82Platinum
    Pt
    1.83Hongshiite
    PtCu
    1.84Niggliite
    PtSn
    1.85Isoferroplatinum
    Pt
     
    3
    		Fe
    1.86Tetraferroplatinum
    PtFe
    1.87Tulameenite
    Pt
     
    2
    		CuFe
    1.88Ferronickelplatinum
    Pt
     
    2
    		FeNi
    1.89Rhodium
    (Rh,Pt)

    Other Names for Lead

    Synonyms:
    AabamLoadNative Lead
    Other Languages:
    Afrikaans:Lood
    Arabic:رصاص
    Armenian:Կապար
    Azeri:Qurğuşun
    Basque:Berun
    Belarusian:Свінец
    Bengali:সীসা
    Bosnian (Latin Script):Olovo
    Catalan:Plom
    Chuvash:Хура тăхлан
    Corsican:Piombu
    Croatian:Olovo
    Czech:Olovo
    Danish:Bly
    Dutch:Lood
    Esperanto:Plumbo
    Estonian:Plii
    Finnish:Lyijy
    French:Plomb
    Friulian:Plomp
    Galician:Chumbo
    Georgian:ტყვია
    German:Blei
    Gediegen Blei
    Greek:Μόλυβδος
    Haitian:Plon
    Hebrew:עופרת
    Hungarian:Ólom
    Icelandic:Blý
    Ido:Plombo
    Indonesian:Timbal
    Irish Gaelic:Luaidhe
    Italian:Piombo
    Japanese:鉛
    Korean:납
    Kurdish (Latin Script):Sirb
    Latin:Plumbum
    Latvian:Svins
    Lithuanian:Švinas
    Lojban:cnisa
    Low Saxon:Blie
    Luxembourgish:Bläi
    Maori:Matā
    Marathi:शिसे
    Mongolian (Cyrillic Script):Хартугалга
    Nahuatl:Temētztli
    Norwegian (Bokmål):Bly
    Norwegian (Nynorsk):Bly
    Occitan:Plomb
    Persian:سرب
    Polish:Ołów
    Portuguese:Chumbo
    Quechua:Titi
    Ripuarian:Blëij
    Romanian:Plumb
    Russian:Свинец
    Sanskrit:सीसम्
    Scots:Leid
    Serbo-Croatian:Olovo
    Sicilian:Chiummu
    Simplified Chinese:铅
    Slovak:Olovo
    Slovenian:Svinec
    Spanish:Plomo
    Swahili:Risasi
    Swedish:Bly
    Tajik (Cyrillic Script):Сурб
    Telugu:సీసము
    Thai:ตะกั่ว
    Traditional Chinese:鉛
    Turkish:Kurşun
    Ukrainian:Свинець
    Urdu:رصاص
    Vietnamese:Chì
    Welsh:Plwm
    Yiddish:בליי

    Other Information

    Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

    References for Lead

    Reference List:Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1944), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Seventh edition, Volume I: 102-103.

    Vesselin M. Dekov, Ulf Hålenius, Kjell Billström, George D. Kamenov, Frans Munnik, Lars Eriksson, Alan Dyer, Mark Schmidt and Reiner Botz (2009): Native Sn–Pb droplets in a zeolitic amygdale (Isle of Mull, Inner Hebrides). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 73, 2907-2919.

    Internet Links for Lead

    Search Engines:
  • Look for Lead on Google
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    • External Links:
  • Look for Lead on Webmineral
  • Look for Lead on Athena Mineralogy
  • Look for Lead on Wikipedia
  • Look for Lead on Mineralien Atlas
  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
  • American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database
  • Search for Lead in the Natural History Museum (London) online catalogue
  • Lead details from Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF)
    • Mineral Dealers:
  • Search for Lead at Thames Valley Minerals
  • Fine Minerals from Dan Weinrich Minerals
  • SpiriferMinerals.com - high quality specimens
  • Wright's Rock Shop - excellent mineral specimens since 1970
  • Buy from David K Joyce minerals
  • Wendel Minerals - Auktion & Shop
  • Find Lead on www.crystalclassics.co.uk
  • Fabre Minerals - search for Lead specimens
  • Search for Lead on minvision.com
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    Localities for Lead

    Hide Locality List
    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
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    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Argentina
     
    • Jujuy
      • Aguilar district
    		Econ Geol (1992) 87:2085-2112
      • Sierra de Aguilar
    		Milka K. de Brodtkorb (2002) Las Especies Minerales de la Republica Argentina. Vol. 1 (elements, sulphides and sulphosalts). (Asociacion Mineralogica Argentina)
    Atlantic Ocean
     
    • Mid-Atlantic Ridge complex
      • Sierra Leone fracture zone
        • Markov Deep
    		Sharkov, E.V., Abramov, S.S., Simonov, V.A., Krinov, D.I., Skolotnev, S.G., Bel’tenev, V.E., and Bortnikov, N.S. (2007): Geology of Ore Deposits 49(6), 467-486.
    Australia
     
    • New South Wales
      • Yancowinna Co.
    		Birch BH Book
    • South Australia
      • Flinders Ranges
        • North Flinders Ranges
          • Paralana High Plains
    		Wuelser-Pierre-Alain; Lahaye-Yann; Brugger-Joel 2004. Mineralogy and zircon geochemistry of uranium sedimentary-hosted Beverley Deposit (Lake Frome Embayment, Curnamona Province, South Australia), McGoldrick-Peter (editor) Abstracts - Geological Society of Australia. 73; Pages 138. 2004.
    • Tasmania
      • Fingal valley
        • Avoca District
    		Bottrill & Baker (in prep) Catalogue of minerals of Tasmania
      • Rosebery district
        • Rosebery
    Austria
     
    • Carinthia
      • Friesach - Hüttenberg area
        • St Martin am Silberberg
    		Blaß, G., Graf, H.-W. & Pichler, A. (1997): Sekundäre Neubildungen in Schlacken von St. Martin am Silberberg in Kärnten (1). Mineralien-Welt, 8(5), 42-45.
    • Salzburg
      • Hohe Tauern Mts
        • Rauris valley
          • Hüttwinkl valley
            • Alteck Mt. - Hoher Sonnblick Mt. area
              • Kolm-Saigurn
    		A. Strasser: Die MInerale Salzburgs (1989)
    • Styria
      • Niedere Tauern Mts
        • Öblarn
          • Walchen
    		[Lapis 1992: 2 p.19-30]
    Belgium
     
    • Limburg Province
      • Dilsen-Stokkem
    • Namur Province
      • Andenne
    		No reference listed
    Canada
     
    • Newfoundland and Labrador
      • Newfoundland
        • Baie Verte Peninsula
    		Christian Bracke Collection
    • Québec
      • Rouville Co.
        • Mont Saint-Hilaire
    		Horváth, L and Gault, R.A. (1990), The mineralogy of Mont Saint-Hilaire Quebec. Mineralogical Record: 21: 284-359.
    China
     
    • Hebei Province
      • Chengde Prefecture
        • Luan River (Luan He) valley
    		Shao Dianxin, Zhou Jianxiong, Zhang Jianhong, and Bao Daxi (1984): Acta Mineralogica Sinica 4, 97-101.
    • Henan Province
      • Nanyang Prefecture
        • Tongbai Co.
    		Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3 (1997)
    • Jilin Province (Manchuria; Dongbei Region)
      • Yanbian Chaoxianzu Autonomous Prefecture
        • Hunchun Co.
          • Sandaogou Au deposit
            • Shajin Mine
    		Extra Lapis English No. 5 Gold
    • Shandong Province
      • Linyi Prefecture
        • Yimeng Mts (Yimeng Shan)
          • Mengyin Co.
            • Mengyin Kimberlite field
              • Changma Kimberlite belt
                • Wangcun deposit
    		Gorshkov, A.I., Titkov, S.V., Yan Nan Bao, Ryabchikov, I.D., and Magazina, L.O. (2006): Geology of Ore Deposits 48(4), 326-334.
    • Shanxi Province
      • Xinzhou Prefecture
        • Yuanping Co.
    		http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/open-file/of03-220/DATABASE/lode_deposits.txt
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • Central Bohemia Region
        • Příbram
    		[Der Aufschluss 1996:6 p.267-287]
      • Hradec Králové Region
        • Trutnov (Trautenau)
          • Radvanice
    		Žáček, V., Ondruš, P.: Mineralogy of recently formed sublimates from Kateřina colliery in Radvanice, Eastern Bohemia, Czech Republic. Bulletin of the Czech geological survey, 1998, vol. 73, no. 2, s. 289-302.
    Ethiopia
     
    • Wallaga (Welega; Wollega; Ouallega) Province
      • Assosa region
    		P.M. Kartashov data
    Finland
     
    • Etelä-Suomen Lääni
      • Orivesi
    		Economic Geology (1996) 91:1335-1353
    • Itä-Suomen Lääni
      • Outokumpu Cu-Co-Zn-Ni-Ag-Au ore field
    		Peltonen, P., Kontinen, A., Huhma, H., and Kuronen, U. (2008): Ore Geology Reviews 33, 559-617.
    France
     
    • Brittany
      • Finistère
        • Poullaouen
    		Germain C., Leydet J-C., Saget Ph. (1990), Les minéraux de néoformation de Huelgoat (Finistère), Le Cahier des Micromonteurs, n°3, 3-16
    • Languedoc-Roussillon
      • Lozère
    		No reference listed
    • Rhône-Alpes
      • Loire
        • La Pacaudière
    		No reference listed
    Georgia
    Am.Min. 66,439(1981)
    Am.Min. 66,439(1981)
    Germany
     
    • Baden-Württemberg
      • Black Forest
        • Lahr
          • Reichenbach
            • Weiler
    		Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
    • Lower Saxony
      • Harz Mts
        • St Andreasberg District
    		No reference listed
    • North Rhine-Westphalia
      • Sauerland
        • Arnsberg
          • Hüsten
    		D. Pawlowski: "Mineralfundstellen im Sauerland", Weise (Munich), 1991
    • Rhineland-Palatinate
      • Lahn valley
    		Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
    Greece
     
    • Attikí (Attica; Attika) Prefecture
      • Lavrion (Laurion; Laurium) District
        • Lavrion District slag localities
          • Agios Nikolaos [St Nicholas] area
    		No reference listed
          • Lavrion (Laurion; Laurium)
    		No reference listed
          • Oxygon area
    		No reference listed
          • Panormos area
    		No reference listed
          • Passa Limani area
    		Gelaude, Piet, van Kalmthout, Piet, and Rewitzer, Christian (1996) Laurion: The Minerals of the Ancient Slags, Janssen Print, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
          • Sounion area
    		Gelaude, Piet, van Kalmthout, Piet and Rewitzer, Christian, (1996) Laurion: The Minerals in the Ancient Slags, Janssen Print, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
          • Thorikos area
    		Gelaude, Piet, van Kalmthout, Piet and Rewitzer, Christian (1996) Laurion: The Minerals in the Ancient Slags, Janssen Print, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
          • Tourkolimanon area
    		No reference listed
          • Vrissaki area
    		Gelaude, Piet, van Kalmthout, Piet, and Rewitzer, Christian (1996) Laurion: The Minerals in the Ancient Slags, Janssen Print, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
    Greenland
     
    • Kitaa (West Greenland) Province
      • Narsaq
    		[Mineralogical Record - Vol 24 No 2]
      • Qeqertarsuaq Island (Disko Island)
    		Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: "Handbook of Mineralogy", Vol. 1, 1990
    Italy
     
    • Piedmont
      • Vercelli Province
        • Sesia Valley
    		Luigi Chiappino data
    • Sardinia
      • Oristano Province
        • Pau
          • Mt. Arci
    		Urraci E.- Lini M. – Mattias P. (2006) - Il piombo naturale di Pau e gli altri minerali dell\'area del rilievo vulcanico di M. Arci (Oristano, Sardegna Centrale) – Con la Collaborazione di Fabio Bellatreccia – Pubblicazione a cura del Comune di Pau (OR)
    • Trentino-Alto Adige
      • Trento Province
        • Lagorai Group
          • Telve
    		Exel, R. (1987): Guida mineralogica del Trentino e del Sudtirolo. Athesia, Bolzano, 204 pp.
    • Tuscany
      • Livorno Province
        • Campiglia Marittima
    		http://www.comune.pisa.it/apsn/Articoli/Scorie/Capattoli.htm
        • Piombino
    		Muenchener Micromounter-Lithothek
    Luigi Chiappino data
    Kyrgyzstan
     
    • Jalal-Abad Oblast
      • Chatkal Range
        • Kasan ore field
    		Sabir K. Mustafin data
    Mexico
     
    • Veracruz
      • Mun. de Las Minas
        • Zomelahuacan
    		Panczner (1987): 250.
    Mongolia
     
    • Hovd Aimag (Khovd Aimag)
      • Altai Mts
    		P.M. Kartashov data
    Namibia
     
    • Otjikoto (Oshikoto) Region
      • Tsumeb
    		Ettler, V., Johan, Z., Kříbek, B., Šebek, O. & Mihaljevič, M. (2009): Mineralogy and environmental stability of slags from the Tsumeb smelter, Namibia. Applied Geochemistry 24, 1-15.
    • Otjozondjupa Region
      • Grootfontein District
        • Kombat
    		Mineralogical Record: 22: 421.
    Poland
     
    • Lower Silesia (Dolnośląskie)
      • Legnica
    		Kucha H. 1983: Precious metal-bearing shale from Zechstein copper deposits, Lower Silesia, Poland. Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy (Sect. B: Applied Earth Science), 92, 72-79
    • Małopolskie
      • Nowy Targ District
        • Szczawnica
    		Wojciechowski J. 1955: O żyłach kruszcowych pod Szczawnicą. Biul. Inst. Geol. 101
    Russia
     
    • Eastern-Siberian Region
      • Prebaikalia (Pribaikal'e)
        • Irkutskaya Oblast'
          • Bodaibo
            • Lena Gold District
              • Kropotkinsky ore cluster
    		http://www.igem.ru/igem/chem/pt/sukhloge.htm
      • Saha Republic (Sakha Republic; Yakutia)
    		[World of Stones 12:49]
    Handbook of Mineralogy - Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols
        • Vilyui River Basin (Vilui River Basin; Wilui River Basin)
          • Lower Khann'ya River
    		Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow
      • Transbaikalia (Zabaykalye)
        • Chitinskaya Oblast'
    		P.M. Karashov data
          • Orlovskoye
    		Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow
    • Far-Eastern Region
      • Chukotskii Autonomous Okrug
        • Kolyma area
    		Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow
            • Baimka River
              • Aluchinskii Massif (Aluchin horst)
    		American Mineralogist, Volume 83, pages 901–906, 1998
      • Kamchatka Oblast'
        • Bezymyannyi Volcano
    		No reference listed
    No reference listed
      • Magadanskaya Oblast'
        • Kolyma River Basin
          • Ducat District
            • Omsukchan
              • Ducat ore field
    		No reference listed
      • Primorskiy Kray
        • Khanka Lake
    		V.V. Seredin data
    • Northern Region
      • Murmanskaja Oblast'
        • Kola Peninsula
          • Khibiny Massif
    		Pekov, I.V. & Podlesnyi, A.S. (2004): Kukisvumchorr Deposit: Mineralogy of Alkaline Pegmatites and Hydrotermalites. Mineralogical Almanac, vol. 7, 140 pages + xxiv photo's pages; Krivovichev, S.V., Pakhomovsky, Ya.A., Ivanyuk, G.Yu., Mikhailova, J.A., Men’shikov, Yu.P., Armbruster, Th., Selivanova, E.A., Meisser, N. (2007): Yakovenchukite-(Y), K3NaCaY2(Si12O30)(H2O)4, a new mineral from the Khibiny massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia: A novel type of octahedral-tetrahedral open-framework structure. American Mineralogist, 92, 1525-1530.
              • Kirovskii apatite mine (Kirovsky Mine; Kirov Mine)
    		American Mineralogist, Volume 92, pages 1525-1530, 2007
    • Urals Region
      • Southern Urals
        • Chelyabinsk Oblast'
          • Karabash (Karabasch)
            • Soimon Valley
    		http://maurice.strahlen.org/ural/srednji.htm
    Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow
        • Orenburgskaya Oblast'
    		M.I. Novgorodova Doklady AN SSSR, 1979, v.248, N4, pp.965-968
    Sweden
     
    • Dalarna
      • Hedemora
        • Garpenberg
    		No reference listed
    • Värmland
      • Filipstad
        • Gåsborn
    		GFF 113, 35; MinMag 54, 109
    Nysten, P., Holtstam, D. and Jonsson, E. (1999) The Långban minerals. In Långban - The mines,their minerals, geology and explorers (D. Holtstam and J. Langhof, eds.), Swedish Museum of Natural History and Raster Förlag, Stockholm & Chr. Weise Verlag, Munich, pp. 89-183.
        • Nordmark
    		Kjell Gatedal
    Mineralogical Magazine (1998) 62 (3), 395-407
        • Pajsberg
    		Hamberg, A. (1888): Om kristalliseradt bly från Harstigsgrufvan vid Pajsberg i Värmland. Översigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar 1888. 45, 483-490 Dana 7: I: 103; Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 726, 857.
    No reference listed
    • Västmanland
      • Hällefors
        • Grythyttan
    No reference listed
    The Moon
     
    Mokhov A.V., Kartashov P.M., Bogatikov O.A. (2007) Moon under a microscope, - Moscow, Nauka, p.128 (in Rus.).
    U.S. Virgin Islands
    Alminas, Henry V.; Foord, Eugene E.; Tucker, Robert E. (1994) Geochemistry, mineralogy, and geochronology of the U.S. Virgin Islands USGS Bulletin 2057 36p
    Alminas, Henry V.; Foord, Eugene E.; Tucker, Robert E. (1994) Geochemistry, mineralogy, and geochronology of the U.S. Virgin Islands USGS Bulletin 2057 36p
    Alminas, Henry V.; Foord, Eugene E.; Tucker, Robert E. (1994) Geochemistry, mineralogy, and geochronology of the U.S. Virgin Islands USGS Bulletin 2057 36p
    UK
     
    • England
      • Devon
        • South Devon
    		[Collected by Dr. K. Banister]
          • Torquay
    		[Camm, 1995, 71 - "Gold in the Counties of Cornwall and Devon"]
    • Scotland
      • Strathclyde (Argyllshire)
        • Isle of Mull
          • Carsaig
    		Vesselin M. Dekov, Ulf Hålenius, Kjell Billström, George D. Kamenov, Frans Munnik, Lars Eriksson, Alan Dyer, Mark Schmidt and Reiner Botz (2009): Native Sn–Pb droplets in a zeolitic amygdale (Isle of Mull, Inner Hebrides). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 73, 2907-2919.
    • Wales
      • Gwynedd (Merionethshire)
        • Dolgellau Gold Belt
          • Bontddu
    		Natiom
    Ukraine
     
    • Kirovohrad Oblast' (Kirovohrads'ka Oblast')
    USA
     
    • Alaska
      • Southeast Fairbanks Borough
        • Fortymile District
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
      • Valdez-Cordova Borough
        • Prince William Sound District
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
    • Arizona
      • Maricopa Co.
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 273.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 273.
        • Wickenburg Mts
          • San Domingo District
            • San Domingo Wash
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 273.
      • Santa Cruz Co.
        • Patagonia Mts
          • Harshaw District
    		Wilson, E.D. (1927), AZ Gold Placers, 2nd.ed. (revised), Univ. AZ Bull. 124: 55-56; AZ Bur. Mines Bull. 135 (1933), AZ Gold Placers & Palcering: 78.
            • Patagonia
    		Keith, Stanton B. (1975), Arizona Bureau of Mines Bull. 191, Index of Mining Properties in Santa Cruz County Arizona: 59 (Table 4); Schrader, F.C. & J.M. Hill (1915), Mineral deposits of the Santa Rita and Patagonia Mts, AZ, USGS Bull. 582: 279.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 273.
      • Yavapai Co.
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 273.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 273.
    • Colorado
      • Hinsdale Co.
        • Lake City District (Lake District)
          • Lake City
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • Lake Co.
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • Summit Co.
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
    • Idaho
      • Blaine Co.
    		R&M 70:4 pp 242-263
        • Wood River District
    		Dana 7:I:103,518.
      • Shoshone Co.
        • Coeur d'Alene District
          • Canyon Creek
    		Ream, Lanny R. 2004. Idaho Minerals, 2nd edition, Revised and Updated
    • Missouri
    		Yale Peabody Museum 174
    • New Jersey
      • Sussex Co.
        • Franklin Mining District
          • Franklin
    		Palache(1935):26; Dunn(1995):Pt4:522.
    • New Mexico
      • Eddy Co.
    		Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
      • Sierra Co.
    		Northrop, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd Rev. Ed., 1996
      • Socorro Co.
    		Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
    Leonard S.Wiener and Sigrid Ballew,1995, Updated by Kenny Gay,2006, A Listing Of North Carolina Minerals,Geologic Note No.4
    Josiah Turner,1875,Minerals of North Carolina,Appendix C to Kerr,W.C,Report Geological Survey of North Carolina,Raleigh
    • Texas
      • Presidio Co.
        • Shafter District
    		BEG Min Res Circ 71
    • Virginia
      • Amelia Co.
        • Winterham
    		Rocks & Minerals 79:4 p 256
      • Buckingham Co.
        • Gold-Pyrite Belt
          • Bremo Bluff
    		Minerals of Virginia, 1990 by R. V. Dietrich
    Mineral and/or Locality
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