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Ludwigite

Big Photo

Nordmark, Filipstad, Värmland, Sweden
© Kjell Gatedal

Show Ludwigite Photos (39)
Formula:
Mg
 
2
Fe
3+
 
[O
 
2
|BO
 
3
]
System:OrthorhombicColour:Dark-green to black
Lustre:SilkyHardness:5
Name:After Ernst Ludwig (1842-1915), Professor of Chemistry, University of Vienna.
Isostructural with:Vonsenite


Ludwigite Group. Ludwigite-Vonsenite Series. The magnesium analogue of Vonsenite.

A high-temperature mineral occurring in contact metamorphic deposits.

Classification of Ludwigite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:5/G.04-10
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:6.AB.30

6 : BORATES
A : Monoborates
B : BO3, with additional anions; 1(D) + OH, etc.
Dana 8th edition ID:24.2.1.1

24 : ANHYDROUS BORATES
2 : A2BO2[XO3]
Hey's CIM Ref.:9.8.2

9 : Borates
8 : Borates of Fe
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Type Occurrence of Ludwigite

Type Locality:Ocna de Fier (Vaskö-Moraviţa; Vaskö-Moravicza; Eisenstein), Ocna de Fier-Dognecea District, Banat Mts, Caras-Severin Co., Romania
Year of Discovery:1874

Occurrences of Ludwigite

Geological Setting:In contact metamorphic deposits as high-temperature phases.

Physical Properties of Ludwigite

Lustre:Silky
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Opaque
Colour:Dark-green to black
Streak:Black, blackish green
Hardness (Mohs):5
Cleavage:None Observed
Fracture:Fibrous
Density (measured):3.6 g/cm3

Crystallography of Ludwigite

Crystal System:Orthorhombic
Cell Parameters:a = 9.26Å, b = 12.26Å, c = 3.05Å
Ratio:a:b:c = 0.755 : 1 : 0.249
Unit Cell Volume:V 346.26 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:Crystals prismatic [001], rare, with a rhombic cross-section and lacking terminal faces. As fibrous masses, radiating to dense felted aggregates; sheaf-like aggregates; rosettes of needle-like crystals. Granular.

Optical Data of Ludwigite

Type:Biaxial (+)
RI values: nα = 1.830 - 1.850 nβ = 1.830 - 1.850 nγ = 1.940 - 2.020
2V:Measured: 20° to 45°
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.110 - 0.170

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:Very High
Dispersion:r greater than v, extreme
Pleochroism:Strong
Comments:X = Dark green
Y = Dark green
Z = Dark reddish brown (may be opaque)

Chemical Properties of Ludwigite

Formula:
Mg
 
2
Fe
3+
 
[O
 
2
|BO
 
3
]
Essential elements:B, Fe, Mg, O
All elements listed in formula:B, Fe, Mg, O
Common Impurities:Al

Relationship of Ludwigite to other Species

Series:Forms a series with Vonsenite (see here)
Common Associates:
SzaibélyiteMagnetiteForsteriteDiopside
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
6.AB.05Hambergite
Be
 
2
[O|OH|BO
 
2
]
6.AB.10Berborite
Be
 
2
[(OH,F)|BO
 
3
] · H
 
2
O
6.AB.15Jeremejevite
Al
 
6
[(F,OH)
 
3
|(BO
 
3
)
 
5
]
6.AB.20Warwickite
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)
 
3
Ti[O|BO
 
3
]
 
2
6.AB.20Yuanfuliite
Mg(Fe
3+
 
,Fe
2+
 
,Al,Ti,Mg)[O|BO
 
3
]
6.AB.25Karlite
Mg
 
7
[(OH,Cl)
 
5
|(BO
 
3
)
 
3
]
6.AB.30Azoproite
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)
 
2
(Fe
3+
 
,Ti,Mg)[O
 
2
|BO
 
3
]
6.AB.30Bonaccordite
Ni
 
2
Fe
3+
 
[O
 
2
|BO
 
3
]
6.AB.30Fredrikssonite
Mg
 
2
(Mn
3+
 
,Fe
3+
 
)[O
 
2
|BO
 
3
]
6.AB.30Vonsenite
Fe
2+
2
Fe
3+
 
[O
 
2
|BO
 
3
]
6.AB.35Pinakiolite
(Mg,Mn
2+
 
)
 
2
Mn
3+
 
[O
 
2
|BO
 
3
]
6.AB.40Blatterite
(Mn
2+
 
,Mg)
 
2
(Mn
3+
 
,Sb
3+
 
,Fe
3+
 
)[O
 
2
|BO
 
3
]
6.AB.40Chestermanite
Mg
 
2
(Fe
3+
 
,Mn
3+
 
,Al,Sb
3+
 
)[O
 
2
|BO
 
3
]
6.AB.40Orthopinakiolite
(Mg,Mn
2+
 
)
 
2
Mn
3+
 
[O
 
2
|BO
 
3
]
6.AB.40Takéuchiite
(Mg,Mn
2+
 
)
 
2
(Mn
3+
 
,Fe
3+
 
)[O
 
2
|BO
 
3
]
6.AB.45Hulsite
(Fe
2+
 
,Mg)
 
2
(Fe
3+
 
,Sn)[O
 
2
|BO
 
3
]
6.AB.45Magnesiohulsite
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)
 
2
(Fe
3+
 
,Sn,Mg)[O
 
2
|BO
 
3
]
6.AB.45Aluminomagnesiohulsite
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)
 
2
(Al,Mg,Sn)[O
 
2
|BO
 
3
]
6.AB.50Fluoborite
Mg
 
3
[(F,OH)
 
3
|BO
 
3
]
6.AB.50Hydroxylborite
Mg
 
3
(BO
 
3
)(OH)
 
3
6.AB.55Shabynite
Mg
 
5
[(Cl,OH)
 
2
|(OH)
 
5
|BO
 
3
] · 4H
 
2
O
6.AB.55Wightmanite
Mg
 
5
[O|(OH)
 
5
|BO
 
3
] · 2H
 
2
O
6.AB.60Gaudefroyite
Ca
 
4
Mn
3+
2-3
[(O,OH)
 
3
|CO
 
3
|(BO
 
3
)
 
3
]
6.AB.65Sakhaite
Ca
 
12
Mg
 
4
[Cl|(OH)
 
2
|(CO
 
3
)
 
4
|(BO
 
3
)
 
7
]
6.AB.70Harkerite
Ca
 
24
Mg
 
8
Al
 
2
Si
 
8
(O,OH)
 
32
(BO
 
3
)
 
8
(CO
 
3
)
 
8
(H
 
2
O,Cl)
6.AB.75Pertsevite
Mg
 
2
BO
 
3
(F,OH)
6.AB.75IMA2008-060
Mg
 
2
(BO
 
3
)(OH)
6.AB.80Jacquesdietrichite
Cu
 
2
BO(OH)
 
2
(OH)
 
3
6.AB.85Painite
CaZrAl
 
9
[O
 
15
|BO
 
3
]
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
9.8.1Vonsenite
Fe
2+
2
Fe
3+
 
[O
 
2
|BO
 
3
]
9.8.3Fredrikssonite
Mg
 
2
(Mn
3+
 
,Fe
3+
 
)[O
 
2
|BO
 
3
]
9.8.4Chestermanite
Mg
 
2
(Fe
3+
 
,Mn
3+
 
,Al,Sb
3+
 
)[O
 
2
|BO
 
3
]

Other Names for Ludwigite

Synonyms:
CollbraniteMagnesioludwigite
Other Languages:
German:Ludwigit
Russian:Людвигит
Spanish:Ludwigita
Varieties:
Alumoludwigite

Other Information

Other Information:Slowly soluble in acids.

Alters to Limonite.
Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:None

References for Ludwigite

Reference List:Tschermak (1874) Mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, Vienna: 59.

Mallard (1888) Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie: 11: 305.

Groth (1889) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 15: 650.

Dana, E.S. (1892) System of Mineralogy, 6th. Edition, New York: 877.

Goldschmidt (1897): 224.

Schaller (1910) American Journal of Science: 30: 146.

Butler and Schaller (1917) Journal of the Washington Academy of Science: 7: 29 (as Magnesioludwigite).

Higgins (1918) Economic Geology: 13: 19 (as Collbranite).

Eakle (1920) American Mineralogist: 5: 141.

Larsen, E.S. (1921) The Microscopic Determination of the Nonopaque Minerals, First edition, USGS Bulletin 679: 102.

Shannon (1921) Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum: 59: 667.

Shannon (1921) American Mineralogist: 6: 86.

Edwards (1924) American Journal of Science: 7: 486.

Harada (1938) Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaidô University: 4: 165.

Geijer (1939) Geologiska Föeningens I Stockholm. Förhandlinger, Stockholm: 61: 19.

Watanabe (1939) Mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, Vienna: 50: 441.

Switzer in: Knopf (1942) American Mineralogist: 27: 824.

Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged: 321-324.

Schaller, Waldemar Theodore & Angelina Calomeris Vlisidis (1961), The composition of aluminian Ludwigite from Crestmore, California: American Mineralogist: 46: 335-339.

Federico M. (1968) - Studio di un processo di ossidazione della ludwigite. Periodico di mineralogia – Roma, pp. 377-389.

Vlisidid, A.C. and Schaller, W.T. (1974) The identity of paigeite with vonsenite, and chemical analysis of vonsenite, ludwigite and hulsite. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1974(3-4): 95-105.

Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte (1989): 69-83.

Acta Crystallographica: 3: 98-107.

Grew, E.S., and Anovitz, L.M. (1996) BORON: Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry, second edition, as revised (2002).

Appel, P. W. U. & Brigatti, M. F. (1999): Ludwigite from central Sweden: new data and crystal structure refinement. Mineral. Mag., 63: 511–518.

Anthony, J.W., Bideaux, R.A., Bladh, K.W., and Nichols, M.C. (2003) Handbook of Mineralogy, Volume V. Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson, AZ, 813pp.: 414.

Internet Links for Ludwigite

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  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
  • American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database
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  • Ludwigite details from Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF)
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    Localities for Ludwigite

    Hide Locality List
    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Argentina
     
    • Jujuy
      • Aguilar district
    		Milka K. de Brodtkorb (2002) Las Especies Minerales de la Republica Argentina. Vol. 1 (elements, sulphides and sulphosalts). (Asociacion Mineralogica Argentina)
    Australia
     
    • Tasmania
      • Zeehan district
        • Mt Heemskirk mineral field
    		Bottrill & Baker (in prep) Catalogue of minerals of Tasmania
    Bottrill & Baker (in prep) Catalogue of minerals of Tasmania
    Austria
     
    • Tyrol
      • North Tyrol
        • Ziller valley
          • Schlegeis valley (Schlegeisgrund)
    		G. Franz, D. Ackermann, E. Koch: Amer. Mineral. 66:872-877 (1981)
    Canada
     
    • Ontario
      • Hastings Co.
        • Bancroft District
          • Dungannon Township
    		Sabina, A.P. (1982): Some rare minerals of the Bancroft area. Mineralogical Record 13 (4), 226-228
    • Québec
      • Gatineau Co.
        • Wakefield Township
    		Geological Survey of Canada Miscellaneous Report 41
    China
     
    • Anhui Province
      • Huaibei Prefecture
        • Suixi Co.
          • Sanpu ore field
    		Yanjing Chen, Huayong Chen, Khin Zaw, Pirajno, F., and Zengjie Zhang (2007): Ore Geology Reviews 31, 139-169.
    Yiming Zhao, Yinan Zhang, and Chengsi Bi (1999): Ore Geology Reviews 14, 227-249.
      • Xuancheng Prefecture
        • Xuanzhou District
    		Lianxing Gu, Khin Zaw, Wenxuan Hu, Kaijun Zhang, Pei Ni, Jinxiang He, Yaotong Xu, Jianjun Lu, and Chunming Lin (2007): Ore Geology Reviews 31, 107-138.
    • Guangdong Province
      • Qingyuan Prefecture
        • Liannan Co.
    		Kamitani, M., Okumura, K., Teraoka, Y., Miyano, S., and Watanabe, Y. (2007): Mineral Resources Map of East Asia. Geological Survey of Japan.
    • Hebei Province
      • Baoding Prefecture
        • Laiyuan Co.
    		Chang Zhaoshan and Feng Zhongyan (1996): Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis 32(6), 724-733.
    • Hunan Province
      • Hengyang Prefecture
        • Changning Co.
          • Dayi Mt. (Dayishan)
    		Aleksandrov, S.M. (1998): Geochemistry of skarn and ore formation in dolomites. VSP (Utrecht, Tokyo), 300 pp.
    • Jiangsu Province
      • Nantong Prefecture
        • Qidong Co.
    		Kamitani, M., Okumura, K., Teraoka, Y., Miyano, S., and Watanabe, Y. (2007): Mineral Resources Map of East Asia. Geological Survey of Japan.
    • Liaoning Province (Manchuria; Dongbei Region)
      • Dalian Prefecture
        • Wafangdian Co.
    		Matsuda, K. (1969) Copper-bearing contact deposits of Hua-tung-kou, Fu Hsien, Feng-tien province, Manchuria (in: Geology and Mineral Resources of the Far East, vol. 2, pp 414-422, Tokyo University Press).
      • Dandong Prefecture
        • Fengcheng Co.
    		http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/open-file/of03-203/MINMOD/NE_Asia_Min_Dep_Models.doc
      • Yingkou Prefecture
        • Gaizhou (Gaixian) Co.
    		http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/open-file/of03-220/DATABASE/lode_deposits.txt
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • Karlovy Vary Region
        • Krušné Hory Mts (Erzgebirge)
          • Ostrov
            • Jáchymov (St Joachimsthal)
    		Šrein, V., Hloušek, J.: Ludwigit a hulsit z Krušných hor. Bulletin mineralogicko-petrografického oddělení Národního muzea v Praze, 1998, roč. 6, s. 243-246.
    France
     
    • Languedoc-Roussillon
      • Pyrénées-Orientales
        • Céret
          • Prats de Mollo-La Preste (Prats de Molló-La Presta)
    		Goujou J-C., Guitard G., Berbain C. (2000), Le massif de Costabonne, 2464 m (Pyrénées-Orientales), Le Règne Minéral, n°32, pp: 5-12
    Germany
     
    • Saxony
      • Erzgebirge
    		Lapis, 17 (10), 13-24+82.
        • Schwarzenberg District
          • Pöhla
    		Collection of Chester S. Lemanski, Jr.
    Italy
     
    • Latium
      • Rome Province
        • Rome
    		Bachechi F., Federico M., Fornaseri M. (1966) - Prima segnalazione di ludwigite e di magnesioferrite nelle geodi delle "pozzolane nere" di Corcolle (regione vulcanica dei Colli Albani). Periodico di Mineralogia – Roma p. 717, Bachechi F., Federico M., Fornaseri M. (1966) - La ludwigite e i minerali che l'accompagnano nelle geodi delle "pozzolane nere" di Corcolle (Tivoli, Colli Albani). Periodico di Mineralogia – Roma pp. 975-1022.
          • Valleranello
    • Lombardy
      • Sondrio Province
        • Valfurva
          • Zebrù Valley
    		Bedognè, F., Montrasio, A., Sciesa, E. (2006). I minerali della medio-alta Valtellina, delle Orobie valtellinesi e della val Poschiavo. Aggiornamenti sulle altre località della provincia di Sondrio. Tip. Bettini, Sondrio, 255 pp.
    • Piedmont
      • Torino Province
        • Canavese District
          • Léssolo
            • Cálea
    		"Le miniere di Brosso" I.Campostrini 2001 - ed. Museo Regionale Torino
    Japan
     
    • Honshu Island
      • Tohoku Region
        • Fukushima Prefecture
          • Kawamata
    		Alfredo Petrov collection
        • Iwate Prefecture
          • Miyako City
            • Neichi mine
    Kato, A. (1973) Sakurai Koubutsu Hyohon, 39.
    Kazakhstan
     
    • Zhezqazghan Oblysy (Dzezkazgan Oblast'; Dzhezkazgan Oblast'; Djezkazgan Oblast'; Jezkazgan Oblast')
      • Balqash (Balkhash; Karatas; Prebalkhashie) Region
        • Sayak
    		Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow
    North Korea
     
    • North Hwanghae Province
    		No reference listed
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 323,370,376.
    Watanabe, T. : Boron mineral resources in Korea (in: Geology and Mineral Resources of the Far East, University of Tokyo Press, 1969)
    Watanabe, T. : Boron mineral resources in Korea (in: Geology and Mineral Resources of the Far East, University of Tokyo Press, 1969)
    Watanabe, T. : Boron mineral resources in Korea (in: Geology and Mineral Resources of the Far East, University of Tokyo Press, 1969)
    Norway
     
    • Troms
      • Kvaefjord (Kvæfjord)
        • Hinnøya
    		Bøe, P. (1997): Boratmineralet ludwigitt i høymetamorf marmor i Vesterålen. STEIN 24 (3), 130-136
    Peru
     
    • Junín Department
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 323.
    Romania
     
    • Bihor Co.
      • Nucet
    		Ş. Marincea: "Suanite in two boron-bearing magnesian skarns from Romania: data on a longtime ignored mineral species", Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen 182:183-192 (2006)
    Ş. Marincea: "Suanite in two boron-bearing magnesian skarns from Romania: data on a longtime ignored mineral species", Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen 182:183-192 (2006)
    • Caras-Severin Co.
      • Banat Mts
        • Ocna de Fier-Dognecea District
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 323.
    Russia
     
    • Eastern-Siberian Region
      • Prebaikalia (Pribaikal'e)
        • Irkutskaya Oblast'
    		Mazurov, M.P., Grishina, S.N., Istomin, V.E., and Titov, A.T. (2007): Geology of Ore Deposits 49(4), 271-284.
          • Lake Baikal area
    		Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow
      • Saha Republic (Sakha Republic; Yakutia)
        • Aldan Shield
    		Schreyer et al (1998), Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology: 133: 382-388.
        • Polar Yakutia
          • Dogdo River Basin
            • Tas-Khayakhtakh Range
              • Izvestkovyi Stream
    		N.N. Pertsev data; Galuskina I.O., Kadiyski M., Armbruster T., Galuskin E.V., Pertsev N.N., Dzierzanowski P., Wrzalik R. (2008) A new natural phase in the system Mg2SiO4-Mg2BO3F-Mg2BO3(OH): composition, paragenesis and structure of OH-dominant pertsevite, - Eur. J. Mineral., 20, p. 951-964.
    Pavel M. Kartashov data
    Rudnev, V.V., Chukanov, N.V., Nechelyustov, G.N., Yamnova, N.A. (2007): Hydroxylborite, Mg3(BO3)(OH)3, a new mineral, and the isomorphous fluoborite-hydroxylborite series. Proceedings of the Russian Mineralogical Society, 136(1), 69-82.; Aleksandrov, S.M. (1998): Geochemistry of skarn and ore formation in dolomites. VSP (Utrecht, Tokyo), 300 pp.
        • Verkhoyansk
          • Yana River Basin
            • Dogdo river
    		W. Schreyer et al. (2003) Eur. Journ. Mineral. 15, 1007-1018
      • Transbaikalia (Zabaykalye)
        • Buriatia (Buryatia) Republic
          • Vitim Plateau
    		Lapis 29(1), 47 (2004); American Mineralogist, Volume 87, pages 1509–1513, 2002
    • Far-Eastern Region
      • Primorskiy Kray
    		[MinRec 32:8]
    Sweden
     
    • Dalarna
      • Falun
        • Svärdsjö
      • Hedemora
    		No reference listed
    • Uppland
      • Norrtälje
        • Söderby-Karl
    		No reference listed
        • Stabby ore field
    		No reference listed
    • Värmland
      • Filipstad
    Kjell Gatedal, Fritz Blatter
        • Nordmark
    		NJMMh 2001, 520; K.Gatedal
        • Persberg
    		Kjell Gatedal
    • Västmanland
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 323.
        • Kallmora
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 369.
    UK
     
    • Scotland
      • North West Highlands (Inverness-shire)
        • Isle of Skye
          • Broadford
            • Kilchrist
            • Torrin
    		A. Livingstone: Minerals of Scotland, NMS Publications (2002)
    USA
     
    • Alaska
      • Nome Borough
        • Seward Peninsula
    		USGS Bull 358
          • York Range
    		www.excaliburmineral.com.
    • Arizona
      • Pima Co.
        • Santa Catalina Mts
          • Oracle District (Control District; Old Hat District; Santa Catalina District)
            • Mount Bigelow
              • Leatherwood Mine group (Apache group)
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd. ed.: 281.
    • California
      • Fresno Co.
        • Kaiser Peak quadrangle
    		Canadian Minelalogist Vol.26, pp. 911-916 (1988)
    No reference listed
      • Riverside Co.
        • Crestmore
          • Crestmore quarries
            • Sky Blue Hill
    		AmMin 26:352-381
        • Jurupa
    		MinRec 15:273-290
      • San Bernardino Co.
        • Lava Bed Mts
          • Lava Beds District (Newberry District)
            • Newberry Springs
    		Lamey, Carl Arthur (1961), Contact metasomatic iron deposits of California: Geological Society of America Bulletin: 72: 673; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 246.
    • Idaho
      • Lemhi Co.
    		Micro Probe, Nov 2001, pages 16-19
    Ream, Lanny R. 2004. Idaho Minerals, 2nd edition, Revised and Updated
    Ream, Lanny R. 2004. Idaho Minerals, 2nd edition, Revised and Updated
          • Quartzite Canyon
    		Ream, Lanny R. 2004. Idaho Minerals, 2nd edition, Revised and Updated
    • Montana
      • Deer Lodge Co.
        • Georgetown District (Southern Cross District; Cable District)
    		Rob Lavinsky specimen
      • Granite Co.
        • Philipsburg District (Flint Creek District)
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 323.
      • Lewis and Clark Co.
        • Boulder Mountains Area
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 323.
    • Nevada
      • Lincoln Co.
        • Bristol and Jackrabbit Districts
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 323.
      • Lyon Co.
        • Yerington District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Mineral Co.
        • Bell District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    • Utah
      • Beaver Co.
        • Beaver Lake Mts
          • Beaver Lake District
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
      • Salt Lake Co.
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
        • Wasatch Mts
          • Big Cottonwood District
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 323.
    UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
          • Little Cottonwood District (Alta District)
            • Little Cottonwood Canyon
              • Dromedary Peak
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
      • Wasatch Co.
    		Field, V.W. (1917) American Mineralogist, 2, #7, 92-93
    • Washington
      • Snohomish Co.
        • Darrington
          • Jumbo Mountain
    		Minerals of Washington, Bart Cannon, 1975
      • Stevens Co.
        • Deer Trail District
          • Adams Mountain
    		Huntting, M. (1956): Inventory of Washington Minerals, Part II, Metallic Minerals, Vol. 1; Cannon, B. (1975): Minerals of Washington, p.48,72,75; Lasmanis, R. Et Al (1990): Metal Mines of Washington-Preliminary Report
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