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Ludwigite

Big Photo

Nordmark, Filipstad, Värmland, Sweden
© Kjell Gatedal

Show Ludwigite Photos (19)
Formula:
Mg
 
2
Fe
3+
 
[O
 
2
|BO
 
3
]
System:OrthorhombicColour:Dark-green to black
Lustre:SilkyHardness:5
Name:After Ernst Ludwig (1842-1915), Professor of Chemistry, University of Vienna.
Isostructural with:Vonsenite


Ludwigite Group. Ludwigite-Vonsenite Series. The magnesium analogue of Vonsenite.

A high-temperature mineral occurring in contact metamorphic deposits.

Classification of Ludwigite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:5/G.04-10
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:6.AB.30

6 : BORATES
A : Monoborates
B : BO3, with additional anions; 1(D) + OH, etc.
Dana 8th edition ID:24.2.1.1

24 : ANHYDROUS BORATES
2 : A2BO2[XO3]
Hey's CIM Ref.:9.8.2

9 : Borates
8 : Borates of Fe
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Type Occurrence of Ludwigite

Type Locality:Ocna de Fier (Moraviţa; Moravicza; Moravica; Vaskö; Eisenstein), Banat, Caras-Severin Co., Romania
Year of Discovery:1874

Occurrences of Ludwigite

Geological Setting:In contact metamorphic deposits as high-temperature phases.

Physical Properties of Ludwigite

Lustre:Silky
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Opaque
Colour:Dark-green to black
Streak:Black, blackish green
Hardness (Mohs):5
Cleavage:None Observed
Fracture:Fibrous
Density (measured):3.6 g/cm3

Crystallography of Ludwigite

Crystal System:Orthorhombic
Cell Parameters:a = 9.26Å, b = 12.26Å, c = 3.05Å
Ratio:a:b:c = 0.755 : 1 : 0.249
Unit Cell Volume:V 346.26 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:Crystals prismatic [001], rare, with a rhombic cross-section and lacking terminal faces. As fibrous masses, radiating to dense felted aggregates; sheaf-like aggregates; rosettes of needle-like crystals. Granular.

Optical Data of Ludwigite

Type:Biaxial (+)
RI values: nα = 1.830 - 1.850 nβ = 1.830 - 1.850 nγ = 1.940 - 2.020
2V:Measured: 20° to 45°
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.110 - 0.170

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:Very High
Dispersion:r greater than v, extreme
Pleochroism:Strong
Comments:X = Dark green
Y = Dark green
Z = Dark reddish brown (may be opaque)

Chemical Properties of Ludwigite

Formula:
Mg
 
2
Fe
3+
 
[O
 
2
|BO
 
3
]
Essential elements:B, Fe, Mg, O
All elements listed in formula:B, Fe, Mg, O
Common Impurities:Al

Relationship of Ludwigite to other Species

Series:Forms a series with Vonsenite (see here)
Common Associates:
MagnetiteDiopsideForsteriteSzaibélyite
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):
6.AB.05Hambergite
Be
 
2
[O|OH|BO
 
2
]
6.AB.10Berborite
Be
 
2
[(OH,F)|BO
 
3
] · H
 
2
O
6.AB.15Jeremejevite
Al
 
6
[(F,OH)
 
3
|(BO
 
3
)
 
5
]
6.AB.20Warwickite
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)
 
3
Ti[O|BO
 
3
]
 
2
6.AB.20Yuanfuliite
Mg(Fe
3+
 
,Fe
2+
 
,Al,Ti,Mg)[O|BO
 
3
]
6.AB.25Karlite
Mg
 
7
[(OH,Cl)
 
5
|(BO
 
3
)
 
3
]
6.AB.30Azoproite
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)
 
2
(Fe
3+
 
,Ti,Mg)[O
 
2
|BO
 
3
]
6.AB.30Bonaccordite
Ni
 
2
Fe
3+
 
[O
 
2
|BO
 
3
]
6.AB.30Fredrikssonite
Mg
 
2
(Mn
3+
 
,Fe
3+
 
)[O
 
2
|BO
 
3
]
6.AB.30Vonsenite
Fe
2+
2
Fe
3+
 
[O
 
2
|BO
 
3
]
6.AB.35Pinakiolite
(Mg,Mn
2+
 
)
 
2
Mn
3+
 
[O
 
2
|BO
 
3
]
6.AB.40Blatterite
(Mn
2+
 
,Mg)
 
2
(Mn
3+
 
,Sb
3+
 
,Fe
3+
 
)[O
 
2
|BO
 
3
]
6.AB.40Chestermanite
Mg
 
2
(Fe
3+
 
,Mn
3+
 
,Al,Sb
3+
 
)[O
 
2
|BO
 
3
]
6.AB.40Orthopinakiolite
(Mg,Mn
2+
 
)
 
2
Mn
3+
 
[O
 
2
|BO
 
3
]
6.AB.40Takéuchiite
(Mg,Mn
2+
 
)
 
2
(Mn
3+
 
,Fe
3+
 
)[O
 
2
|BO
 
3
]
6.AB.45Hulsite
(Fe
2+
 
,Mg)
 
2
(Fe
3+
 
,Sn)[O
 
2
|BO
 
3
]
6.AB.45Magnesiohulsite
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)
 
2
(Fe
3+
 
,Sn,Mg)[O
 
2
|BO
 
3
]
6.AB.45Aluminomagnesiohulsite
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)
 
2
(Al,Mg,Sn)[O
 
2
|BO
 
3
]
6.AB.50Fluoborite
Mg
 
3
[(F,OH)
 
3
|BO
 
3
]
6.AB.50Hydroxylborite
Mg
 
3
(BO
 
3
)(OH)
 
3
6.AB.55Shabynite
Mg
 
5
[(Cl,OH)
 
2
|(OH)
 
5
|BO
 
3
] · 4H
 
2
O
6.AB.55Wightmanite
Mg
 
5
[O|(OH)
 
5
|BO
 
3
] · 2H
 
2
O
6.AB.60Gaudefroyite
Ca
 
4
Mn
3+
2-3
[(O,OH)
 
3
|CO
 
3
|(BO
 
3
)
 
3
]
6.AB.65Sakhaite
Ca
 
12
Mg
 
4
[Cl|(OH)
 
2
|(CO
 
3
)
 
4
|(BO
 
3
)
 
7
]
6.AB.70Harkerite
Ca
 
24
Mg
 
8
Al
 
2
Si
 
8
(O,OH)
 
32
(BO
 
3
)
 
8
(CO
 
3
)
 
8
(H
 
2
O,Cl)
6.AB.75Pertsevite
Mg
 
2
BO
 
3
F
6.AB.80Jacquesdietrichite
Cu
 
2
BO(OH)
 
2
(OH)
 
3
6.AB.85Painite
ZrCaAl
 
9
[O
 
15
|BO
 
3
]
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:
9.8.1Vonsenite
Fe
2+
2
Fe
3+
 
[O
 
2
|BO
 
3
]
9.8.3Fredrikssonite
Mg
 
2
(Mn
3+
 
,Fe
3+
 
)[O
 
2
|BO
 
3
]
9.8.4Chestermanite
Mg
 
2
(Fe
3+
 
,Mn
3+
 
,Al,Sb
3+
 
)[O
 
2
|BO
 
3
]

Other Names for Ludwigite

Synonyms:
CollbraniteMagnesioludwigite
German names:
Ludwigit
Russian names:
Людвигит
Spanish names:
Ludwigita
Varieties:
Alumoludwigite

Other Information

Other Information:Slowly soluble in acids.

Alters to Limonite.
Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:None

References for Ludwigite

Reference List:Tschermak (1874) Mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, Vienna: 59.

Mallard (1888) Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie: 11: 305.

Groth (1889) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 15: 650.

Dana, E.S. (1892) System of Mineralogy, 6th. Edition, New York: 877.

Goldschmidt (1897): 224.

Schaller (1910) American Journal of Science: 30: 146.

Butler and Schaller (1917) Journal of the Washington Academy of Science: 7: 29 (as Magnesioludwigite).

Higgins (1918) Economic Geology: 13: 19 (as Collbranite).

Eakle (1920) American Mineralogist: 5: 141.

Larsen, E.S. (1921) The Microscopic Determination of the Nonopaque Minerals, First edition, USGS Bulletin 679: 102.

Shannon (1921) Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum: 59: 667.

Shannon (1921) American Mineralogist: 6: 86.

Edwards (1924) American Journal of Science: 7: 486.

Harada (1938) Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaidô University: 4: 165.

Geijer (1939) Geologiska Föeningens I Stockholm. Förhandlinger, Stockholm: 61: 19.

Watanabe (1939) Mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, Vienna: 50: 441.

Switzer in: Knopf (1942) American Mineralogist: 27: 824.

Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged: 321-324.

Schaller, Waldemar Theodore & Angelina Calomeris Vlisidis (1961), The composition of aluminian Ludwigite from Crestmore, California: American Mineralogist: 46: 335-339.

Federico M. (1968) - Studio di un processo di ossidazione della ludwigite. Periodico di mineralogia – Roma, pp. 377-389.

Vlisidid, A.C. and Schaller, W.T. (1974) The identity of paigeite with vonsenite, and chemical analysis of vonsenite, ludwigite and hulsite. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1974(3-4): 95-105.

Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte (1989): 69-83.

Acta Crystallographica: 3: 98-107.

Grew, E.S., and Anovitz, L.M. (1996) BORON: Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry, second edition, as revised (2002).

Anthony, J.W., Bideaux, R.A., Bladh, K.W., and Nichols, M.C. (2003) Handbook of Mineralogy, Volume V. Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson, AZ, 813pp.: 414.

Internet Links for Ludwigite

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  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
  • American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database
  • Search for Ludwigite in the Natural History Museum (London) online catalogue
  • Ludwigite details from Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF)
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    Localities for Ludwigite

    Hide Locality List
    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
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    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Argentina
     
    • Jujuy
    Australia
     
    • Tasmania
      • Zeehan district
        • Mt Heemskirk mineral field
    		Bottrill & Baker (in prep) Catalogue of minerals of Tasmania
    Bottrill & Baker (in prep) Catalogue of minerals of Tasmania
    Austria
     
    • Tyrol
      • North Tyrol
        • Ziller valley
          • Schlegeis valley (Schlegeisgrund)
    		G. Franz, D. Ackermann, E. Koch: Amer. Mineral. 66:872-877 (1981)
    Canada
     
    • Ontario
      • Hastings Co.
        • Bancroft District
          • Dungannon Township
    		Sabina, A.P. (1982): Some rare minerals of the Bancroft area. Mineralogical Record 13 (4), 226-228
    • Québec
      • Stanstead Co.
        • Wakefield
    		Geological Survey of Canada Miscellaneous Report 41
    China
     
    • Anhui Province
      • Huaibei Prefecture
        • Suixi Co.
          • Sanpu ore field
    		Yanjing Chen, Huayong Chen, Khin Zaw, Pirajno, F., and Zengjie Zhang (2007): Ore Geology Reviews 31, 139-169.
    Yiming Zhao, Yinan Zhang, and Chengsi Bi (1999): Ore Geology Reviews 14, 227-249.
      • Xuancheng Prefecture
        • Xuanzhou District
    		Lianxing Gu, Khin Zaw, Wenxuan Hu, Kaijun Zhang, Pei Ni, Jinxiang He, Yaotong Xu, Jianjun Lu, and Chunming Lin (2007): Ore Geology Reviews 31, 107-138.
    • Hebei Province
      • Baoding Prefecture
        • Laiyuan Co.
    		Chang Zhaoshan and Feng Zhongyan (1996): Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis 32(6), 724-733.
    • Hunan Province
      • Hengyang Prefecture
        • Changning Co.
          • Qiliping
    		Anthony, J.W. et al.: Handbook of Mineralogy
    • Jiangsu Province
      • Nantong Prefecture
        • Qidong Co.
    		Kamitani, M., Okumura, K., Teraoka, Y., Miyano, S., and Watanabe, Y. (2007): Mineral Resources Map of East Asia. Geological Survey of Japan.
    • Liaoning Province (Manchuria; Dongbei Region)
      • Dandong Prefecture
        • Fengcheng Co.
    		http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/open-file/of03-203/MINMOD/NE_Asia_Min_Dep_Models.doc
      • Yingkou Prefecture
        • Gaizhou (Gaixian) Co.
    		http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/open-file/of03-220/DATABASE/lode_deposits.txt
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • Karlovy Vary Region
        • Krušné Hory Mts (Erzgebirge)
          • Ostrov
            • Jáchymov (St Joachimsthal)
    		Šrein, V., Hloušek, J.: Ludwigit a hulsit z Krušných hor. Bulletin mineralogicko-petrografického oddělení Národního muzea v Praze, 1998, roč. 6, s. 243-246.
    France
     
    • Languedoc-Roussillon
      • Pyrénées-Orientales
        • Céret
          • Prats de Mollo-La Preste (Prats de Molló-La Presta)
    		Goujou J-C., Guitard G., Berbain C. (2000), Le massif de Costabonne, 2464 m (Pyrénées-Orientales), Le Règne Minéral, n°32, pp: 5-12
    Germany
     
    • Saxony
      • Erzgebirge
    		Lapis, 17 (10), 13-24+82.
        • Schwarzenberg District
          • Pöhla
    		Collection of Chester S. Lemanski, Jr.
    Italy
     
    • Latium
      • Rome Province
        • Rome
          • Vallerano
        • Tivoli
    		Bachechi F., Federico M., Fornaseri M. (1966) - Prima segnalazione di ludwigite e di magnesioferrite nelle geodi delle "pozzolane nere" di Corcolle (regione vulcanica dei Colli Albani). Periodico di Mineralogia – Roma p. 717, Bachechi F., Federico M., Fornaseri M. (1966) - La ludwigite e i minerali che l'accompagnano nelle geodi delle "pozzolane nere" di Corcolle (Tivoli, Colli Albani). Periodico di Mineralogia – Roma pp. 975-1022.
    • Lombardy
      • Sondrio Province
        • Valfurva
          • Zebrù Valley
    		Bedognè, F., Montrasio, A., Sciesa, E. (2006). I minerali della medio-alta Valtellina, delle Orobie valtellinesi e della val Poschiavo. Aggiornamenti sulle altre località della provincia di Sondrio. Tip. Bettini, Sondrio, 255 pp.
    • Piedmont
      • Torino Province
        • Canavese District
          • Léssolo
            • Cálea
    		"Le miniere di Brosso" I.Campostrini 2001 - ed. Museo Regionale Torino
    Japan
     
    • Honshu Island
      • Tohoku Region
        • Iwate Prefecture
          • Miyako City
            • Neichi mine
    North Korea
     
    • North Hwanghae Province
    		No reference listed
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 323,370,376.
    Watanabe, T. : Boron mineral resources in Korea (in: Geology and Mineral Resources of the Far East, University of Tokyo Press, 1969)
    Watanabe, T. : Boron mineral resources in Korea (in: Geology and Mineral Resources of the Far East, University of Tokyo Press, 1969)
    Watanabe, T. : Boron mineral resources in Korea (in: Geology and Mineral Resources of the Far East, University of Tokyo Press, 1969)
    Norway
     
    • Troms
      • Kvaefjord (Kvæfjord)
        • Hinnøya
    		Bøe, P. (1997): Boratmineralet ludwigitt i høymetamorf marmor i Vesterålen. STEIN 24 (3), 130-136
    Peru
     
    • Junín Department
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 323.
    Romania
     
    • Bihor Co.
      • Nucet
    		Ş. Marincea: "Suanite in two boron-bearing magnesian skarns from Romania: data on a longtime ignored mineral species", Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen 182:183-192 (2006)
    Ş. Marincea: "Suanite in two boron-bearing magnesian skarns from Romania: data on a longtime ignored mineral species", Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen 182:183-192 (2006)
    • Caras-Severin Co.
      • Banat
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 323.
    Russia
     
    • Eastern-Siberian Region
      • Saha Republic (Sakha Republic; Yakutia)
        • Aldan Shield
    		Schreyer et al (1998), Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology: 133: 382-388.
        • Polar Yakutia
          • Dogdo River Basin
            • Tas-Khayakhtakh Range
              • Izvestkovyi Stream
    		N.N. Pertsev data
    Pavel M. Kartashov data
    Rudnev, V.V., Chukanov, N.V., Nechelyustov, G.N., Yamnova, N.A. (2007): Hydroxylborite, Mg3(BO3)(OH)3, a new mineral, and the isomorphous fluoborite-hydroxylborite series. Proceedings of the Russian Mineralogical Society, 136(1), 69-82.; http://maurice.strahlen.org/yakutia/yakutia.htm
        • Verkhoyansk
          • Yana River Basin
            • Dogdo river
    		W. Schreyer et al. (2003) Eur. Journ. Mineral. 15, 1007-1018
      • Transbaikalia (Zabaykalye)
        • Buriatia (Buryatia) Republic
          • Vitim Plateau
    		Lapis 29(1), 47 (2004)
        • Irkutskaya Oblast'
          • Lake Baikal area
    • Far-Eastern Region
      • Primorskiy Kray
    		[MinRec 32:8]
    Sweden
     
    • Dalarna
      • Falun
        • Svärdsjö
      • Hedemora
    		No reference listed
    • Uppland
      • Norrtälje
        • Söderby-Karl
    		No reference listed
        • Stabby ore field
    		No reference listed
    • Värmland
      • Filipstad
    Kjell Gatedal, Fritz Blatter
        • Nordmark
    		NJMMh 2001, 520; K.Gatedal
        • Persberg
    		Kjell Gatedal
    • Västmanland
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 323.
        • Kallmora
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 369.
    UK
     
    • Scotland
      • North West Highlands (Inverness-shire)
        • Isle of Skye
          • Broadford
            • Kilchrist
            • Torrin
    		A. Livingstone: Minerals of Scotland, NMS Publications (2002)
    USA
     
    • Alaska
      • Nome Borough
        • Seward Peninsula
          • York Range
    		www.excaliburmineral.com.
    • Arizona
      • Pima Co.
        • Santa Catalina Mts
          • Oracle District (Control District; Old Hat District; Santa Catalina District)
            • Mount Bigelow
              • Leatherwood Mine group (Apache group)
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd. ed.: 281.
    • California
      • Fresno Co.
        • Kaiser Peak quadrangle
    		www.mineralsocal.org
    No reference listed
      • Riverside Co.
        • Crestmore
          • Crestmore quarries
            • Sky Blue Hill
    		AmMin 26:352-381
        • Fontana
    		MinRec 15:273-290
    • Idaho
      • Lemhi Co.
    		Micro Probe, Nov 2001, pages 16-19
    Ream, Lanny R. 2004. Idaho Minerals, 2nd edition, Revised and Updated
    Ream, Lanny R. 2004. Idaho Minerals, 2nd edition, Revised and Updated
          • Quartzite Canyon
    		Ream, Lanny R. 2004. Idaho Minerals, 2nd edition, Revised and Updated
    • Montana
      • Granite Co.
        • Philipsburg District (Flint Creek District)
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 323.
      • Lewis and Clark Co.
        • Boulder Mountains Area
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 323.
    • Nevada
      • Lincoln Co.
        • Bristol and Jackrabbit Districts
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 323.
      • Lyon Co.
        • Yerington District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Mineral Co.
        • Bell District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    • Utah
      • Beaver Co.
        • Beaver Lake Mts
          • Beaver Lake District
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
      • Salt Lake Co.
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
        • Wasatch Mts
          • Big Cottonwood District
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 323.
    UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
          • Little Cottonwood District (Alta District)
            • Little Cottonwood Canyon
              • Dromedary Peak
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
      • Wasatch Co.
    		Field, V.W. (1917) American Mineralogist, 2, #7, 92-93
    • Washington
      • Snohomish Co.
        • Darrington
          • Jumbo Mountain
    		Minerals of Washington, Bart Cannon, 1975
      • Stevens Co.
        • Deer Trail District
          • Adams Mountain
    		Huntting, M. (1956): Inventory of Washington Minerals, Part II, Metallic Minerals, Vol. 1; Cannon, B. (1975): Minerals of Washington, p.48,72,75; Lasmanis, R. Et Al (1990): Metal Mines of Washington-Preliminary Report
    Mineral and/or Locality
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