Mercury
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Mercury
Formula:
Hg
Colour:
Tin white
Lustre:
Metallic
Specific Gravity:
13.596
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Name:
After the Roman messenger of the gods, Mercurius.
The symbol Hg comes from the Latin name 'hydrargyrum', fluid silver, after the Greek words 'hydros' = water and 'argyros' = silver.
The symbol Hg comes from the Latin name 'hydrargyrum', fluid silver, after the Greek words 'hydros' = water and 'argyros' = silver.
Mercury is officially classed as a mineral species for historical reasons, and also because it is distinctive in its chemical and physical properties. However, because it occurs as a liquid, it does not satisfy the normal criteria to be a valid mineral. It crystallizes at -40 degrees celsius, at which point it forms rhombohedral crystals. It is usually found as small isolated drops associated with cinnabar, but it can also be found as large liquid masses in rock cavities. Mercury is often found, along with cinnabar and other Hg minerals, as a precipitate from hot springs and in volcanic regions. Because of its rarity, it is not often used as an ore of mercury.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2647
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2647:1
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
90598d7d-8225-4688-b4b2-e5a45f3c167f
IMA Classification of Mercury
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Mercury
1.AD.05
1 : ELEMENTS (Metals and intermetallic alloys; metalloids and nonmetals; carbides, silicides, nitrides, phosphides)
A : Metals and Intermetallic Alloys
D : Mercury-amalgam family
1 : ELEMENTS (Metals and intermetallic alloys; metalloids and nonmetals; carbides, silicides, nitrides, phosphides)
A : Metals and Intermetallic Alloys
D : Mercury-amalgam family
Dana 7th ed.:
1.1.10.1
1.1.7.1
1 : NATIVE ELEMENTS AND ALLOYS
1 : Metals, other than the Platinum Group
1 : NATIVE ELEMENTS AND ALLOYS
1 : Metals, other than the Platinum Group
1.12
1 : Elements and Alloys (including the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au)
1 : Elements and Alloys (including the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au)
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Hg | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Mercury
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Tin white
Streak:
Could not be powdered
Hardness Data:
Could not be measured
Fracture:
None observed
Density:
13.596 g/cm3 (Measured)
Comment:
For liquid
Chemistry of Mercury
Mindat Formula:
Hg
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Au,Ag
Crystallography of Mercury
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3m (3 2/m) - Hexagonal Scalenohedral
Space Group:
R3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 3.463 Å, c = 6.706 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 1.936
Unit Cell V:
69.65 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
3
Morphology:
liquid globules or spheres
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
no data Å | ( |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
6 : Secondary asteroid phases | 4.566-4.560 |
Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
14 : Hot springs, geysers, and other subaerial geothermal minerals | |
High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) |
Geological Setting:
In low temperature hydrothermal deposits associated with hot springs.
Synonyms of Mercury
Other Language Names for Mercury
Basque:Merkurio
Breton:Merc'her
Catalan:Mercuri
Cornish:Mergher
Dutch:Mercurius
Dutch Low Saxon:Merkurius
French:Mercure
Galician:Mercurio
Georgian:მერკური
ვერცხლისწყალი
ვერცხლისწყალი
German:Merkur
Gediegen Quecksilber
Gediegen Quecksilber
Haitian:Mèki
Hawaiian:Melekulia
Icelandic:Merkúríus
Kvikasilfur
Kvikasilfur
Japanese:自然水銀
Korean:머큐리
Kurdish (Latin Script):Tîr
Latin:Mercurius
Hydrargyrum
Hydrargyrum
Latvian:Merkurs
Dzīvsudrabs
Dzīvsudrabs
Lithuanian:Merkurijus
Gyvsidabris
Gyvsidabris
Low Saxon/Low German:Merkur
Luxembourgish:Merkur
Maltese:Merkurju
Novial:Merkurie
Occitan:Mercuri
Portuguese:Mercúrio
Ripuarian:Merrkuur
Romanian:Mercur
Russian:Ртуть
Sicilian:Mercuriu
Simplified Chinese:自然汞
Slovenian:Merkur
Živo srebro
Živo srebro
Spanish:Mercurio
Traditional Chinese:自然汞
Venetian:Mercùrio
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
245 photos of Mercury associated with Cinnabar | HgS |
62 photos of Mercury associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
22 photos of Mercury associated with Montroydite | HgO |
16 photos of Mercury associated with Calomel | [Hg2]2+Cl2 |
16 photos of Mercury associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
14 photos of Mercury associated with Edgarbaileyite | [Hg2]2+3[Si2O7] |
13 photos of Mercury associated with Wattersite | [Hg2]2+2Hg2+[CrO4]O2 |
13 photos of Mercury associated with Metacinnabar | HgS |
11 photos of Mercury associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
10 photos of Mercury associated with Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
1.AD. | Aurihydrargyrumite | Au6Hg5 |
1.AD.10 | Belendorffite | Cu7Hg6 |
1.AD.10 | Kolymite | Cu7Hg6 |
1.AD.15c | Eugenite | Ag11Hg2 |
1.AD.15b | Luanheite | Ag3Hg |
1.AD.15d | Moschellandsbergite | Ag2Hg3 |
1.AD.15a | Paraschachnerite | Ag3Hg2 |
1.AD.15a | Schachnerite | Ag1.1Hg0.9 |
1.AD.20a | Weishanite | (Au,Ag,Hg) |
1.AD.20b | Goldamalgam (of Chen et al.) | (Au,Ag)Hg |
1.AD.20c | Yiyangite | Au3Hg |
1.AD.25 | Potarite | PdHg |
1.AD.30 | Leadamalgam | Pb0.7Hg0.3 |
1.AD.35 | Shosanbetsuite | Ag3Sn |
1.AD.40 | Unnamed (Au2Hg) | Au2Hg |
Fluorescence of Mercury
none
Other Information
Special Storage/
Display Requirements:
Display Requirements:
Mercury should be coated with a plastic material or placed in a sealed container since the mercury will vaporize over time.
Health Risks:
Contains mercury - always wash hands after handling. Avoid inhaling dust of associated rock or matrix when handling or breaking. Never lick or ingest. Vaporizes with toxic vapours, do not inhale vapours and store under cover.
Mercury in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Mercury
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2647.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Mercury
Reference List:
Localities for Mercury
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| McQueen (2011) |
| search.records.nsw.gov.au (n.d.) +1 other reference |
search.records.nsw.gov.au (n.d.) +2 other references | |
| R Bottrill +1 other reference |
| W.D. Birch. +1 other reference |
| - (1903) |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| O. M. Friedrich: Carinthia II 145./65.:25-38 (1955) |
| O. M. Freidrich: Carinthia II 145./65.:25-38 (1955) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| R.Poeverlein (2016) |
Strasser (1989) | |
C.Auer (2016) | |
Anton Paluc collection | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Aufschluss 1972 (SB) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Srbik (1929) |
| Lapis 19 (7/8) |
| Arlt et al. (1994) |
| Schuster et al. (2066) |
| Schmidt (1879) +2 other references |
Belgium | |
| Stainier (1891) |
Bolivia | |
| Kempff et al. (La Paz, 2009) |
Canada | |
| Geological Survey of Canada (1912) |
Geological Survey of Canada (1912) | |
| How (1869) |
| Knight (1922) |
| Ontario Bureau of Mines +1 other reference |
Geological Survey of Canada +1 other reference | |
Chile | |
| Fondecyt +2 other references |
| Sernageomin database 2005 +1 other reference |
| Samples in the I. Domeyko Museum |
| I.Domeyko collection +3 other references |
China | |
| Guanqing Lu (1994) |
| Zhiping Li (1998) +1 other reference |
| Zhenhua Ding et al. (2004) |
| Xianlin Luo et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Hunan Metallurgy Teams 245 & 237 (1975) |
| Zhengjiang Ding et al. (2010) |
| Baogui Zhang (1996) |
Czech Republic | |
| Velebil (Dě) +4 other references |
| Catherine Caillet Komorowski et al. (2012) |
| Litochleb +5 other references |
Eswatini | |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
France | |
| De Ascençao Guedes (2003) |
| Maurizot et al. (2020) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Chauris (2014) |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Dill et al. (2010) |
| Belendorff (2021) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Weiss: "Mineralienfundstellen et al. (Munich) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
Weiß (1990) | |
Weiß (1990) | |
Weiß (1990) | |
Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
Heckmann et al. (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Beroldingen (1788) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| von Beroldingen et al. (1788) |
| Arndt +2 other references |
Beroldingen (1788) | |
| American Mineralogist |
Hartmut Hensel Collection | |
Hartmut Hensel Collection | |
In the collection of Brent Thorne. ... | |
Arndt +1 other reference | |
Hartmut Hensel Collection | |
| Ferber (1776) |
Lapis 2001 (6) | |
Arndt +2 other references | |
| Geognostische Jahreshefte XXXI/XXXII +1 other reference |
| Geognostische Jahreshefte XXXI/XXXII +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
Geognostische Jahreshefte XXXI/XXXII +1 other reference | |
Lapis 2001 (6) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Der Aufschluss Vol.55 |
| Jürgen Müller Collection |
| T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya |
Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei:Mineral ... | |
Italy | |
| De Stefani C. (1895) |
| AA. VV. |
Del Caldo et al. (1973) | |
| Maida (2002) |
| AA. VV. |
M. BOSCARDIN et al. (1970) | |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| AA. VV. |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| De Michele (1974) |
De Michele (1974) | |
| Stara et al. (1993) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Gasser (1913) +5 other references |
| Arisi Rota et al. (1971) |
| Marco Bonifazi collection |
| Arisi Rota et al. (1971) +2 other references |
| Baccos (1967) +3 other references |
Arisi Rota et al. (1971) | |
| |
| Mariani P. et al. (1975) |
| |
| Jervis (1873) +7 other references |
Japan | |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
| Journal of the Faculty of Science et al. (2) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Masutomi Museum specimen +1 other reference |
| www.mineralmundi.com |
| Geology and Mineral Resources of Japan (Geological Survey of Japan, 1960) +1 other reference |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Kolesar et al. (1993) |
Vasil'yev et al. (1982) +2 other references | |
Malaysia | |
| Yajima (1960) |
Mexico | |
| Querol +1 other reference |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Ref.: Panczner (1987) |
Panczner (1987) | |
| Pancnzer (1987) |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
| Percy Babb (1909) +1 other reference |
| Panczner (1987) |
Panczner (1987) | |
| |
New Zealand | |
| P. Stoffers |
| Morris (2005) |
| Pat Browne |
| Youngson et al. (2002) |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Schwarz-Schampera et al. (2001) |
Peru | |
| Wise et al. (2005) |
Philippines | |
| Excalibur Mineral Co. / Chet Lemanski. |
Poland | |
| Wojciechowski J. 1955: O żyłach ... |
| Sachs A. 1906: Die Bodenschätze ... +1 other reference |
| MUSZER (2018) |
Portugal | |
| H. GABRIEL MENDES |
Romania | |
| Paulina Hîrtopanu et al. (2017) |
| Hirtopanu et al. (2013) |
| Ed.:Szakáll S.-Kristály ... |
| Natural History Museum London 2015 |
Russia | |
| Vasil'yev et al. (1983) +1 other reference |
| Okrugin |
| Active Volcanoes of Kamchatka +1 other reference |
| V.V. Seredin data |
| Bryzgalov et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
| Canadian Mineralogist Feb. 1999 +2 other references |
| Pekov (1998) +1 other reference |
Serbia | |
| |
Slovakia | |
| |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
Koděra (1986) | |
Koděra (1986) | |
| Pauliš |
| Pauliš P. |
Háber et al. (SGR) | |
Háber et al. (SGR) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
Karl Cäsar von Leonhard (1820) | |
Koděra (1986) | |
Števko M. (2022) | |
| Pauliš P. |
| Koděra (1986) |
Koděra (1986) | |
Ďuďa R. et al. ( Kotterbach ) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Duda et. all. |
| Ďuďa |
Slovenia | |
| Bancroft et al. (1991) +1 other reference |
| Scopolia - Journal of the Slovenian ... |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
Spain | |
| in Spanish version (Revista de Minerales) +1 other reference |
| Mendoza et al. (2006) |
| Carlos Luque Cabal (1985) |
| Calvo (2003) |
| Saupe (1990) |
Salvador Maturana (1995) | |
Jordi Fabre | |
| Salvador Maturana (1995) |
Maggie Wilson | |
| Francisco Mayor |
Sweden | |
| Mineralogical Magazine (1987) |
Taiwan | |
| Chemical Geology Volume 154 |
| Simmons et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
Chemical Geology 154 1999. 155–167 +1 other reference | |
James K.C.Huang Collection | |
Turkey | |
| Meteoritical Society 72nd meeting (2009) |
| |
| Mehmet Yildiz and Edgar H. Bailey (1978) |
| Mehmet Yildiz and Edgar H. Bailey (1978) |
Mehmet Yildiz and Edgar H. Bailey (1978) | |
UK | |
| Fortey et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| T.B.Greenland & R.S.W. Braithwaite (2012) |
| Kingsbury (1968) +1 other reference |
| Day (1999) |
Ukraine | |
| [World of Stones 12:20] |
USA | |
| USGS Open-File Report 01-269 |
- (2008) | |
| USGS OFR 98-287 (Freeman,1998) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
- (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| Lawson (1913) +2 other references |
| Lausen (1926) +1 other reference |
| Galbraith (1947) |
| Faick (1958) +1 other reference |
| MRDS file #10040371. |
Ransome (1916) | |
| MRDS file #10040378. |
| Orr (1990) |
| Lausen (1926) +2 other references |
| Galbraith (1947) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Keith (1974) +1 other reference |
| Beckman (1965) +1 other reference |
| Engineering Mining Jour. (1897) +1 other reference |
| Galbraith (1947) +2 other references |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| Roberts et al. (2003) |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:118. |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| Mining and Scientific Press (1874) +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 114. +5 other references |
| O’Brien (1943) +1 other reference |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 114. +2 other references | |
| - (2005) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 115. +4 other references |
- (2005) | |
| Friedrich (1888) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
Aubury (1903) +1 other reference | |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 116. +2 other references | |
Murdoch et al. (1966) | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 116. +3 other references |
Rocks & Minerals: 19: 40-41. +3 other references | |
| - (2005) |
Dana 6: 1096. | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 116. +1 other reference |
Pelletier | |
Schmitz (1852) +1 other reference | |
www.mineralsocal.org | |
| Irwin's notes PSFC. +1 other reference |
| Watts (1893) +1 other reference |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 118. +1 other reference |
| Bradley (1918) +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 118. +1 other reference |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press. +1 other reference | |
| |
| Bradley (1918) |
Bradley (1918) +3 other references | |
Dana 6:23. | |
| also portion of Orange and San ... +2 other references |
| Bradley (1918) +1 other reference |
Canadian Mineralogist: 34: 61-72. +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
www.mineralsocal.org +2 other references | |
| - (2005) |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) |
Murdoch et al. (1966) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Bradley (1918) |
| - (2005) |
| Am Min 64:3-4 pp 1026-1038 +4 other references |
| Rogers (1911a) +2 other references |
| Rogers (1911a) +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 197. +3 other references |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 121-122 +4 other references | |
Mining and Scientific Press (1868) +2 other references | |
Woodhouse (1934) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
Bradley (1918) +3 other references | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 117 +3 other references |
Crawford (1894) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 123. +3 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 50. +1 other reference |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) |
| - (2005) |
- (1908, September) +2 other references | |
| - (2005) |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 124. +4 other references | |
- (2005) | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 181. +4 other references |
| Becker (1888b) +2 other references |
Quicksilver resources of California: with a section on metallurgy and ore ... By Walter Wadsworth Bradley (1917) +1 other reference | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 124 +6 other references |
Aubury (1903) +3 other references | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 124. +4 other references |
| Eggleston (1874-75) +3 other references |
- (2005) | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 124. +4 other references |
| Mining and Scientific Press (1893) +1 other reference |
| Wilson (1854) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| Rocks & Min.:64:144-145. |
| Carnein et al. (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Travis Olds field work 2010 |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Longwell et al. (1965) |
| Jour.Volcanology & Geothermal Res. ... +1 other reference |
LaPointe et al. (199) | |
| - (2005) |
USGS Open-File Report 76-56 +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
- (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| NBMG Bull 59 Geology and Mineral ... +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| NBMG Bull 73 Geology and Mineral ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| U.S.G.S. Bulletin 973E |
| NBMG Bull 99B Geology and Mineral ... |
- (2005) | |
| NBMG Bull 99B Geology and Mineral ... +1 other reference |
NBMG Bull 99B Geology and Mineral ... | |
| - (2005) |
Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| NBMG Bull 89 Geology and Mineral ... +1 other reference |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
NBMG Bull 89 Geology and Mineral ... | |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
NBMG Bull 89 Geology and Mineral ... | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| - (2005) |
| Rocks & Min.:11:125. +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
NBMG Bull 70 Geology and Mineral ... +1 other reference | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Len Ramp et al (1977) |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Oregon Metal Mines Handbook |
| - (2005) |
Oregon Metal Mines Handbook | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| USGS Bull 969 |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Rocks & Minerals: 66 (3) |
Smith (1991) | |
Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
Bullock (1981) | |
| Koschmann et al. (1968) |
| Bullock (1981) |
- (2005) | |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +2 other references |
| Cannon (1975) |
Cannon (1975) | |
| Cannon (1975) |
Derkey et al. (1990, November) +1 other reference | |
| Valentine et al. (1960) |
Cannon (1975) | |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) +4 other references |
Cannon (1975) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
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