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Mirabilite

Big Photo

Willi Agatz Mine, Dresden, Saxony, Germany
© Thomas Witzke

Show Mirabilite Photos (7)
Formula:
Na
 
2
SO
 
4
·10H
 
2
O
System:MonoclinicColour:Colourless, white; ...
Lustre:VitreousHardness:1½ - 2
Name:Based on the phrase "Sal mirabile" used by J.R. Glauber (1603-1668) when he inadvertently formed the artificial compound while working with sulfuric acid and salt.


Quickly dehydrates to thenardite in dry air.

Classification of Mirabilite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:6/C.21-80
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:7.CD.10

7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
D : With only large cations
Dana 8th edition ID:29.2.2.1

29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
2 : A2XO4·xH2O
Hey's CIM Ref.:25.1.3

25 : Sulphates
1 : Sulphates of the alkali metals and ammonium
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Occurrences of Mirabilite

Geological Setting:Saline lake deposits, playas and springs; as an efflorescence on clayey, alkalic soils; in caves and sheltered spot on recent lavas. Often deposited from saline waters in cold seasons in sea sprays.

Physical Properties of Mirabilite

Lustre:Vitreous
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Transparent, Opaque
Colour:Colourless, white; colourless in transmitted light
Streak:White
Hardness (Mohs):1½ - 2
Cleavage:Perfect
On {100} perfect; also reported on {001}, {010}, and {011}.
Fracture:Conchoidal
Density (measured):1.49 g/cm3

Crystallography of Mirabilite

Crystal System:Monoclinic
Class (H-M):2/m - Prismatic
Cell Parameters:a = 12.84Å, b = 10.37Å, c = 11.52Å
β = 107.77°
Ratio:a:b:c = 1.238 : 1 : 1.111
Unit Cell Volume:V 1,460.71 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:Crystals short prismatic [001]. Usually prismatic to acicular [010]; also thin tabular {100} or {001}, or lath-like due to flattening on {100} and elongation parallel to [010] (artificial material). Massive; efflorescences or masses of interlocking fibers; granular; stalactitic.
Twinning:Interpenetration twinning on {001}; also on {100}.
Crystal Atlas:
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Mirabilite no.8 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

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Optical Data of Mirabilite

Type:Biaxial (-)
RI values: nα = 1.396 nβ = 1.410 nγ = 1.419
2V:Measured: 75° , Calculated: 74°
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.023

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:Moderate
Dispersion:none

Chemical Properties of Mirabilite

Formula:
Na
 
2
SO
 
4
·10H
 
2
O
Essential elements:H, Na, O, S
All elements listed in formula:H, Na, O, S

Relationship of Mirabilite to other Species

Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
7.CD.05Matteuccite
NaHSO
 
4
·H
 
2
O
7.CD.15Lecontite
(NH
 
4
,K)Na(SO
 
4
)·2H
 
2
O
7.CD.20Hydroglauberite
Na
 
10
Ca
 
3
(SO
 
4
)
 
8
·6H
 
2
O
7.CD.25Eugsterite
Na
 
4
Ca(SO
 
4
)
 
3
·2H
 
2
O
7.CD.30Görgeyite
K
 
2
Ca
 
5
(SO
 
4
)
 
6
·H
 
2
O
7.CD.35Koktaite
(NH
 
4
)
 
2
Ca(SO
 
4
)
 
2
·H
 
2
O
7.CD.35Syngenite
K
 
2
Ca(SO
 
4
)
 
2
·H
 
2
O
7.CD.40Gypsum
Ca[SO
 
4
] · 2H
 
2
O
7.CD.45Bassanite
Ca[SO
 
4
] · 0.5H
 
2
O
7.CD.50Zircosulfate
(Zr,Ti)(SO
 
4
)
 
2
·4H
 
2
O
7.CD.55Schieffelinite
Pb
 
8
(TeO
 
4
)
 
5
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
·8H
 
2
O
7.CD.60Montanite
Bi
 
2
[TeO
 
6
] · 2H
 
2
O
7.CD.65Omongwaite
Na
 
2
Ca
 
5
(SO
 
4
)
 
6
·3H
 
2
O
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
25.1.1Thenardite
Na
 
2
SO
 
4
25.1.2Matteuccite
NaHSO
 
4
·H
 
2
O
25.1.4Arcanite
K
 
2
SO
 
4
25.1.5Mercallite
KHSO
 
4
25.1.6Misenite
K
 
8
H
 
6
(SO
 
4
)
 
7
25.1.7Aphthitalite
(K,Na)
 
3
Na(SO
 
4
)
 
2
25.1.8Mascagnite
(NH
 
4
)
 
2
SO
 
4
25.1.9Letovicite
(NH
 
4
)
 
3
H(SO
 
4
)
 
2
25.1.10Ammonioalunite
(NH
 
4
)Al
 
3
[(OH)
 
3
|SO
 
4
]
 
2

Other Names for Mirabilite

Synonyms:
ExanthaloseGlauber SaltNatürliches BittersalzNatürliches WundersalzReussin
Sal mirabileSulfate of Soda
Other Languages:
Catalan:Mirabilita
French:Sel de Glauber
Soude sulfatée
German:Gediegen Glaubersalz
Glaubersalz
Mirabilit
Italian:Mirabilite
Latin:Alcali minerale vitriolatum
Russian:Мирабилит
Spanish:Mirabilita

Other Information

Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Mirabilite

Reference List:Glauber (1658) Tractatus de natura salium (as Sal mirabile).

Bergmann, T. (1782) Sciagraphia regni mineralis (as Alcali minerale vitriolatum).

Reuss (1791) Crell’s Chemical Journal, London: 2: 18 (as Gediegen Glaubersalz).

Lenz, D.G. (1794) Versuch einer vollständigen Anleitung zur Kenntniss der Mineralien. 2 volumes, Leipzig: 1: 489 (as Natürliches Bittersalz).

Karsten, D.L.G. (1800) Mineralogische Tabellen, Berlin. First edition: 40 (as Reussin).

Haidinger, Wm. (1825) Treatise on Mineralogy, by F. Mohs; translation with considerable additions. 3 volumes, Edinburg: 2: 31.

Beudant, F.S. (1832), Trailé élémentaire de Minéralogie, second edition, 2 volumes: 2: 475 (as Exanthalose).

Haidinger, Wm. (1845) Handbuch der bestimmenden Mineralogie. Vienna: 488.

Hausmann, J.F.L. (1847) Handbuch der Mineralogie 3 volumes, Göttingen. Second edition, vol. 2, in two parts: 2: 1182.

Zepharovich (1879) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 3: 100.

Trechmann (1901) Mineralogical Magazine: 13: 73.

Rosický (1908) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 45: 473.

Pardillo (1915) Bol. r. soc. española hist. nat.: 15: 153; ...(abstract) Min. Abs. (1920): 1: 78.

Peck (1917) American Mineralogist: 2: 62.

Goldschmidt, V. (1918) Atlas der Krystallformen. 9 volumes, atlas, and text, vol. 4: 49.

Larsen, E.S. (1921) The Microscopic Determination of the Nonopaque Minerals, First edition, USGS Bulletin 679: 111.

Wells (1923) USGS Bulletin 717: 2.

Schaller (1932) USGS Bulletin 833: 81.

Larsen, E.S. and Berman, H. (1934) The Microscopic Determination of the Nonopaque Minerals, Second edition, USGS Bulletin 848: 148.

Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged: 439-442.

Cocco, G., Rossetti, V. (1959), La cella elementare della mirabilite. Periodico di Mineralogia – Roma pp. 231-232.

Acta Crystallographica (1978): B34: 3502-3510.

Journal of the American Chemical Society: 83: 820-824.

Internet Links for Mirabilite

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  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
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  • Mirabilite details from Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF)
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    Localities for Mirabilite

    Hide Locality List
    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Antarctica
     
    • Eastern Antarctica
      • Queen Maud Land (Dronning Maud Land)
        • Lützow-Holm Bay
          • East Ongul Island
    		Watanuki/ Torii/ Nishiyama/ Morikawa, 1979
      • Victoria Land
    		Alfredo Petrov collection (ex- Eugene Carmichael collection, acquired 1981)
    Australia
     
    • Western Australia
      • Nullarbor Plain
        • Eucla
    Austria
     
    • Lower Austria
      • Gutensteiner Alpen Mts
        • Puchberg am Schneeberg
    		R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993)
    • Salzburg
      • Abtenau
        • Webing
    		A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs (1989)
    A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs (1989)
      • Golling
        • Moosegg (Grubach)
    		A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs (1989)
      • Hallein
        • Dürrnberg
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 441; A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs, 1989
      • Hohe Tauern Mts
        • Gastein valley
          • Bad Gastein
    		A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs, 1989
      • Salzburg
        • Untersberg massif
    		A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs (1989)
    • Styria
      • Bad Aussee
        • Altaussee
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 441; R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993)
    • Tyrol
      • North Tyrol
        • Inn valley
          • Innsbruck
            • Hall
    		R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993)
    • Upper Austria
      • Bad Ischl
        • Perneck
    		No reference listed
      • Hallstatt
    		R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993)
    Bolivia
     
    • La Paz Department
      • Loayza Province
    		Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) Los Yacimientos Minerales y de Hidrocarburos de Bolivia. (Ministerio de Minas y Petroleo, La Paz)
    • Potosí Department
      • Nor Lípez Province
    		Ahlfeld & Muñoz Reyes (1955) Las Especies Minerales de Bolivia (Banco Minero de Bolivia); Ahlfeld & Muñoz Reyes (1955) Las Especies Minerales de Bolivia (Banco Minero de Bolivia)
        • San Juan
    		Ahlfeld & Muñoz Reyes (1955) Las Especies Minerales de Bolivia (Banco Minero de Bolivia)
    Canada
     
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 441.
    Chile
     
    • Antofagasta Region
      • El Loa Province
        • Calama
          • Chuquicamata District
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 449.
    China
     
    • Henan Province
      • Nanyang Prefecture
        • Tongbai Co.
          • Biyang basin
    		http://www.nanyang-window.com/invest/item/e_item/e_53.htm
    • Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
      • Alxa (Alashan) League
        • Alxa Left Banner
    		Yu, G., Harrison, S.P., and Xue, B. (2001): Lake status records from China: Data Base Documentation. MPI-BGC Technology Report No. 4, pp. 57-59.
      • Xilin Gol (Xilinguole) League
        • East Ujimqin Banner
    		Yu, G., Harrison, S.P., and Xue, B. (2001): Lake status records from China: Data Base Documentation. MPI-BGC Technology Report No. 4, pp. 50-51.
    • Qinghai (Chinghai) Province
      • Hainan Autonomous Prefecture
    		Sun Da-peng, Li Bing-xiao, Ma Yua-hua, and Lin Qun-zhu (2002): Journal of Salt Lake Research 10(4), 1-12.
      • Haixi Autonomous Prefecture
        • Da Qaidam (Dachaidan) Co.
    		www.adeq.assosite-interactive.net/etudes/eco.htm
        • Dulan Co.
    		Xiao Ying-kai, Liu Wei-guo, Zhou Yin-min, and Wang Yun-hui (2000): Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 18(2), 169-177.
    • Shanxi Province
      • Yuncheng Prefecture
    		Li Xia and Li Jingying (1998): Journal of Xi'an Engineering University 20(1).
    • Tibet Autonomous Region
      • Nagchu (Naqu) Prefecture
        • Xainza (Shenzha) Co.
    		Yu, G., Harrison, S.P., and Xue, B. (2001): Lake status records from China: Data Base Documentation. MPI-BGC Technology Report No. 4, pp. 157-161.
      • Ngari Prefecture
        • Gê'gyai Co.
    		Yu, G., Harrison, S.P., and Xue, B. (2001): MPI-BGC Technology Report No. 4, pp. 191-195.; Zheng Xiyu (1984): Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2(2), 218-226.
        • Gêrzê (Gaize) Co.
    		Lejun Wei, Mianping Zheng, Xifang Liu, Keqin Cai, and Zhen Nie (2002): Acta Geologica Sinica 76(3), 271-282
      • Xigazê (Rikaze; Shigatse) Prefecture
        • Zhongba Co.
    		Yu, G., Harrison, S.P., and Xue, B. (2001): MPI-BGC Technology Report No. 4, pp. 183-190.
    • Xinjiang (Xinjiang-Uygur) Autonomous Region
      • Hami (Kumul; Qumul) Prefecture
        • Barkol (Barköl; Balikun) Co.
    		Wei Dongyan, Liu Zhermin, Deng Xiaoling, and Xu Shaokang (1992): Proceedings of the 29th International Geological Congress (Kyoto, August 24 - September 3, 1992).
      • Tulufan (Turfan; Turpan) Prefecture
        • Tulufan (Turfan; Turpan) Co.
    		Yu, G., Harrison, S.P., and Xue, B. (2001): MPI-BGC Technology Report No. 4, pp. 100-103.
      • Yili Hasake (Ili Kazakh) Autonomous Prefecture
        • Tacheng (Tarbaghatay) Prefecture
          • Hebukesai'er (Hoboksar; Kobuksar; Qobuqsar) Co.
    		Yu, G., Harrison, S.P., and Xue, B. (2001): MPI-BGC Technology Report No. 4, pp. 137-145.
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • Karlovy Vary Region
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 441.
      • Ústí Region
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 441.
    France
     
    • Alsace
      • Haut-Rhin
        • Ste Marie-aux-Mines (Markirch)
    		Wittern, Journée: "Mineralien finden in den Vogesen", von Loga (Cologne), 1997
    • Midi-Pyrénées
      • Ariège
        • Tarascon-sur-Ariège
          • Arignac
    		D. DESCOUENS (1984) - Les Mines de gypse d'Arnave et Arignac - Monde et Minéraux, 62, pp 16-17
    Germany
     
    • Hesse
      • North Hesse
        • Werra Valley
          • Heringen
    		Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
          • Phillippsthal
    		Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
    • Lower Saxony
      • Celle
        • Hänigsen
    		Bode "Mineralien und Fundstellen BRD" from 1989 ISBN 3-925094-24-5 Pg.9
        • Wathlingen
    		Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
      • Lüneburg
    		Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
    • Mecklenburg-West Pomerania
      • Neubrandenburg
        • Friedland
    		A. Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", Schweizerbart (Stuttgart), 2001
    • Saarland
      • Saarlouis
        • Rammelfangen
    		Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
    • Saxony
      • Dresden
    		Thalheim, K.; Reichel, W. & Witzke, T. (1991): Die Minerale des Döhlener Beckens.- Schriften des Staatlichen Museums für Mineralogie und Geologie zu Dresden, Nr. 3
    Hungary
     
    • Nógrád Co.
      • Cserhát Mts.
    		Geoda - Journal of the Hungarian Friends of Minerals, 2007 august.
    Italy
     
    • Campania
      • Naples Province
        • Somma-Vesuvius Complex
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 441.
      • Phlegrean Volcanic Complex
        • Naples Province
          • Phlegrean Fields
            • Pozzuoli
    		Sinno R. – (1957) Trona, thenardite e mirabilite nei Campi Flegrei. Periodico di Mineralogia – Roma pp. 1-12.
    • Sicily
      • Agrigento Province
        • Agrigento (Girgenti)
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 441.
      • Catania Province
        • Etna Volcanic Complex
          • Mt Etna
    		www.cse.speleo.it
      • Messina Province
        • Lipari
          • Eolie Islands (Aeolian Islands)
            • Vulcano Island
    		COSSA A. (1878): Ricerche chimiche su minerali e rocce dell’Isola di Vulcano - Memorie R. Acc. Naz. Lincei – serie 3 – 2, 14 pp.
    • Tuscany
      • Siena Province
        • Chiusdino
    		Mineralogical Record, 15 (1), 27-36.
    Japan
     
    • Honshu Island
      • Tohoku region
        • Akita prefecture
          • Odate
    		Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan)
    Madagascar
     
    • Antananarivo Province
      • Vakinankaratra Region (Betafo - Antsirabé region)
    		Behier, J. (1963): Carte mineralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Géologique Madagascar. A 1871
    Netherlands
     
    • Limburg
      • Brunssum
    		T.G. Nijland, J.C. Zwaan, D. Visser, J. Leloux - De mineralen van Nederland - 2007
    Norway
     
    • Buskerud
      • Kongsberg
        • Kongsberg Silver Mining District
          • Overberget Mine-field
    		A.O. Larsen (1982, pers. com.); Neumann (1985, p. 111).
    Nordrum, F.S.(1995): Mineralfunn på Kongsberg etter nedleggelsen av Sølvverket. Bergverksmuseets skrift nr 9 ,42-47
    • Nordland
      • Ballangen
        • Råna
          • Bruvass-field
    Bøe, P. (1998): Utfellinger av natriumsulfatene mirabilitt og thenarditt i Ballangen, Ofoten, knyttet til Rånagabbroen. Norsk Bergverksmuseum Skrift 14: 64-68
    Poland
     
    • Małopolskie
      • Wieliczka
    		Wiewiórka J. 1972: Wtórny mirabilit z Wieliczki. Spraw. z Pos. Kom. PAN Oddz. w Krakowie T. 15/1
    Romania
     
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 441.
    • Maramures Co.
      • Rodna (Rodnei) Mts
    Russia
     
    • Eastern-Siberian Region
      • Krasnoyarsk Territory (Krasnoyarsk Kray; Krasnoyarskii Krai)
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 441.
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 441.
    • Volga Region
      • Astrakhan' Oblast'
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 441.
    Slovakia
     
    • Banská Bystrica Region
      • Javorie Mts
        • Vígľašská Huta
    		Koděra et all.,1990: Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, I-III, 1590p
    Spain
     
    • La Rioja
    		No reference listed
    Switzerland
     
    • Aargau
      • Birmenstorf
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 277.
    • Vaud (Waadt)
      • Bex
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 277.
    Tajikistan
     
    • Viloyati Khatlon
      • Kuljabskij (Kulyabskaya) Raion
        • Kamysh-Kurgan
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 441.
    Turkmenistan
     
    • Balkan Province
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 449.
    UK
     
    • England
      • Cumbria
        • South Eastern Region (Westmorland)
          • Vale of Eden
    		[Specimen in the Natural History Museum, London]
    Ukraine
     
    • L'viv Oblast' (Lviv Oblast'; Lwiw Oblast')
      • Drohobych
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 443.
    USA
     
    • Arizona
      • Yavapai Co.
        • Camp Verde District
    		[MinRec 14:90]
    MRDS database Dep. ID #10062403, MRDS ID #TC35800.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 300, 395; Guild, F.N. (1910), Mineralogy of Arizona; Silliman, B. (1881), Mineralogical Notes, Amer.Jour.Sci.: 22:198-205; Blake, W.P. (1890), Mineralogical notes, Amer.Jour.Sci.: 39:43-45; Peirce, H.W. (1969), Salines, in Mineral and water resources of AZ, AZ Bur. of Mines Bull. 180: 417-424; Thompson, J.R. (1983), Camp Verde evaporites, Min.Rec.: 14:85-90; Univ. of AZ Bull. 41 (1916-17), Mineralogy of Useful Minerals in AZ: 45; Galbraith, F.W. & Brennan (1959), Minerals of AZ: 59.
    • California
      • Imperial Co.
    		[Murch, J & Webb, R (1966) Minerals of California, California Division of Mines and Geology Bulletin 189]
    Tucker, W. Burling (1924a), Imperial, Inyo, Kern, Los Angeles, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, Ventura Counties: California Mining Bureau. Report 20: 87; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 267.
      • Inyo Co.
        • Death Valley
          • Black Mts
            • Furnace Creek District
    		Am Min 64:3-4 pp 369-375
        • Owens Valley
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 441.
      • Kern Co.
        • Kramer District
          • Boron
    		Cal Div of Mines & Geology "Mineral Information Service" V. 22 N. 10 Oct 1969
      • Mono Co.
        • Deep Springs Valley
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 441.
      • San Bernardino Co.
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 441.
      • San Luis Obispo Co.
        • Carrizo Plain
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 441.
    • Colorado
      • Clear Creek Co.
        • Georgetown District
          • Illinois Mine
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
      • Delta Co.
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
      • El Paso Co.
        • Manitou District
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
      • Jefferson Co.
        • Evergreen District (Malachite District)
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
      • Mesa Co.
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B.
      • Teller Co.
        • Cripple Creek District
          • Anaconda
    		Min Rec 36:2 pp143-185
    Min Rec 36:2 pp143-185
    • Hawaii
      • Hawaii Co. (Hawaii Island)
        • Kau Desert
    		www.routledge-ny.com/ref/caves/hawaii.pdf
    Anderson (1994) Kentucky Geol. Survey Ser. XI Spec. Pub 20
      • Edmondson and Hart Cos.
        • Mammoth Cave National Park
    • Michigan
      • Dickinson Co.
    		Mineralogy of Michigan (2004) Heinrich & Robinson
      • Houghton Co.
        • Houghton
    		Rocks & Min.:58:109.
    • Nevada
      • Churchill Co.
        • Soda Lake District
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 441; NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada.
      • Clark Co.
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 441; Rocks & Minerals, Nov. 1999
        • Muddy Mountains District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Lyon Co.
        • Mason Valley
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 441; NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada.
      • Mineral Co.
    		NBMG Bull 58 Geology and Mineral Resources of Mineral County, Nevada
      • Pershing Co.
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 441.
    • New Mexico
      • Catron Co.
    		Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
      • Doña Ana Co.
        • White Sands National Monument
    		Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
      • Eddy Co.
    		Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
    Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
    Northrop, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd. rev. ed. (1996)
      • Otero Co.
    		2008 New Mexico Mineral Symposium abstracts
        • Tularosa District
          • Valmont
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 441.
      • Torrance Co.
    		Northrop, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd Rev. Ed., 1996
    • North Dakota
      • Divide Co.
        • Alkabo
    • Pennsylvania
    		www.libraries.psu.edu/emsl/guides/X/delaware.htm.
    • South Dakota
      • Custer Co.
    		http://windcave.areaparks.com/parkinfo.html?pid=17374
    • Utah
      • Box Elder Co.
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
          • South Arm
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
      • Davis Co.
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
      • Salt Lake Co.
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
      • Tooele Co.
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    • Washington
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 441; www.dnr.wa.gov/geology/okanogan.htm.
        • Oroville District
          • Oroville
    		No reference listed
    • Wyoming
      • Albany Co.
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 441.
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 441.
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 441.
      • Natrona Co.
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 441.
        • Sweetwater Valley
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 441.
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