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Palygorskite

Big Photo

Milltown Quarry, Milltown, Ashover, Derbyshire, England, UK
© Steve Rust

Show Palygorskite Photos (16)
Formula:
(Mg,Al)
 
5
(Si,Al)
 
8
O
 
20
(OH)
 
2
·8H
 
2
O
System:MonoclinicColour:White. grayish, ...
Hardness:2 - 2½
Name:For the type locality


May be confused with sepiolite.

Classification of Palygorskite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:8/H.33-20
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:9.EE.20

9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
E : Single tetrahedral nets of 6-membered rings connected by octahedral nets or octahedral bands
Dana 8th edition ID:74.3.1a.1

74 : PHYLLOSILICATES Modulated Layers
3 : Modulated Layers with joined strips
Hey's CIM Ref.:16.7.6

16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
7 : Aluminosilicates of Mg
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Type Occurrence of Palygorskite

Type Locality:Second Mine, Popovka River, Palygorskaya Distance of Perm Railways, Permskaya Oblast', Middle Urals, Urals Region, Russia
Year of Discovery:1862

Occurrences of Palygorskite

Geological Setting:Alteration product of magnesium silicates

Physical Properties of Palygorskite

Lustre:Waxy, Earthy
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Translucent
Colour:White. grayish, yellowish, gray-green
Hardness (Mohs):2 - 2½
Cleavage:Distinct/Good
Good on {110}
Comment:Tough
Density (measured):1 - 2.6 g/cm3
Density (calculated):2.35 g/cm3

Crystallography of Palygorskite

Crystal System:Monoclinic
Class (H-M):2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:B2/m (B1 1 2/m) [C2/m] {C1 2/m 1}
Cell Parameters:a = 12.78Å, b = 17.86Å, c = 5.24Å
β = 95.78°
Ratio:a:b:c = 0.716 : 1 : 0.293
Unit Cell Volume:V 1,189.95 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:4
Morphology:Crystal are lath, commonly fibrous, tangled mats known as mountain leather
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
d-spacingIntensity
10.44 (100)
6.36 (13)
4.466 (20)
4.262 (22)
3.679 (15)
3.096 (16)

Optical Data of Palygorskite

Type:Biaxial (-)
RI values: nα = 1.522 - 1.528 nβ = 1.530 - 1.546 nγ = 1.533 - 1.548
2V:Measured: 30° to 61°
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.011 - 0.020

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:Low
Pleochroism:Visible
Comments:X= pale yellow
Y=Z= pale yellow-green

Chemical Properties of Palygorskite

Formula:
(Mg,Al)
 
5
(Si,Al)
 
8
O
 
20
(OH)
 
2
·8H
 
2
O
Essential elements:H, Mg, O, Si
All elements listed in formula:Al, H, Mg, O, Si
Common Impurities:Fe,K

Relationship of Palygorskite to other Species

Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
9.EE.05Bementite
Mn
 
5
Si
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
6
9.EE.10Brokenhillite
Mn
 
8
Si
 
6
O
 
15
(OH)
 
10
9.EE.10Pyrosmalite-(Fe)
(Fe,Mn)
 
8
Si
 
6
O
 
15
(OH,Cl)
 
10
9.EE.10Friedelite
(Mn,Fe)
 
8
Si
 
6
O
 
15
(OH,Cl)
 
10
9.EE.10Pyrosmalite-(Mn)
(Mn,Fe)
 
8
Si
 
6
O
 
15
(OH,Cl)
 
10
9.EE.10Mcgillite
(Mn,Fe)
 
8
Si
 
6
O
 
15
(OH)
 
8
Cl
 
2
9.EE.15Nelenite
(Mn,Fe)
 
16
Si
 
12
As
 
3
O
 
36
(OH)
 
17
9.EE.15Schallerite
(Mn,Fe)
 
16
Si
 
12
As
 
3
O
 
36
(OH)
 
17
9.EE.20Tuperssuatsiaite
Na
 
2
Fe
 
3
Si
 
8
O
 
20
(OH)
 
2
·4H
 
2
O
9.EE.20Yofortierite
Mn
 
5
Si
 
8
O
 
20
(OH)
 
2
·8-9H
 
2
O
9.EE.25Falcondoite
(Ni,Mg)
 
4
Si
 
6
O
 
15
(OH)
 
2
·6H
 
2
O
9.EE.25Loughlinite
Na
 
2
Mg
 
3
Si
 
6
O
 
16
·8H
 
2
O
9.EE.25Sepiolite
Mg
 
4
Si
 
6
O
 
15
(OH)
 
2
·6H
 
2
O
9.EE.25Kalifersite
(K,Na)
 
5
Fe
3+
7
Si
 
20
O
 
50
(OH)
 
6
·12H
 
2
O
9.EE.30Gyrolite
Ca
 
4
(Si
 
6
O
 
15
)(OH)
 
2
·3H
 
2
O
9.EE.30Orlymanite
Ca
 
4
Mn
 
3
Si
 
8
O
 
20
(OH)
 
6
·2H
 
2
O
9.EE.30Tungusite
Ca
 
4
Fe
 
2
Si
 
6
O
 
15
(OH)
 
6
9.EE.35Reyerite
(Na,K)
 
2
Ca
 
14
(Si,Al)
 
24
O
 
58
(OH)
 
8
·6H
 
2
O
9.EE.35Truscottite
(Ca,Mn)
 
14
Si
 
24
O
 
58
(OH)
 
8
·2H
 
2
O
9.EE.40Natrosilite
Na
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
5
9.EE.45Makatite
Na
 
2
Si
 
4
O
 
8
(OH)
 
2
·4H
 
2
O
9.EE.50Varennesite
Na
 
8
Mn
 
2
Si
 
10
O
 
25
(OH,Cl)
 
2
·12H
 
2
O
9.EE.55Raite
(Na,Ca)
 
4
(Mn,Ti,Fe)
 
3
Si
 
8
O
 
16
(OH)
 
12
·5H
 
2
O
9.EE.60Intersilite
Na
 
6
Mn
2+
 
Ti[Si
 
10
O
 
24
(OH)](OH)
 
3
·4H
 
2
O
9.EE.65Shafranovskite
(Na,K)
 
6
(Mn,Fe)
 
3
Si
 
9
O
 
24
·6H
 
2
O
9.EE.65Zakharovite
Na
 
4
Mn
 
5
Si
 
10
O
 
24
(OH)
 
6
·6H
 
2
O
9.EE.70Zeophyllite
Ca
 
4
Si
 
3
O
 
8
(OH,F)
 
4
·2H
 
2
O
9.EE.75Minehillite
(K,Na)
 
2-3
Ca
 
28
Zn
 
4
Al
 
4
Si
 
40
O
 
112
(OH)
 
16
9.EE.80Fedorite
(Na,K)
 
2-3
(Ca
 
4
Na
 
3
)Si
 
16
O
 
38
F
 
2
 · 3.5H
 
2
O
9.EE.80Martinite
(Na,Ca)
 
11
Ca
 
4
(Si,S,B)
 
14
B
 
2
O
 
40
F
 
2
·4H
 
2
O
9.EE.85Lalondeite
(Na,Ca)
 
6
(Ca,Na)
 
3
Si
 
16
O
 
38
(F,OH)
 
2
·3H
 
2
O
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
16.7.1Pyrope
Mg
 
3
Al
 
2
[SiO
 
4
]
 
3
16.7.2Sapphirine
(Mg,Fe)
 
4-x
Al
 
4+x
[Al
 
4+x
Si
 
2-x
O
 
18
]O
 
2
16.7.3Sapphirine-1A
(Mg,Al,Fe
2+
 
)
 
8
[(Al,Si,Fe
3+
 
)
 
6
O
 
18
]O
 
2
16.7.4Magnesiochloritoid
MgAl
 
2
[O|(OH)
 
2
|SiO
 
4
]
16.7.5Kulkeite
Mg
 
8
Al(AlSi
 
7
)O
 
20
(OH)
 
10
16.7.7Saponite
Ca
 
0.25
(Mg,Fe)
 
3
(Si,Al)
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
·nH
 
2
O
16.7.8Aliettite
Ca
 
0.2
Mg
 
6
(Si,Al)
 
8
O
 
20
(OH)
 
4
·4H
 
2
O
16.7.9Montmorillonite
(Na,Ca)
 
0.33
(Al,Mg)
 
2
Si
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
·nH
 
2
O
16.7.10Baumite
(Mg,Al,Mn,Zn,Fe)
 
3
(Si,Al)
 
2
O
 
5
(OH)
 
4

Other Names for Palygorskite

Synonyms:
AttapulgiteAttapulgite-PalygorskitePolygorskite
Other Languages:
Anglo-Saxon:Attapulgite
Catalan:Paligorskita
Dutch:Palygorskiet
Esperanto:Paligorskito
German:Palygorskit
Attapulgit
Polygorskit
Italian:Palygorskite
Portuguese:Paligorsquite
Russian:Палыгорскит
Slovak:Palygorskit
Spanish:Attapulgita
Palygorskita
Polygorskita

Other Information

Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Palygorskite

Reference List:Huggins, Charles W., Marion V. Denny & Haskell R. Shell (1962), Properties of palygorskite, an asbestiform mineral: US Bureau of Mines, Report of Investigaton 6071, 17pp.

Christ, C.L., J.C. Hathaway, P.B. Hostetler, and A.O. Shepard (1969): Palygorskite: new X-ray data. Amer. Mineral., 54, 198-205.

Serna, C., G.E. VanScoyoc, and J.L. Ahlrichs (1977) Hydroxyl groups and water in palygorskite. Amer. Mineral., 62, 784-792.

Permskiye gubernskiye vedomosti (Perm District Gazette): 26: 127.

Chisholm, J.E. (1992) Powder-diffraction patterns and structural models for palygorskite. Can. Mineral., 30, 61-73.

Minerals Science Forum: 166 (1994): 647-652.

Chryssikos, G. D. et al. (2009): octahedral cation distribution in palygorskite. American Mineralogist 94, 200-203.

Internet Links for Palygorskite

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  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
  • American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database
  • Search for Palygorskite in the Natural History Museum (London) online catalogue
  • Palygorskite details from Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF)
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    Localities for Palygorskite

    Hide Locality List
    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
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    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Australia
     
    • New South Wales
      • Yancowinna Co.
    		Birch BH Book
    • Queensland
    		[MinRec 19 p469-490 - "Sielecki, R: The Mount Isa-Cloncurry mineral field"]
        • Selwyn District
    		Costas Constantinides collection, Australian museum id
    • South Australia
      • Coober Pedy - Everard Range Regions
    		http://notesmi.altarum.org/Conf/gtp.nsf/0/50dede6fd33614d28525651d0063a53f?OpenDocument.
    • Tasmania
      • Heazlewood district
    		Andersen, P., Bottrill, R. & Davidson, P. (2002): Famous mineral localities: The Lord Brassey mine, Tasmania. Mineral. Rec. 33, 321-332.
      • Waratah district
        • Waratah
    		Bottrill, unpub.
    • Victoria
      • Waratah Bay
    Austria
     
    • Carinthia
      • Friesach - Hüttenberg area
        • Hüttenberg
    		G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995
      • Gailtaler Alpen & Karnische Alpen Mts
        • Arnoldstein
          • Villacher Alpe (Dobratsch massif)
    		G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995
        • Bleiberg District
    		G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995
      • Hohe Tauern Mts
        • Goldberg group
          • Kleine Fleiß valley
            • Alter Pocher Inn
    		G. Niedermayr: Carinthia II 191./111.:160 (2001)
      • Karawanken Mts
        • Rosenbach
          • Frauenkogel Mt. area
            • Ardeschitzagraben (Ardeschitzengraben)
    		Natural History Museum Vienna collection
    G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995
      • Koralpe Mts
        • Kamp
    		G. Niedermayr: Carinthia II 180./100.:247-248 (1990)
      • Lavant valley
        • Twimberg
    		G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995
      • Packalpe Mts
        • Bad St Leonhard
      • Saualpe Mts
        • Trixen
          • Terpetzen
    		G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995
      • Völkermarkt
        • Griffen
          • St Kollmann
            • Haberberg Mt.
    		G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995
    • Salzburg
      • Hohe Tauern Mts
        • Krimmler Ache valley
          • Jaidbach peak - Gamsspitzl Mt. area
    		A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs (1989)
        • Obersulzbach valley
          • Seebach valley
            • Seebach lake
    		A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs (1989)
      • Lungau
        • Ramingstein
          • Tschellagraben
    		A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs (1989)
    • Styria
      • Bruck an der Mur
        • Laming valley
          • Oberdorf an der Laming
    		R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993)
      • Mitterdorf
        • Veitsch
    		Aufschluss 1972(SB), 48-50
    • Upper Austria
      • Enns
    		R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993)
    Bulgaria
     
    • Burgas Oblast (Bourgas Oblast)
      • Burgas Obshchina
    • Smolyan Oblast
      • Rhodope Mts
    		[MinRec 22 p.439]
    Canada
     
    • British Columbia
      • Golden Mining Division
        • Brisco
    		No reference listed
        • Field
        • Radium Hot Springs
    • Québec
      • Richmond Co.
        • Shipton Township
          • Asbestos
    		Horváth & Spertini (2008 & 2009)
    Chile
     
    • Atacama Region
      • Copiapó Province
    		American Mineralogist, Volume 94, pages 609–615, 2009
    Harvard University specimen
    China
     
    • Anhui Province
      • Suzhou Prefecture
        • Si Co.
    		Fa-Cheng Yi, Yi-Bei Fu, Yu-Xiang Li, and Cheng-Li Jin (2007): Journal of China University of Mining & Technology 36(2), 271-276.
    • Guizhou Province
      • Bijie Prefecture
        • Dafang Co.
    		Takabumi, S., Takatsugu, U., Mayumi, J., and Takao, A. (2006): Nendo Kagaku 45(3), 200-210.
    • Jiangsu Province
      • Huai'an Prefecture
        • Xuyi Co.
    		Tianhu Chen, Huifang Xu, Anhuai Lu, Shuchuan Peng, and Shucang Yue (2004): Science in China, Series D (Earth Sciences), 47(11), 985-1004.
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • Central Bohemia Region
        • Čáslav (Tschaslau)
    		Litochleb, J.: Markovice a Horky u Čáslavi – klasické lokality zeolitů v alpských žilách. Minerál, 1996, roč. 4, č. 2, s. 98-100.
        • Vlašim (Wlaschim)
    		Zemek, V.: Zlatodůl Roudný u Vlašimi. Pod Blaníkem, 5. samostatná příloha, 2001: Podblanické ekocentrum Českého svazu ochránců přírody a Muzeum okresu Benešov, 108 s.
      • Hradec Králové Region
        • Jičín (Jitschin; Gitschin)
    		Pauliš, P.: Nejzajímavější mineralogická naleziště Čech. Kutná Hora: Kuttna, 2000, s. 61.
      • Karlovy Vary Region
        • Krušné Hory Mts (Erzgebirge)
          • Ostrov
    		Lapis 2002(7/8), 63-65
      • Liberec Region
        • Jilemnice (Starkenbach)
    		Kunert, M.: Palygorskit ve Studenci. Minerál, 2004, roč. 12, č. 5, s. 400-401.
      • Plzeň Region
        • Klatovy (Klattau)
    		Černý, P., Vítovec, J.: Minerály ložisek Rabí a Rabí - Lišná u Sušice. Minerál, 2001, roč. 9, č. 2, s. 139-142.
    Pauliš, P.: Nejzajímavější mineralogická naleziště Čech II. Kutná Hora: Kuttna, 2003, s. 111-114.
      • South Bohemia Region
        • Strakonice
    		Litochleb, J. et al.: Korund ze skapolitem bohaté vápenatosilikátové horniny v moldanubických mramorech u Krtů na Strakonicku. Bulletin mineralogicko-petrografického oddělení Národního muzea v Praze, 1997, roč. 4-5, s. 169-172.
    • Moravia (Mähren; Maehren)
      • South Moravia Region
    		http://pruvodce.geol.morava.sci.muni.cz/Dolni_Kounice/Dolni_Kounice_text.htm
      • Vysočina Region
    		Houzar, S., Novák, M., Doležalová, H., Hrazdil, V., Pfeiferová, A.: Přehled mineralogie, petrografie a geologie nedvědických mramorů, svratecké krystalinikum. Acta Musei Moraviae, Sci. geol., 2006, roč. 91, s. 3-77.
    Mineralienwelt 1993(1), 13
    Petr Pauliš
        • Žďár nad Sázavou
    		Staněk, J.: Parageneze minerálů pegmatitových žil z Hatí u Dolních Borů na západní Moravě. Acta Mus. Moraviae, Sci. nat., vol. 76, pages 19-49.
    France
     
    • Languedoc-Roussillon
      • Pyrénées-Orientales
        • Arles sur Tech
          • Corsavy
    		Chevalier Ph., Gourbeault Y., Galvier J. (1998), Le gisement de fer de Batère, Pyrénée-Orientales, France, Le Règne Minéral, n°24, pp: 5-18
          • Montferrer
    		Berbain, C., Favreau, G. & Aymar, J. (2005): Mines et Minéraux des Pyrénées-Orientales et des Corbières. Association Française de Microminéralogie Ed., 53-59.
    • Midi-Pyrénées
      • Ariège
        • Luzenac
    		Le Cahier des Micromonteurs Year 1990 N° 4
    Germany
     
    • Bavaria
      • Franconia
        • Maroldsweisach
    		Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
    Greenland
     
    • Kitaa (West Greenland) Province
      • Narsaq
    		Soerensen, H. (2001): The Ilimaussaq alkaline complex, South Greenland: status of mineralogical research with new results, Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin 190, GEUS
    Hungary
     
    • Heves Co.
      • Mátra Mts.
        • Parádsasvár (Üveghuta)
    		100 mineral localities of Hungary: Kovács Viktor: Paradsasvár, a Nagylápa-fő környéki kutatótárók meddőhányói
        • Recsk
    		Szakáll & Kovács,2007
    • Veszprém Co.
      • Bakony Mts.
        • Úrkút
          • Csárda Hill
    		Szakáll & Jánosi (1996) The Minerals of Hungary
    Iran
     
    • Hormozgan Province
      • Qeshm Island
    		Michal Filippi, et al (2002) Mineralien Welt, 13, 1, 60-72.
    Iraq
     
    • Western Desert
      • Wadi Al-Hussainiya
    		Al-Bassam, K.S., and Tamar-Agha, K.Y. (1998): Mineralium Deposita 33, 266-282.
    Italy
     
    • Lombardy
      • Sondrio Province
        • Malenco Valley
          • Lanterna Valley
            • Lanzada
    		Bedogné, F. (2006). Xonotlite della Val Lanterna, Valmalenco (SO). Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 30 (4), 254-255.
    • Piedmont
      • Torino Province
        • Settimo Vittone
    		Piccoli, G.C., Maletto, G., Bosio, P., Lombardo, B. (2007). Minerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta. Associazione Amici del Museo "F. Eusebio" Alba, Ed., Alba (Cuneo) 607 pp.
      • Verbano-Cusio-Ossola Province
        • Ossola Valley
          • Baceno
            • Devero Alp (Devero Valley; Val Devero)
    • Sardinia
      • Cagliari Province
        • Monastir
    		Conti - Vecchi, G., Stara, P., (1991) :Minerali della Sardegna.Della Torre editore.Cagliari, 276 pp.
    • Trentino-Alto Adige
      • Trento Province
        • Ziano di Fiemme
          • Fiemme Valley
    		Folie K. (Ed.) (1984): I minerali del Trentino e dell'Alto Adige. Tappainer, Merano, 192pp.
    • Veneto
      • Vicenza province
    		Boscardin, M., Mietto, P., Pegoraro, S., Orlandi, P., Secco, L.(2000):
    Lapis, 15 (12), 27-32+50.
    Japan
     
    • Honshu Island
      • Chubu Region
        • Gifu Prefecture
          • Hida City
      • Kanto Region
        • Tochigi Prefecture
          • Utsunomiya
    		Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan); Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan)
      • Kinki Region
        • Kyoto Prefecture
          • Kameoka City
    		Masutomi Museum specimens (Kyoto)
      • Tohoku Region
        • Iwate Prefecture
          • Kamaishi City
    		Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated by the Geological Survey of Japan)
    • Kyushu Island
      • Fukuoka prefecture
    		Okamoto & Tanaka (1958) Mem. Fac. Sci., Kyushu University, Ser. D, 8, 19-23.
    Kyrgyzstan
     
    • Issyk-Kul'skaya Oblast
    		Terra Nostra 2001/2: 3
    Madagascar
     
    • Antananarivo Province
      • Vakinankaratra Region (Betafo - Antsirabé region)
        • Sahatany Pegmatite Field (Mt Bity (Ibity) area)
          • Sahatany Valley
    		Lacroix, A. (1912): Sur quelques minéraux des pegmatites du Vakinankaratra (Madagascar). Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie, Paris 35 , 76-84
    Mexico
     
    • Zacatecas
      • Mun. de Concepción del Oro
        • Bonanza
    		Panczner (1987): 292.
    Namibia
     
    • Otjikoto (Oshikoto) Region
      • Tsumeb
    		No reference listed
    Norway
     
    • Buskerud
    		Mineralogical Record: 17: 19-35.
    Van der Wel, D. (1972): Contribution to the Mineralogy of Norway No. 51. Asbestos minerals from Kongsberg silver deposit. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 52: 287-294
    • Finnmark
      • Alta
        • Stjernøya Island
          • Lillebukt (Lillebugt) Alkaline Complex
    		Salter, D. L. & Appleyard, E.C. (1974): An occurence of vein palygorskite from the nepheline syenite at Lillebugt, Stjernøy, northern Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 54, 329-336
    • Hordaland
      • Vaksdal
    		Selbekk, Rune.S.(1990): Mineraler fra ovanntunnelen i Bergsdalen. STEIN 17(3),1-2
    • Nordland
      • Rana
    • Oslo
      • Grorud
    		Kvamsdal, Lars O., 1999. Mineralene fra Huken pukkverk i Oslo. Stein, årg. 26, nr. 4, p. 40.
    • Sør-Trøndelag
      • Oppdal
    		No reference listed
    • Telemark
      • Kragerø
    		Nordrum, F.S. Larsen, A.O. & Austrheim, H. (2000): Ni,Co-mineralizations in the Valberg quarry, Kragerø, South Norway: a progress report. Bergverksmuseets Skrift 17: 64-70
      • Porsgrunn
        • Brevik
          • Kjørholt
    		Nordrum, Fred Steinar (1993): De siste års mineralfunn i Dalen- Kjørholt gruve. STEIN 20 (2), 100-111
      • Skien
        • Fossum Iron Mines
    		Larsen, A.O. (1993): Fossum jernverk. STEIN 20 (2), 112-116
    Peru
     
    • Arequipa Department
      • Nazca Province
        • Nazca
    		Hyrsl & Rosales (2003), Min. Record 34:254
    • Ica Department
      • Ica Province
        • Ica
    		Extra Lapis - English No. 10 Opal
    Poland
     
    • Lower Silesia (Dolnośląskie)
      • Rudawy Janowickie Mts
        • Czarnów
          • Rędziny
    		Domańska, J.: Rędziny. Otoczak, nr. 29, p. 38-52.
    • Małopolskie
      • Kraków
    		Eligiusz Szełęg private collection
    Eligiusz Szełęg collection
    Russia
     
    • Eastern-Siberian Region
      • Saha Republic (Sakha Republic; Yakutia)
    		[World of Stones 12:49]
    • Far-Eastern Region
      • Primorskiy Kray
    		[MinRec 32:8]
    • Northern Region
      • Murmanskaja Oblast'
        • Kola Peninsula
    		www.koeln.netsurf.de/~w.steffens/lovo.htm
    • Povolzhsky region
    • Urals Region
      • Middle Urals
        • Permskaya Oblast'
          • Palygorskaya Distance of Perm Railways
            • Popovka River
    		Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow
    Saudi Arabia
     
    • Mintaqah Makkah
    		Saudi Geological Survey Open-File Report SGS-OF-2004-12, 68 p.
    Senegal
     
    • Saint-Louis Region
      • Senegal River
        • Matam (Ouali-Diala)
    		http://www.uoguelph.ca/~geology/rocks_for_crops/45senegal.PDF
    • Thiès Region
      • Taiba
    		http://www.uoguelph.ca/~geology/rocks_for_crops/45senegal.PDF
    Slovakia
     
    • Banská Bystrica Region
      • Western Slovenské Rudohorie Mts
        • Hnúšťa
    		Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590
    Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590
        • Jelšava
    		Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590
        • Kalinovo
    		Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590k
    Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590
        • Ploské
    		Koděra et all.,1990: Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, I-III, 1590p
        • Podrečany
    		Koděra et all.,1990: Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, I-III, 1590p
    Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590k
        • Rovné
    		Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590k
    • Prešov Region
      • Northern Slanské Mts
        • Vyšná Šebastová
    		Ďuďa,R., et al., 1981: Mineralógia severnej časti Slanských vrchov. Min.Slovaca, Monografia 2, 98s
    Spain
     
    • Castile and Leon
      • Palencia
    		Stvdia Geologica Salmanticensia, 26: 7-25
      • Soria
        • Magaña
    		Calvo, M. Viñals, J., Clemente, J. and Sanchis, M. (2000). Scarbroita, alofana y paligorskita como producto de alteración de la facies Weald, Magaña (Soria). Revista de Minerales, 2, (1), 20-22
    • Valencian Community
      • Alicante
        • Albatera
          • Hondón de los Frailes
    		http://usuarios.lycos.es/pmminerales/ColeccionPacoMayorAlavaAlicante3.html
    Sweden
     
    • Södermanland
      • Nynäshamn
    		Gustafsson, Lars & Otter, Bertil (1991): Mineralförekomster i Stockholmstrakten.Del 2. STEIN 18(4),4-12
    • Värmland
      • Filipstad
    		Östra Värmlands Mineral Society,Långban,Sweden
        • Nordmark
    		http://www.k1q.net/skarn/picture.phtml?function=list&id=6
    • Västmanland
      • Sala
    Switzerland
     
    • Bern
      • Biehl (Bienne)
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz. Wepf (Basel), p. 295.
    • Lucerne
      • Entlebuch
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz. Wepf (Basel), p. 295.
    Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz. Wepf (Basel), p. 295.
    • Nidwalden (Nidwald)
      • Ennetbürgen
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz. Wepf (Basel), p. 295.
      • Stansstad
        • Kehrsiten
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz. Wepf (Basel), p. 295.
        • Rotzloch
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz. Wepf (Basel), p. 295.
    • Vaud (Waadt)
      • Lausanne
        • Crissier
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz. Wepf (Basel), p. 295.
    • Wallis (Valais)
      • Binn Valley
    UK
     
    • England
      • Cumbria
        • North and Western Region (Cumberland)
          • Caldbeck Fells
            • Potts Gill
    		No reference listed
      • Derbyshire
        • Ashover
          • Milltown
    		[Rust, S. Seltene Mineralien aus dem Steinbruch Milltown bei Ashover LAPIS Mineralienmagazin 1994, 12, p.13-17, 58]; Min.Mag.(1984) 48, 267-269
      • Devon
        • Okehampton area (Northern Dartmoor)
    		http://www.mineralman.f9.co.uk/quarries/meldon.htm
    • Scotland
      • North West Highlands (Ross-shire; Ross & Cromarty)
    		Am Min 61:3-4 pp 299-302
      • Strathclyde (Lanarkshire)
        • South Lanarkshire
    		No reference listed
    • Wales
      • Bridgend (Mid Glamorgan; Glamorgan)
        • Porthcawl
    		Criddle & Symes, 1977
      • Rhondda-Cynon-Taff (Mid Glamorgan; Glamorgan)
        • Llantrisant
    		National Museum of Wales specimen
    USA
     
    • Arizona
      • Apache Co.
        • Petrified Forest National Monument
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 319; Schultz, L.G. (1963), Clay minerals in Triassic rocks of the Colorado Plateau, USGS Bull. 1147-C.
      • Gila Co.
        • Globe-Miami District
          • Globe Hills District
            • Globe Hills
              • Burch area
                • Radium
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 319.
          • Miami-Inspiration District
            • Inspiration
              • Miami-Inspiration deposit
                • Inspiration Mine
                  • Webster Gulch
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 319.
      • Pima Co.
        • Ajo District
          • Little Ajo Mts
            • Ajo
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 319-320; Thomas, W.J. & R.B. Gibbs (1983), Famous mineral localities: The New Cornelia mine, Ajo, AZ, Min.Rec.: 14: 283-298.
        • Sierrita Mts
          • Pima District (Olive District; Mineral Hill District; Twin Buttes District)
            • Twin Buttes
    		Galbraith, F.W. (1947), Minerals of Arizona, AZ Bur. Mines Bull. 153: 317.
      • Pinal Co.
        • Mammoth District
          • Tiger
            • St. Anthony deposit
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 319; Bideaux, R.A. (1980), Tiger, AZ, Min.Rec.: 11: 155-181.
      • Santa Cruz Co.
        • Patagonia Mts
          • Patagonia District
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd. ed.: 390, 401.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 319.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 319.
    • Arkansas
      • Garland Co.
        • Wilson Springs (Potash Sulfur Springs)
          • Union Carbide Mine
    		R&M 70:3 pp 154-170
      • Pike Co.
        • Murfreesboro
    • California
      • Calaveras Co.
    		Pohl, D. et al. (1982): Ferroaxinite from New Melones Lake, Calaveras County, California, a remarkable new locality. Mineralogical Record 13 (5), 293-302
    • Colorado
      • El Paso Co.
        • Manitou Springs
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
      • Pitkin Co.
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
    • Connecticut
      • Fairfield Co.
        • Danbury
          • Beaver Brook District
    		Januzzi, 1976. Mineral Localities of CT and Southeastern NY State
    • Florida
      • Gadsden Co.
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    http://cms.lanl.gov/chem.htm.
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    • Georgia
    		Minerals of Georgia: Their properties and occurrences. Robert Cook GGWRD Bull 92
    Minerals of Georgia: Their properties and occurrences. Robert Cook GGWRD Bull 92
      • Grady Co.
    		Minerals of Georgia: Their properties and occurrences. Robert Cook GGWRD Bull 92
      • Pickens Co.
        • Jasper
    		Rocks & Min.:64:202.
    Minerals of Georgia: Their properties and occurrences. Robert Cook GGWRD Bull 92
    Rocks & Min.: 64:203.
        • Whitestone
    		Rocks & Min.: 64: 202.
      • Thomas Co.
    		Minerals of Georgia: Their properties and occurrences. Robert Cook GGWRD Bull 92
        • Meigs-Attapulgus-Quincy
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    Minerals of Georgia: Their properties and occurrences. Robert Cook GGWRD Bull 92
    Minerals of Georgia: Their properties and occurrences. Robert Cook GGWRD Bull 92
    • Idaho
      • Lemhi Co.
        • Spring Mountain District
          • Quartzite Canyon
    		Ream, Lanny R. 2004. Idaho Minerals, 2nd edition, Revised and Updated
    • Michigan
      • Baraga Co.
        • Imperial Heights
    		Rocks & Min.: 58:108.
      • Gogebic Co.
        • Gogebic iron range
    		Mineralogy of Michigan (2004) Heinrich & Robinson
    • Missouri
      • Washington Co.
        • Meramec State Park
    		R&M 73:2 pp 98-117
    • Montana
      • Silver Bow Co.
        • Butte District
    		The Mineralogy of The Butte District, Montana; Guilbert and Zeihen
    • Nevada
      • Churchill Co.
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Humboldt Co.
        • Potosi District
          • Adam Peak
      • Mineral Co.
        • Silver Star District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    • New Mexico
      • Eddy Co.
        • Carlsbad
    		Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
    Northrop, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd. Rev. Ed., 1996
      • Socorro Co.
    		Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
    • North Carolina
      • Yancey Co.
        • Day Book
    		x-ray diffraction data from 1986 East Carolina Univ. field trip (Pei Lin Tien)
    • Pennsylvania
      • Berks Co.
        • Oley Township
    		Ref.: "Zinc and Lead Occurances in Pennsylvania", R. C. Smith, II, Mineral Resources Report No. 72, 1977, Pennsylvania Geological Survey.
      • Chester Co.
    		MinRec 20:369-386
      • York Co.
        • East Manchester Township
          • Emigsville
    • Utah
      • Kane Co.
    		American Mineralogist (1927): 12: 424-426.
      • Tooele Co.
        • Oquirrh Mts
          • Ophir District
            • Dry Canyon area
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    • Vermont
      • Franklin Co.
        • Swanton
    		Rocks & Min. Vol. 71. (1996)
    • Virginia
      • Montgomery Co.
        • Blacksburg
    		No reference listed
      • Rockbridge Co.
        • Glasgow
    		Rocks & Min.: 60:157.
    • Washington
      • Pend Oreille Co.
        • Metaline District
          • Boundary Dam
    		Minerals of Washington, Bart Cannon, 1975
    Cannon, B. (1975): Minerals of Washington, p.44
    Metal Mines of Washington-Preliminary Report; Derkey, Joseph, Lasmanis
    Cannon, B. (1975): Minerals of Washington, p.54
    Minerals of Washington, B. Cannon, 1975
    Metal Mines of Washington-Preliminary Report; Derkey, Joseph, Lasmanis
    Minerals of Washington, Bart Cannon 1975
    Minerals of Washington, Bart Cannon, 1975
    Minerals of Washington, Bart Cannon, 1975
    Minerals of Washington, Bart Cannon, 1975
      • Stevens Co.
        • Onion Creek
    		Minerals of Washington, Bart Cannon, 1975
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