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Perovskite

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Akhmatovskaya Kop (Achmatovsk Mine), Nyazyamskie Mts, Zlatoust, Chelyabinsk Oblast', Southern Urals, Urals Region, Russia
© Tony Peterson

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Formula:
CaTiO
 
3
System:OrthorhombicColour:Dark brown, black, ...
Hardness:5½
Name:After Count L. A. Perovski (1792-1856) of St. Petersburg, Russia.
Isostructural with:Lakargiite


Perovskite Group. The Ti analogue of Lakargiite.

Classification of Perovskite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:4/C.10-20
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:4.CC.30

4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
C : Metal: Oxygen = 2: 3,3: 5, and similar
C : With large and medium-sized cations
Dana 8th edition ID:4.3.3.1

4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
3 : A2X3
Hey's CIM Ref.:7.9.6

7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
9 : Oxides of Ti
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Type Occurrence of Perovskite

Type Locality:Akhmatovskaya Kop (Achmatovsk Mine), Nyazyamskie Mts, Zlatoust, Chelyabinsk Oblast', Southern Urals, Urals Region, Russia
Year of Discovery:1839

Occurrences of Perovskite

Geological Setting:An accessory in alkaline mafic rocks.

Physical Properties of Perovskite

Lustre:Adamantine, Metallic, Sub-Metallic
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Transparent, Translucent
Colour:Dark brown, black, red-brown, yellow shades
Streak:Colourless, greyish white
Hardness (Mohs):5½
Tenacity:Brittle
Cleavage:Imperfect/Fair
On {001}.
Fracture:Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density (measured):3.98 - 4.26 g/cm3
Density (calculated):4.02 g/cm3
Comment:Calculated on synthetic material.

Crystallography of Perovskite

Crystal System:Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:Pnma {P21/n 21/m 21/a}
Cell Parameters:a = 5.447(1) Å, b = 7.654(1) Å, c = 5.388(1) Å
Ratio:a:b:c = 0.712 : 1 : 0.704
Unit Cell Volume:V 224.63 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:4
Morphology:Crystals usually cubic, highly modified at times, but the planes are often irregularly distributed. Cubic faces striated parallel to [001] and apparently penetrations twins (as if of pyritohedral individuals; also striated parallel to [110]. {001} less developed with {113} and {449} prominent. Also cubooctahedra or octahedra (esp. Ce and Nb varieties). Rarely reniform masses exhibiting small cubes on the surface, or massive granular.
Twinning:On {111}: 1. penetration twins (esp. Ce or Nb varieties); 2. complex lamellar twinning. About [101] and rarely [121]
Crystal Atlas:
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Perovskite no.3 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Perovskite no.10 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data Set:
Horizontal Axis: ° to ° Vertical Axis: % Source Data: Filtered Data: Peaks:
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.

Optical Data of Perovskite

Type:Biaxial (+)
RI values: nα = 2.300 nβ = 2.340 nγ = 2.380
2V:Measured: 90° , Calculated: 88°
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.080

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:Very High
Type:Isotropic
Dispersion:r > v
Colour in reflected light:Dark bluish grey
Internal Reflections:Brown
Pleochroism:Weak
Comments:Z greater than X

Chemical Properties of Perovskite

Formula:
CaTiO
 
3
Essential elements:Ca, O, Ti
All elements listed in formula:Ca, O, Ti
Common Impurities:Fe,Nb,Ce,La,TR

Relationship of Perovskite to other Species

Member of Group:
Perovskite Group:
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
4.CC.05Chrombismite
Bi
 
16
CrO
 
27
4.CC.10Freudenbergite
Na
 
2
(Ti,Fe)
 
8
O
 
16
4.CC.15Grossite
CaAl
 
4
O
 
7
4.CC.20Mayenite
Ca
 
12
Al
 
14
O
 
33
4.CC.25Yafsoanite
Ca
 
3
Zn
 
3
[TeO
 
6
]
 
2
4.CC.30Latrappite
(Ca,Na)(Nb,Ti,Fe)O
 
3
4.CC.30Lueshite
NaNbO
 
3
4.CC.30Natroniobite
NaNbO
 
3
4.CC.30Barioperovskite
BaTiO
 
3
4.CC.30Lakargiite
Ca(Zr,Sn,Ti)O
 
3
4.CC.35Loparite-(Ce)
(Na,Ce,Ca,Sr,Th)(Ti,Nb,Fe)O
 
3
4.CC.35Macedonite
PbTiO
 
3
4.CC.35Tausonite
SrTiO
 
3
4.CC.35Isolueshite
(Na,La,Ca)(Nb,Ti)O
 
3
4.CC.40Crichtonite
(Sr,La,Ce,Y)(Ti,Fe
3+
 
,Mn)
 
21
O
 
38
4.CC.40Davidite-(Ce)
(Ce,La)(Y,U,Fe)(Ti,Fe)
 
20
(O,OH)
 
38
4.CC.40Davidite-(La)
(La,Ce)(Y,U,Fe)(Ti,Fe)
 
20
(O,OH)
 
38
4.CC.40Davidite-(Y)
(La,Ce,Ca,□)(U,Y)(Fe
3+
 
,Mg)
 
2
(Ti,Fe
3+
 
,Cr,]
 
18
O
 
38
4.CC.40Landauite
NaMnZn
 
2
(Ti,Fe)
 
6
Ti
 
12
O
 
38
4.CC.40Lindsleyite
(Ba,Sr)(Ti,Zr,Fe,Cr)
 
21
O
 
38
4.CC.40Loveringite
(Ca,Ce)(Ti,Fe,Cr,Mg)
 
21
O
 
38
4.CC.40Mathiasite
K(Ti,Cr,Fe,Mg,Zr)
 
21
O
 
38
4.CC.40Senaite
Pb(Ti,Fe,Mn)
 
21
O
 
38
4.CC.40Dessauite-(Y)
(Sr,Pb)(Y,U)(Ti,Fe
3+
 
)
 
20
O
 
38
4.CC.40Cleusonite
(Pb,Sr)(U
4+
 
,U
6+
 
)(Fe
2+
 
,Zn)
 
2
(Ti,Fe
2+
 
,Fe
3+
 
)
 
18
(O,OH)
 
38
4.CC.40Gramaccioliite-(Y)
(Pb,Sr)(Y,Mn)Fe
3+
2
(Ti,Fe
3+
 
)
 
18
O
 
38
4.CC.45Diaoyudaoite
NaAl
 
11
O
 
17
4.CC.45Hawthorneite
BaMgTi
 
3
Cr
 
4
Fe
 
4
O
 
19
4.CC.45Hibonite
(Ca,Ce)Al
 
12
O
 
19
4.CC.45Lindqvistite
Pb
 
2
(Mg,Fe)Fe
 
16
O
 
27
4.CC.45Magnetoplumbite
(Pb,Mn)(Fe,Mn)
 
12
O
 
19
4.CC.45Plumboferrite
Pb
 
2
Fe
3+
11-x
Mn
2+
x
O
 
19-2x
, x = 1/3
4.CC.45Yimengite
K(Cr,Ti,Fe,Mg)
 
12
O
 
19
4.CC.45Haggertyite
Ba[Fe
2+
6
Ti
 
5
Mg]O
 
19
4.CC.45Nežilovite
PbZn
 
2
(Mn
4+
 
,Ti
4+
 
)
 
2
Fe
3+
8
O
 
19
4.CC.45Batiferrite
Ba[Ti
 
2
Fe
3+
8
Fe
2+
2
]O
 
19
4.CC.45IMA2009-027
(Fe,Mg)Al
 
12
O
 
19
4.CC.45IMA2009-030
BaFe
3+
12
O
 
19
4.CC.50Jeppeite
(K,Ba)
 
2
(Ti,Fe)
 
6
O
 
13
4.CC.55Zenzénite
Pb
 
3
(Fe,Mn)
 
4
Mn
 
3
O
 
13
4.CC.60Mengxianminite
(Ca,Na)
 
3
(Fe,Mn)
 
2
Mg
 
2
(Sn,Zn)
 
5
Al
 
8
O
 
29
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
7.9.1Hongquiite
TiO
7.9.2Rutile
TiO
 
2
7.9.3Anatase
TiO
 
2
7.9.4Brookite
TiO
 
2
7.9.5Geikielite
MgTiO
 
3
7.9.7Kassite
CaTi
 
2
O
 
4
(OH)
 
2
7.9.8Tausonite
SrTiO
 
3
7.9.9Crichtonite
(Sr,La,Ce,Y)(Ti,Fe
3+
 
,Mn)
 
21
O
 
38
7.9.10Lucasite-(Ce)
CeTi
 
2
(O,OH)
 
6
7.9.11Hibonite
(Ca,Ce)Al
 
12
O
 
19
7.9.12Yttrocrasite-(Y)
(Y,Th,Ca,U)(Ti,Fe)
 
2
(O,OH)
 
6
7.9.13Pyrophanite
Mn
2+
 
TiO
 
3
7.9.14Iwakiite
Mn(Fe,Mn)
 
2
O
 
4
7.9.15Ilmenite
Fe
2+
 
TiO
 
3
7.9.16Pseudobrookite
Fe
 
2
TiO
 
5
7.9.17Ulvöspinel
Fe
 
2
TiO
 
4
7.9.18Pseudorutile
Fe
 
2
Ti
 
3
O
 
9
7.9.19Freudenbergite
Na
 
2
(Ti,Fe)
 
8
O
 
16
7.9.20 Kennedyite
MgFeTi
 
3
O
 
10
7.9.21Armalcolite
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)Ti
 
2
O
 
5
7.9.22Högbomite
(Mg,Fe)
 
2
(Al,Ti)
 
5
O
 
10
7.9.23Qandilite
(Mg,Fe)
 
2
(Ti,Fe,Al)O
 
4
7.9.24Cafetite
(Ca,Mg)(Fe,Al)
 
2
Ti
 
4
O
 
12
·4H
 
2
O
7.9.25Loveringite
(Ca,Ce)(Ti,Fe,Cr,Mg)
 
21
O
 
38
7.9.26Lindsleyite
(Ba,Sr)(Ti,Zr,Fe,Cr)
 
21
O
 
38
7.9.27Priderite
(K,Ba)(Ti,Fe)
 
8
O
 
16
7.9.28Jeppeite
(K,Ba)
 
2
(Ti,Fe)
 
6
O
 
13
7.9.29Ankangite
Ba(Ti,V
3+
 
,Cr)
 
8
O
 
16
7.9.30Ecandrewsite
(Zn,Fe
2+
 
,Mn
2+
 
)TiO
 
3
7.9.31Landauite
NaMnZn
 
2
(Ti,Fe)
 
6
Ti
 
12
O
 
38

Other Names for Perovskite

Synonyms:
MetaperovskitePerofskitePerovskite (of Rose)Uhligite (of Hauser)
Other Languages:
Catalan:Perovskita
Czech:Perovskit
Dutch:Perovskiet
French:Pérovskite
German:Perowskit
Perovskit
Italian:Perovskite
Japanese:ペロブスカイト構造
Polish:Perowskit
Portuguese:Perovskita
Romanian:Perovskit
Russian:Перовскит
Simplified Chinese:鈣鈦礦
Spanish:Perovskita
Ukrainian:Перовськіт
Varieties:
DysanalyteKnopite

Other Information

Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Perovskite

Reference List:Rose (1839), Ann. Phys.: 48: 558 (as Perowskit).

Knop (1877), Zs. Kr.: 1: 284 (as Dysanalyte).

Baumhauer (1880), Zs. Kr.: 4: 187.

Ben Saude (1882), Preiss. Göttingen.

Federov (1892), Zs. Kr.: 20: 74 (as Metaperovskite).

Holmquist (1893), Geol. För. Forh.: 15: 588 (as Knopite).

Holmquist (1894), Geol. För. Forh.: 16: 73.

Holmquist (1897), Bull. Geol. Inst. Upsala: 3: 181.

Bowman (1908), Mineralogical Magazine: 15: 156.

Meigen and Hügel (1913), Zs. anorg. Chem.: 82: 242.

Goldschmidt (1918): 5: 32.

Goldschmidt (1920): 6: 131.

Fersmann (1922), Comptes rendus de académie des sciences Russie: 59.

Barth (1925), Norsk Geol. Tidsskr.: 8: 201.

Levi and Natta (1925), Acc. Linc., Att.: 2(6): 39.

Ellsworth and Walker (1926), Geological Survey of Canada, Summary report 230A.

Hevesy, Alexander, and Würstlin (1929), Zs. anorg. Chem.: 181: 95.

Zedlitz (1939), Jb. Min., Beil.-Bd.: 75: 245.

Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1944), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Volume I: Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 7th edition, revised and enlarged: 730-735.

Turi B. (1968) - Note sull'analisi chimica della perovskite. Periodico di mineralogia – Roma, pp. 567-575.

Acta Crystallographica: 10: 219-226.

Kristallografiya: 42: 54-63.

Acta Crystallographica (1983): C39: 1323.

Caracas, R., Wentzcovitch, R., Price, G.D., and Brodholt, J. (2005), CaSiO3 perovskite at lower mantle pressures. Geophysical Research Letters: 32: L06306, DOI: 10.1029/2004GL022144.

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    Localities for Perovskite

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