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Pharmacolite

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Gabe Gottes Mine (incl. Giftgrube), Ste Marie-aux-Mines (Markirch), Haut-Rhin, Alsace, France
© Peter Haas

Show Pharmacolite Photos (27)



Formula:
Ca(HAsO
 
4
) · 2H
 
2
O
System:MonoclinicColour:White or colorless, ...
Lustre:Sub-Vitreous, PearlyHardness:2 - 2½
Name:Named by Dietrich Ludwig Gustav Karsten in 1800 from the Greek φάρμακον ("pharmakon"), a substance with potent properties, a poison (but may also mean a drug or medicine; cf. pharmacy, pharmaceutical etc.), in allusion to its composition, containing arsenic.


The arsenate analogue of brushite.

Structurally related to gypsum.

Classification of Pharmacolite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:7/C.25-20
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:8.CJ.50

8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
C : Phosphates without additional anions, with H2O
J : With only large cations
Dana 8th edition ID:39.1.1.2

39 : HYDRATED ACID PHOSPHATES,ARSENATES AND VANADATES
1 : A[HXO4]·xH2O
Hey's CIM Ref.:20.2.8

20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
2 : Arsenates of Be, Mg, Ca or Ba
mindat.org URL:http://www.mindat.org/min-3184.html
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Type Occurrence of Pharmacolite

Type Locality:Sophia Mine, Böckelsbach valley, Wittichen, Schenkenzell, Black Forest, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
Year of Discovery:1800
Geological Setting of type material:Found on oxidized arsenic ores; may be post-mining.
Associated Minerals at type locality:
WappleriteHaidingerite

Occurrences of Pharmacolite

Geological Setting:Oxidized zones of arsenical ore deposits.

Physical Properties of Pharmacolite

Lustre:Sub-Vitreous, Pearly
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Transparent, Translucent
Comment:Luster pearly on cleavage.
Colour:White or colorless, grayish white; colorless in transmitted light.
Streak:White
Hardness (Mohs):2 - 2½
Tenacity:Brittle
Cleavage:Perfect
On {010}, perfect.
Fracture:Irregular/Uneven
Density (measured):2.53 - 2.73 g/cm3
Density (calculated):2.73 g/cm3
Comment:2.710 ± 0.010 (artificial material)

Crystallography of Pharmacolite

Crystal System:Monoclinic
Class (H-M):m - Domatic
Cell Parameters:a = 5.9745Å, b = 15.4340Å, c = 6.2797Å
β = 114.83°
Ratio:a:b:c = 0.387 : 1 : 0.407
Unit Cell Volume:V 525.52 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:4
Morphology:Crystals tiny, rare, flattened on {010} or needle-like [001]. Silky fibrous; acicular clusters; botryoidal and stalactitic.
Comment:Space group Ia (non-standard setting). If Z = 8, there is a similarity to krautite.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
Image Loading

Radiation - Copper Kα
Data Set:
Horizontal Axis: ° to ° Vertical Axis: % Source Data: Filtered Data:
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
d-spacingIntensity
7.7 (90)
5.1 (70)
4.3 (100)
3.08 (80)
3.02 (80)
2.70 (90)
2.66 (90)
2.48 (50)
Comments:ICDD 25-138

Optical Data of Pharmacolite

Type:Biaxial (-)
RI values: nα = 1.580 - 1.583 nβ = 1.589 - 1.590 nγ = 1.590 - 1.594
2V:Measured: 77° , Calculated: 84°
Birefringence:0.010
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.010 - 0.011

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:Moderate
Dispersion:r > v
Optical Extinction:Z=b; X ^ c = 29°
Pleochroism:Non-pleochroic

Chemical Properties of Pharmacolite

Formula:
Ca(HAsO
 
4
) · 2H
 
2
O
Essential elements:As, Ca, H, O
All elements listed in formula:As, Ca, H, O

Relationship of Pharmacolite to other Species

Common Associates:
Haidingerite
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
8.CJ.05Stercorite
Na(NH
 
4
)HPO
 
4
 · 4H
 
2
O
8.CJ.10Mundrabillaite
(NH
 
4
)
 
2
Ca(HPO
 
4
)
 
2
 · H
 
2
O
8.CJ.10Swaknoite
(NH
 
4
)
 
2
Ca(HPO
 
4
)
 
2
 · H
 
2
O
8.CJ.15Nabaphite
NaBaPO
 
4
 · 9H
 
2
O
8.CJ.15Nastrophite
Na(Sr,Ba)PO
 
4
 · 9H
 
2
O
8.CJ.20Haidingerite
CaHAsO
 
4
 · H
 
2
O
8.CJ.25Vladimirite
Ca
 
4
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
(AsO
 
3
OH) · 4H
 
2
O
8.CJ.30Ferrarisite
Ca
 
5
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
(HAsO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 9H
 
2
O
8.CJ.35Machatschkiite
(Ca,Na)
 
6
(AsO
 
4
)(HAsO
 
4
)
 
3
(PO
 
4
,SO
 
4
) · 15H
 
2
O
8.CJ.40Phaunouxite
Ca
 
3
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 11H
 
2
O
8.CJ.40Rauenthalite
Ca
 
3
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 10H
 
2
O
8.CJ.45Brockite
(Ca,Th,Ce)PO
 
4
 · H
 
2
O
8.CJ.45Grayite
(Th,Pb,Ca)(PO
 
4
) · H
 
2
O
8.CJ.45Rhabdophane-(Ce)
(Ce,La)(PO
 
4
) · H
 
2
O
8.CJ.45Rhabdophane-(La)
(La,Ce)(PO
 
4
) · H
 
2
O
8.CJ.45Rhabdophane-(Nd)
(Nd,Ce,La)(PO
 
4
) · H
 
2
O
8.CJ.45Tristramite
(Ca,U,Fe)(PO
 
4
,SO
 
4
) · 2H
 
2
O
8.CJ.45UM1997-20-AsO:HU
U
4+
 
(HAsO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O
8.CJ.45Smirnovskite
CaTh(PO
 
4
)
 
2
 · nH
 
2
O
8.CJ.50Ardealite
Ca
 
2
(HPO
 
4
)(SO
 
4
) · 4H
 
2
O
8.CJ.50Brushite
Ca(HPO
 
4
) · 2H
 
2
O
8.CJ.50Churchite-(Y)
Y(PO
 
4
) · 2H
 
2
O
8.CJ.50Churchite-(Nd)
Nd(PO
 
4
) · 2H
 
2
O
8.CJ.55Mcnearite
NaCa
 
5
(AsO
 
4
)(HAsO
 
4
)
 
4
 · 4H
 
2
O
8.CJ.60Dorfmanite
Na
 
2
HPO
 
4
 · 2H
 
2
O
8.CJ.65Sincosite
Ca(VO)
 
2
(PO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 5H
 
2
O
8.CJ.65Bariosincosite
Ba(VO)
 
2
(PO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O
8.CJ.70Catalanoite
Na
 
2
(HPO
 
4
) · 8H
 
2
O
8.CJ.75Guérinite
Ca
 
5
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
(HAsO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 9H
 
2
O
8.CJ.85Ningyoite
CaU(PO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 1-2H
 
2
O
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
20.2.1Bearsite
Be
 
2
(AsO
 
4
)(OH) · 4H
 
2
O
20.2.2Brassite
Mg(HAsO
 
4
) · 4H
 
2
O
20.2.3Rösslerite
Mg(HAsO
 
4
) · 7H
 
2
O
20.2.4Hörnesite
Mg
 
3
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 8H
 
2
O
20.2.5Weilite
Ca(HAsO
 
4
)
20.2.6Johnbaumite
Ca
 
5
(AsO
 
4
)
 
3
OH
20.2.7Haidingerite
CaHAsO
 
4
 · H
 
2
O
20.2.9Sainfeldite
CaCa
 
2
Ca
 
2
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
(HAsO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O
20.2.10Vladimirite
Ca
 
4
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
(AsO
 
3
OH) · 4H
 
2
O
20.2.11Guérinite
Ca
 
5
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
(HAsO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 9H
 
2
O
20.2.12Ferrarisite
Ca
 
5
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
(HAsO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 9H
 
2
O
20.2.13Rauenthalite
Ca
 
3
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 10H
 
2
O
20.2.14Phaunouxite
Ca
 
3
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 11H
 
2
O
20.2.15Mcnearite
NaCa
 
5
(AsO
 
4
)(HAsO
 
4
)
 
4
 · 4H
 
2
O
20.2.16Bergslagite
CaBeAsO
 
4
(OH)
20.2.17Adelite
CaMg(AsO
 
4
)(OH)
20.2.18Talmessite
Ca
 
2
Mg(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 2H
 
2
O
20.2.19Irhtemite
Ca
 
4
Mg(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
(HAsO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O
20.2.20Camgasite
CaMg(AsO
 
4
)(OH) · 5H
 
2
O
20.2.21Picropharmacolite
Ca
 
4
Mg(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
(HAsO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 11H
 
2
O
20.2.22Bariopharmacosiderite
Ba
 
0.5
Fe
3+
4
(AsO
 
4
)
 
3
(OH)
 
4
 · 5H
 
2
O

Other Names for Pharmacolite

Other Languages:
German:Pharmakolith
Arsenicit
Arsenikbluethe
Arsenikblüte
Arseniksaurer Kalk
Parmakit
Pharmacolit
Italian:Farmacolite
Russian:Фармаколит
Spanish:Arsenicita

Other Information

Other Information:Flexible in thin lamellae. Readily soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Dehydrates rapidly at 60°C to haidingerite.
Health Warning:This is a potentially dangerous mineral. Contains arsenic. Handle minimally and carefully. Do not lick or taste, do not breathe dust, wash hands thoroughly after handling.

References for Pharmacolite

Reference List:

- +
Selb (1800) Allgemeines Journal der Chemie, Berlin 1798-1803 (Scherer’s Journal): 4: 537 (as Arseniksaurer Kalk).

Karsten, D.L.G. (1800) Mineralogische Tabellen, Berlin. First edition: 75 (as Pharmacolith).

Klaproth, M.H. (1802): Untersuchung des Pharmakoliths, Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineralkörper, Dritter Band, Rottmann Berlin, 277-281

Beudant, F.S. (1832), Trailé élémentaire de Minéralogie, second edition, 2 volumes: 2: 593 (as Arsenicite).

Des Cloizeaux (1888) Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie: 11: 192.

Dufet (1888) Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie: 11: 192.

Jannettaz (1888) Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie: 11: 212.

Lacroix, A. (1910) Minéralogie de la France et des ses colonies, Paris. 5 volumes: vol. 4: 498.

Goldschmidt, V. (1920) Atlas der Krystallformen. 9 volumes, atlas, and text: vol. 6: 136.

Hintze, Carl (1931) Handbuch der Mineralogie. Berlin and Leipzig. 6 volumes: 1 [4]: 784.

Gossner (1937) Forschritte der Mineralogie, Kristallographie und Petrographie, Jena: 21: 34.

Guerin (1941) Annales de chimie, Paris: 16: 101.

Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged, 1124 pp.: 706-708.

Ferraris, G. (1969): The crystal structure of pharmacolite, CaH(AsO4)·2H20. Acta Crystallographica B25, 1544-1550.

Abbona F., Ferraris G. (1970) - Contributo alla conoscenza di minerali arsenicali; nota II: ricerche sulla disidratazione della weilite, della haidingerite e della pharmacolite. Periodico di mineralogia – Roma, pp. 183-204.

Ferraris G, Jones D W, Yerkess J (1971): Determination of hydrogen atom positions in the crystal structure of pharmacolite, CaHAsO4(H2O)2, by neutron diffraction. Acta Crystallographica B27, 349-354.

American Mineralogist (1979) v64:1248.

Acta Crystallographica: B29: 90-96.

Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie (1984): 87: 169.

Internet Links for Pharmacolite

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  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
  • American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database
  • Pharmacolite details from Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF)
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    • Localities for Pharmacolite

    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    Hide Locality List
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Australia
     
    • New South Wales
      • Clive Co.
        • Clive
    		Ashley, P.M. & Lottermoser, B. G. (1999): Arsenic contamination at the Mole River mine, northern New South Wales. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 46, 861-874.
    Austria
     
    • Salzburg
      • Hohe Tauern
        • Gastein valley
          • Siglitz - Bockhart area
            • Siglitz - Bockhart Gold Mining District
    		A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs, 1989
        • Rauris valley
          • Hüttwinkl valley
            • Alteck - Hoher Sonnblick area
              • Kolm-Saigurn
    		A. Strasser: Die MInerale Salzburgs (1989)
      • Saalfelden
        • Leogang
          • Hütten
            • Schwarzleograben
    		E. Fugger: "Die Mineralien des Herzogthumes Salzburg", 11. Jahresber. d. k. k. Ober-Realschule in Salzburg (1878)
    • Styria
      • Schladming
        • Schladminger Tauern
          • Obertalbach valley
    		A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs (1989)
    Belgium
     
    • Luxembourg Province
      • Stavelot Massif
        • Vielsalm
          • Grand Halleux
    		http://users.skynet.be/jose.dehove/photos/Hourt.htm
    Canada
     
    • British Columbia
      • Slocan Mining Division
        • Sandon
    		Mauthner, M.H.F. et al. (1996) Minerals of the Silvana Mine Sandon British Columbia. Mineralogical Record, 27(6):433-438.
    • Northwest Territories
      • Mackenzie District
        • Great Bear Lake
    • Ontario
      • Timiskaming District
        • Cobalt-Gowganda region
          • Cobalt area
            • Coleman Township
    		Reiner Mielke 2012
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • Central Bohemia Region
        • Příbram
          • Háje
    		Plášil, J. et al.: Supergenní mineralizace z haldy šachty č. 16 Příbram - Háje. Bulletin mineralogicko-petrografického oddělení Národního muzea v Praze, 2008, vol. 16, 1, 43-55.
      • Karlovy Vary Region
        • Kraslice (Graslitz)
    		Beran, P.: Mineralogie ložiska Cu (Ag, Au, Co) rud Tisová u Kraslic. Bulletin mineralogicko-petrografického oddělení Národního muzea v Praze, 1997, roč. 4-5, s. 65-77.
        • Krušné Hory Mts (Erzgebirge)
          • Jáchymov (St Joachimsthal) District
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 707.
      • Plzeň Region
        • Planá u Mariánských Lázní (Plan)
    		Tvrdý, J., Řídkošil, T.: Sekundární minerály z lokality Svatá Anna v Plané u Mariánských Lázní. Časopis pro mineralogii a geologii, 1983, roč. 28, č. 3, s. 316.; http://www.mineralos.cz/lokality/plana/plana.htm
      • Ústí Region
        • Krušné Hory Mts (Erzgebirge)
          • Klášterec nad Ohří
            • Medenec
    		- Hyrsl, J. & Korbel, P. (2009): Tschechien & Slowakei, Mineralien und Fundstellen. Page 60-75.
    No reference listed
        • Teplice (Teplitz)
    		Řídkošil, T., Slavíček, P.: Mineralizace Rennerovy štoly nedaleko Mikulova v Krušných horách. Časopis pro mineralogii a geologii, 1985, roč. 30, č. 4, s. 433.
    • Moravia (Mähren; Maehren)
      • Olomouc Region
        • Javorník (Jauernig)
    		Novák, F., Pauliš, P., Hykš, J., Bureš, B., Adam, M.: Guerinit a farmakolit z uranového ložiska Zálesí u Javorníka ve Slezsku. Bulletin mineralogicko-petrografického oddělení Národního muzea v Praze, 2004, roč. 12, s. 140-142.
    France
     
    • Alsace
      • Haut-Rhin
        • Ste Marie-aux-Mines (Markirch)
    		Wittern, Journée: "Mineralien finden in den Vogesen", von Loga (Cologne), 1997
    Wittern, Journée: "Mineralien finden in den Vogesen", 1997
        • Thur valley (Thann valley)
          • Kruth
    		Wittern, Journée: "Mineralien finden in den Vogesen", von Loga (Cologne), 1997; U. Kolitsch (1997): Neufunde von Mineralien aus einigen Vorkommen der Vogesen, Frankreich: Giromagny, Auxelles-Haut und Kruth 1. Aufschluss 48 (4), 243-256.
    • Languedoc-Roussillon
      • Aude
        • Carcassonne
          • Mas-Cabardès
            • Salsigne
    		Pelison P., Descouens D. (1987), Présence de minéraux de néoformation dans les scories de l'ancienne usine de Villagnère (Aude), Le Cahier des Micromonteurs, n°2, pp: 6-10
      • Hérault
        • Lodève
    		[Le Cahier des Micromonteurs, 1998, 2, p.13-26]
    • Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
      • Alpes-Maritimes
    		Cuchet S. (2000), Mystérieuse irhtémite à Lucéram, Alpes-Maritimes, Le Règne Minéral, n°36, pp: 38-42
    Germany
     
    • Baden-Württemberg
      • Black Forest
        • Alpirsbach
    		No reference listed
    Erzgräber 1987(2), 54
        • Schenkenzell
          • Wittichen
            • Böckelsbach valley
    		S. Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 707; Bull. Min. (1964): 87: 169; American Mineralogist (1979): 64: 1248; Walenta (1992) "Die Mineralien des Schwarzwaldes", Weise (Munich).
            • Burgfelsen
    		No reference listed
            • Heubach Valley
    		No reference listed
            • Zundelgraben
    		S. Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
        • Schiltach
          • Stammelbach valley
    		[Lapis 1992, 11, p.13-20]
        • Wieden
    		K. Walenta: "Die Mineralien des Schwarzwaldes", Weise (Munich), 1992
    • Bavaria
      • Franconia
        • Spessart
          • Hösbach
            • Sailauf
              • Hartkoppe
    		see locality page
    • Hesse
      • Odenwald
        • Abtsteinach
          • Mackenheim
    		Nickel, E., and Fettel, M. (1985): Odenwald. Sammlung geologischer Führer Vol. 65, 2nd ed., Bornträger (Berlin, Stuttgart), 231 pp.
        • Bensheim
          • Hochstädten
    		Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
        • Mühltal
          • Nieder-Beerbach
    		Nickel, E., and Fettel, M. (1985): Odenwald. Sammlung geologischer Führer Vol. 65, 2nd ed., Bornträger (Berlin, Stuttgart), 231 pp.
      • Richelsdorf District
        • Süss
          • Richelsdorf Smelter
    		S. Weiß: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1992
      • Spessart
        • Gelnhausen
          • Bieber
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 712.
    • Lower Saxony
      • Harz
        • Goslar
    		Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", 1990
        • St Andreasberg District
          • St Andreasberg
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 707.
    • North Rhine-Westphalia
      • Siegerland
        • Müsen
    		Reinhardt, M. (2010): Die Mineralien der Grube Wildermann bei Müsen im Siegerland. Lapis 35 (11), 13-28; 54 (in German)
    • Rhineland-Palatinate
      • Siegerland
        • Betzdorf
          • Schutzbach
    		Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
        • Niederfischbach
    		Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", 1990
    • Saarland
      • Saarlouis
        • Düppenweiler
    		- Gerhard Müller: Bergbau-PSL-Mineralogie, Blatt Reimsbach Punkt 6506.30-1, Seite 1-9,(Saarbrücken 1996)
    • Saxony
      • Erzgebirge
    		Lapis 17(12), 24-33
        • Ehrenfriedersdorf
    		Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
        • Johanngeorgenstadt District
    		Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
    Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
          • Lauta
    		Hajek, W. (2010): Kristallwelten Marienberg. Weise Verlag, München.
    Rob Lavinsky
        • Schlema-Hartenstein District
          • Alberoda
    		Vollstädt,H. & Weiß,St. (1991): Mineralfundstellen Sächsisches Erzgebirge, München, S.26ff.
        • Schneeberg District
    		Lapis 30(7/8):41-70 (2005)
        • Schwarzenberg District
          • Langenberg
            • Graul
    		http://www.dergraul.de
          • Pöhla
    		Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
    • Thuringia
      • Gera
        • Ronneburg U deposit
    		T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998(7/8), 26-64
      • Saalfeld
    		Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
      • Thuringian Forest
        • Schweina
    		No reference listed
    Greece
     
    • Attikí (Attica; Attika) Prefecture
      • Lavrion (Laurion; Laurium) District
        • Lavrion District Mines
          • Plaka
            • Plaka Mines
    		Branko Rieck collection
    No reference listed
    Italy
     
    • Lombardy
      • Sondrio Province
        • Malenco Valley
    • Piedmont
      • Torino Province
        • Canavese District
          • Léssolo
            • Cálea
    		"Le miniere di Brosso" I.Campostrini 2001 - ed. Museo Regionale Torino
    • Sardinia
      • Medio Campidano Province
        • Gonnosfanadiga
          • Fenugu Sibiri Mine
    		Stara, P., Rizzo, R., Tanca, G.A. (1996): Iglesiente e Arburese. Miniere e Minerali. Edito a cura dell'EMSA e "varie associazioni mineralogiche", Volume 2°, 239 pp.
    Kazakhstan
     
    • Kostanay Province (Qostanay Oblysy; Kostanai Oblast')
    		[World of Stones 12:13]
    Pavel M. Kartashov data
    Mexico
     
    • Zacatecas
      • Mun. de Mazapil
        • Mazapil
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 954; Panczner (1987): 98-295.
    Morocco
     
    • Souss-Massa-Draâ Region
      • Ouarzazate Province
        • Tazenakht
          • Bou Azer District (Bou Azzer District)
            • Aghbar
    		Favreau, G., Dietrich, J. E., Meisser, N., Brugger, J., Ait Haddouch, L. & Maacha, L. (2007): Bou Azzer, Morocco. Mineralogical Record 38, 345-407
            • Bou Azer
    		Favreau, G. and Dietrich, J. E. (2006). Die Mineralien von Bou Azzer. Lapis 31(7/8), 27-68
    Favreau, G. and Dietrich, J. E. (2006). Die Mineralien von Bou Azzer. Lapis 31(7/8), 27-68
    Favreau, G. and Dietrich, J. E. (2006). Die Mineralien von Bou Azzer. Lapis 31(7/8), 27-68
            • Ightem
    		Favreau, G. and Dietrich, J. E. (2006). Die Mineralien von Bou Azzer. Lapis 31(7/8), 27-68
            • Méchoui
    		Favreau, G. and Dietrich, J. E. (2006). Die Mineralien von Bou Azzer. Lapis 31(7/8), 27-68
    Poland
     
    • Lower Silesia (Dolnośląskie)
      • Kłodzko District
    		Rob Lavinsky specimen
    Portugal
     
    • Aveiro District
      • Albergaria-a-Velha
        • Branca/Ribeira de Fráguas
    		Pedro Alves Collection
    Republic of Macedonia
     
    • Roszdan
    		[Rieck, B. (1993) - Famous mineral localities: Allchar, Macedonia, Mineralogical Record, 24 (6), 437-449]; The Canadian Mineralogist Vol.32, pp. 649-665 (1994)
    Romania
     
    • Maramureș Co.
      • Baia Mare (Nagybánya)
    		U. Kolitsch (PXRD + EDS)
    • Suceava Co.
    		Koller G.2009,Own found
    Russia
     
    • Northern Caucasus Region
      • Adygea (Adygeya) Republic
    		Pekov I.V. et al. (2010) Mineralogy of Belorechenskoe deposit (Northern Caucasus, Russia). Mineralogical Almanakh, 15(2).
    Slovakia
     
    • Košice Region
      • Rožňava Co.
        • Dobšiná (Dobschau) Mining District
    		Koděra et all.,1990: Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, I-III, 1590p
    Tóth M., 1882: Magyarország ásványai különös tekintettel termőhelyeik megállapítására. Budapest, 509 p. (in Hungarian)
    Spain
     
    • Asturias
      • Cabrales
        • Prado
          • Ortiguero
            • Hoyos de Alda
    		Julio Alberto Cendon Martinez
    • Castile and Leon
      • León
        • Cármenes
    		José Rafael González López collection
    • Catalonia
      • Barcelona
        • Vallès Occidental
          • Sant Cugat del Vallès-El Papiol
    		Mineralogistes de Catalunya, 1994. VI(2/3): 34-77
      • Lleida (Lérida)
        • Pallars Sobirà
          • Baix Pallars
            • Peramea
      • Tarragona
        • Conca de Barberà
          • Vimbodí
    Switzerland
     
    • Wallis (Valais)
      • Anniviers Valley
        • Ayer
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 205.; Ansermet, S. (2012): Mines et minéraux du Valais - II. Anniviers et Tourtemagne. With contributions by N. Meisser, Ed. Porte-plumes (Ayer)
    UK
     
    • England
      • Cumbria
        • North and Western Region (Cumberland)
          • Threlkeld District
            • St John's in the Vale
    		BMS Database
    USA
     
    • California
      • Los Angeles Co.
        • San Gabriel Mts
          • San Gabriel Canyon
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 707; Irelan, William, Jr. (1890a), Ninth annual report of the State Mineralogist: California Mining Bureau. Report 9, 352 pp.: 47; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 287.
    • Michigan
      • Keweenaw Co.
        • Mohawk
    		[Mineralogical Record - Vol 23 No. 2]
    • Nevada
      • Eureka Co.
        • Antelope District
          • Gold Bar mine
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Humboldt Co.
        • Potosi District
          • Adam Peak
            • Getchell Mine
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia
      • Nye Co.
        • Manhattan District
          • Manhattan
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 707; Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication 31, Minerals of Nevada
      • Pershing Co.
        • Antelope District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    • New Jersey
      • Sussex Co.
        • Franklin Mining District
          • Ogdensburg
            • Sterling Hill
    		Dunn(1995):Pt5:676.
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