Pharmacosiderite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Pharmacosiderite
Formula:
KFe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4 Β· 6-7H2O
Colour:
Pale green, green, emerald-green, dark brown, honey-yellow to yellow-brown, brownish red, hyacinth-red; green, yellow, light brown in transmitted light (biaxially sectored).
Lustre:
Adamantine, Sub-Adamantine, Sub-Vitreous, Greasy
Hardness:
2½
Specific Gravity:
2.797
Crystal System:
Isometric
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1813 by Johann Friedrich Ludwig Hausmann from the Greek ΟΞ¬ΟΞΌΔΞΊΞΏΟ
"pharmakou" for "poison or drug" in allusion to the arsenic content, and ΟίδηΟΞΏΟ "sideros" for "iron" in its composition.
Pharmacosiderite Group.
Forms solid solutions with bariopharmacosiderite, natropharmacosiderite, pharmacoalumite and other members of the pharmacosiderite group.
A secondary mineral occurring in the oxidized zones of iron-bearing sulfide deposits or in hydrothermal deposits.
Forms solid solutions with bariopharmacosiderite, natropharmacosiderite, pharmacoalumite and other members of the pharmacosiderite group.
A secondary mineral occurring in the oxidized zones of iron-bearing sulfide deposits or in hydrothermal deposits.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3185
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3185:7
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
b9a9043d-f559-4d68-8048-803e82bc8983
IMA Classification of Pharmacosiderite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Pharmacosiderite
8.DK.10
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
D : Phosphates, etc. with additional anions, with H2O
K : With large and medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 > 1:1 and < 2:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
D : Phosphates, etc. with additional anions, with H2O
K : With large and medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 > 1:1 and < 2:1
42.8.1a.1
42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
8 : (AB)5(XO4)3Zq·xH2O
42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
8 : (AB)5(XO4)3Zq·xH2O
20.9.9
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
9 : Arsenates of Fe
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
9 : Arsenates of Fe
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMAβCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMAβCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Pmsd | IMAβCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Pha | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Pharmacosiderite
Adamantine, Sub-Adamantine, Sub-Vitreous, Greasy
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Pale green, green, emerald-green, dark brown, honey-yellow to yellow-brown, brownish red, hyacinth-red; green, yellow, light brown in transmitted light (biaxially sectored).
Streak:
white
Hardness:
2½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Imperfect/Fair
Imperfect to good on {001}.
Imperfect to good on {001}.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Comment:
Described as "somewhat sectile"
Density:
2.797 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.90 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Pharmacosiderite
Type:
Isotropic
RI values:
nα = 1.660 - 1.697 nβ = 1.661 - 1.700 nγ = 1.663 - 1.704 n = 1.687 - 1.704
2V:
Measured: 80° to 90°
Birefringence:
0.005
Surface Relief:
High
Optical Extinction:
May have biaxial sectors
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Comments:
Virtually always anomalously biaxial + or - of tensional origin, with weak birefringence, possibly exhibiting six biaxial sectors based on the faces of {001}. Measured 2V = large.
Chemistry of Pharmacosiderite
Mindat Formula:
KFe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4 Β· 6-7H2O
Common Impurities:
P
Crystallography of Pharmacosiderite
Crystal System:
Isometric
Class (H-M):
4 3m - Hextetrahedral
Space Group:
P4 3m
Setting:
P4 3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.96(2) Å
Unit Cell V:
504.36 Γ
Β³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
1
Morphology:
Cubic crystals, striated diagonally or replaced by a vicinal trapezohedron near {1.1.40}; and exhibiting minor {111}, {111}, {011}, and {122}; also tetrahedral. Granular, earthy.
Twinning:
Lamellar, rarely as twinned tetrahedra.
Crystallographic forms of Pharmacosiderite
Crystal Atlas:
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0010644 | Pharmacosiderite | Buerger M J, Dollase W A, Garaycochea-Wittke I (1967) The structure and composition of the mineral pharmacosiderite Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 125 92-108 | 1967 | Cornwall, England | 0 | 293 | |
0012642 | Pharmacosiderite | Zemann J (1947) Uber die struktur des pharmakosiderits Experientia 3 452-452 | 1947 | 0 | 293 | ||
0014604 | Pharmacosiderite | Mills S J, Hager S L, Leverett P, Williams P A, Raudsepp M (2010) The structure of H3O+ - exchanged pharmacosiderite Mineralogical Magazine 74 487-492 | 2010 | Cornwall, England | 0 | 293 | |
0015629 | Pharmacosiderite | Zemann J (1948) Formel und strukturtyp des pharmakosiderits Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 1 1-13 | 1948 | Cornwall, England | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
8.0 Γ | (90) |
4.61 Γ | (100) |
3.259 Γ | (70) |
2.822 Γ | (65) |
2.408 Γ | (80) |
1.7844 Γ | (65) |
1.5959 Γ | (60) |
Comments:
ICDD 34-155
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
47d : [Arsenates, antimonates, selenates, bismuthinates] |
Geological Setting:
Oxidation zones of arsenic-bearing sulfide deposits; also in hydrothermal deposits.
Type Occurrence of Pharmacosiderite
Synonyms of Pharmacosiderite
Other Language Names for Pharmacosiderite
Catalan:Farmacosiderita
Dutch:Farmacosideriet
French:Fer arseniatΓ©
German:Pharmakosiderit
Arseniksaures Eisen im WΓΌrfeln kryst.
Pharmacosiderit
Pharmakosidrit
WΓΌrfelerz
Olivenerz (in part)
Arseniksaures Eisen im WΓΌrfeln kryst.
Pharmacosiderit
Pharmakosidrit
WΓΌrfelerz
Olivenerz (in part)
Italian:Farmacosiderite
Russian:Π€Π°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΈΡ
Simplified Chinese:ζ―ιη³
Spanish:Farmacosiderita
Traditional Chinese:ζ―ι΅η³
Relationship of Pharmacosiderite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Bariopharmacosiderite | Ba0.5Fe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4 Β· 5H2O | Tet. 4 2m : P4 2m |
Caesiumpharmacosiderite | CsFe4[(AsO4)3(OH)4] Β· 4H2O | Iso. 4 3m : P4 3m |
Hydroniumpharmacosiderite | (H3O)Fe4(AsO4)3(OH)4 Β· 4H2O | Iso. 4 3m : P4 3m |
Natropharmacosiderite | NaFe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4 Β· 4H2O | Iso. 4 3m : P4 3m |
Plumbopharmacosiderite | Pb0.5Fe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4 Β· 5H2O | Iso. 4 3m : P4 3m |
Strontiopharmacosiderite | Sr0.5Fe4[(AsO4)3(OH)4] Β· 4H2O | Tet. 4 2m : P4 2m |
Thalliumpharmacosiderite | TlFe4[(AsO4)3(OH)4] Β· 4H2O | Iso. 4 3m : F4 3m |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
197 photos of Pharmacosiderite associated with Scorodite | Fe3+AsO4 Β· 2H2O |
60 photos of Pharmacosiderite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
56 photos of Pharmacosiderite associated with Olivenite | Cu2(AsO4)(OH) |
52 photos of Pharmacosiderite associated with Arthurite | CuFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 Β· 4H2O |
39 photos of Pharmacosiderite associated with Goethite | Ξ±-Fe3+O(OH) |
30 photos of Pharmacosiderite associated with Arseniosiderite | Ca2Fe3+3(AsO4)3O2 Β· 3H2O |
25 photos of Pharmacosiderite associated with Carminite | PbFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 |
24 photos of Pharmacosiderite associated with Jarosite | KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
15 photos of Pharmacosiderite associated with Arsenopyrite | FeAsS |
15 photos of Pharmacosiderite associated with Beudantite | PbFe3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
8.DK. | Richelsdorfite | Ca2Cu5Sb(AsO4)4(OH)6Cl Β· 6H2O |
8.DK. | Bimbowrieite | NaMgFe3+5(PO4)4(OH)6 Β· 2H2O |
8.DK. | Puttapaite | Pb2Mn2+2ZnCr3+4O2(AsO4)4(OH)6 Β· 12H2O |
8.DK.10 | Bariopharmacosiderite | Ba0.5Fe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4 Β· 5H2O |
8.DK.10 | Natropharmacosiderite | NaFe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4 Β· 4H2O |
8.DK.10 | Hydroniumpharmacosiderite | (H3O)Fe4(AsO4)3(OH)4 Β· 4H2O |
8.DK.10 | Strontiopharmacosiderite | Sr0.5Fe4[(AsO4)3(OH)4] Β· 4H2O |
8.DK.10 | Thalliumpharmacosiderite | TlFe4[(AsO4)3(OH)4] Β· 4H2O |
8.DK.10 | Plumbopharmacosiderite | Pb0.5Fe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4 Β· 5H2O |
8.DK.12 | Pharmacoalumite | KAl4(AsO4)3(OH)4 Β· 6.5H2O |
8.DK.12 | Natropharmacoalumite | NaAl4(AsO4)3(OH)4 Β· 4H2O |
8.DK.12 | Bariopharmacoalumite | Ba0.5Al4(AsO4)3(OH)4 Β· 4H2O |
8.DK.12 | Hydroniumpharmacoalumite | (H3O)Al4(AsO4)3(OH)4 Β· 4.5H2O |
8.DK.15 | Burangaite | NaFe2+Al5(PO4)4(OH)6 Β· 2H2O |
8.DK.15 | DufrΓ©nite | Ca0.5Fe2+Fe3+5(PO4)4(OH)6 Β· 2H2O |
8.DK.15 | NatrodufrΓ©nite | NaFe2+Fe3+5(PO4)4(OH)6 Β· 2H2O |
8.DK.15 | Matioliite | NaMgAl5(PO4)4(OH)6 Β· 2H2O |
8.DK.15 | Gayite | NaMn2+Fe3+5(PO4)4(OH)6 Β· 2H2O |
8.DK.20 | Kidwellite | NaFe3+9+x(PO4)6(OH)11 Β· 3H2O, x = 0.33 |
8.DK.25 | Bleasdaleite | (Ca,Fe3+)2Cu5(Bi,Cu)(PO4)4(H2O,OH,Cl)13 |
8.DK.30 | Matulaite | (Fe3+,Al)Al7(PO4)4(PO3OH)2(OH)8(H2O)8 Β· 8H2O |
8.DK.35 | Krasnovite | Ba(Al,Mg)(PO4,CO3)(OH)2 Β· H2O |
Fluorescence of Pharmacosiderite
Not fluorescent in UV
Other Information
Electrical:
Weakly piezoelectric and pyroelectric.
Notes:
Soluble in HCl. Crystals immersed in ammonia turn red and revert to the original green colour when reimmersed in dilute HCl.
Alters to Limonite and Wad. Forms pseudomorphs after Siderite.
Alters to Limonite and Wad. Forms pseudomorphs after Siderite.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Pharmacosiderite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3185.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Pharmacosiderite
Reference List:
Richard Kirwan (1794) Elements of Mineralogy - second edition Vol. 1. P. Elmsly, The Strand.p.189 - as Arsenicated Iron Ore
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin Vol. 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.118
Localities for Pharmacosiderite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
β - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Algeria | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Argentina | |
| Ronald G. Simpson (2017) +1 other reference |
Australia | |
| Gilligan et al. (1993) |
| Uwe Kolitsch collection |
| Birch et al. (1988) |
| Updated list originally distributed by ... |
| part of list University of Queensland |
| Jean Pierre Barral +1 other reference |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| |
| Birch et al. (2007) |
| Ryan Eagle field collected 2018 |
| - (n.d.) |
| Nickel et al. (1993) |
Nickel et al. (1993) | |
| Simpson (1952) |
| Clissold (2007) |
| Nickel (1987) |
| Kim Macdonald collection |
| Blatchford et al. (1917) |
| Peacor et al. (1985) |
Austria | |
| C.Auer (2016) |
C.Auer (2016) | |
| H. Meixner: Der Karinthin 23:277-280 (1953) |
| M. Puttner: Carinthia II 192./112.:255-260 (2002) |
| G. Blass (2000) |
| A.Pichler (2012) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Paar (1978) |
Strasser (1989) | |
| Exel (1993) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
Strasser (1989) | |
| Tomazic (1999) |
| Leikauf et al. (2000) |
| C.Auer (2005) |
C.Auer (2021) | |
| Bojar et al. (1995) |
| Auer & Postl (2016) |
| Chris Auer |
| Lapis 19 (7/8) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2008) |
Belgium | |
| Michel Blondieau. +1 other reference |
| Hatert et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Lefevre (2001) +5 other references |
Brazil | |
| MΓ‘rcia AbrahΓ£o Moura (2007) +1 other reference |
| Sergio Varvello collection +1 other reference |
Atencio et al. (2004) | |
| Sergio Varvello collection |
| Sergio Varvello collection |
Sergio Varvello collection | |
| Atencio et al. (2006) |
Bulgaria | |
| Martin Ε tevko-unpublished |
| Minceva-Stefanova (2001) |
Canada | |
| Walker et al. (2009) |
| Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History ... |
| Ontario Division of Mines |
| Ontario Division of Mines |
| Anthony et al. (2016) |
Watson et al. (1996) | |
Chile | |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen SchlΓΌter (Hamburg University) |
| Cook (1978) |
| samples analysed by Gerhard Moehn and ... |
Kampf et al. (2013) | |
maurizio dini collection - quantitative ... | |
Czech Republic | |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) |
| |
| Scharm B. |
| Sejkora +1 other reference |
| FILIPPI M. et al. (2005) |
| Sejkora +1 other reference |
| Ε rein |
| Historic mineral collection National ... |
| Roman Gramblicka collection |
Roman Gramblicka collection | |
| Sejkora et al. (2009) |
DvoΕΓ‘k et al. (2012) | |
| VΓΕ KOVΓ et al. (2022) |
| MiΕ‘kovskΓ½ |
| Staně +4 other references |
StanΔk | |
NovΓ‘k +3 other references | |
France | |
| Pierre Le Roch & Jean-Marc Johannet ... +1 other reference |
Cuchet et al. (2000) | |
| R. Pierrot |
Belot (1978) | |
"Les minΓ©raux et al. (1977) | |
| Michel Blondieau collection |
| Collected by IOB Sylvano analysed by BOURGOIN Vincent (Jean Wyart association) |
| Laurent (1995) |
| Favreau G. et al. (1996) |
| Personally collected by Yves MOUREY in ... |
| GOURAULT C. (2011) |
| Yves Mourey Collection |
| Yves Mourey Collection |
| Le Roch (2009) |
| Le Règne Minéral (2007) |
| Germain C. et al. (1990) |
| Pierre Le Roch |
| Chauris (2014) |
Chauris (2014) | |
| De Ascençao Guedes et al. (2001) |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Bari (1982) |
| Escande et al. (1973) +6 other references |
Escande et al. (1973) +6 other references | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Arliguie M collection |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
La minΓ©ralogie. BΓ©ryl Limousin +1 other reference | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| www.zampano.com (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Georges FAVREAU collection + EDX ... |
| Favreau et al. (2010) |
Queneau (n.d.) | |
| Jean Claude Dol |
| Le Cahier des micromonteurs |
| Robert PECORINI (2016) |
| |
| Georges Favreau specimens |
| Caubel (1997) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
Berbain et al. (2005) | |
Guitard (2010) | |
| Jean Claude Dol |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Legrand et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| "La minéralisation thallifère de Jas Roux (Hautes Alpes) +2 other references |
| Jean-Marie Claude collection +2 other references |
Jean-Marie Claude collection | |
CLAUDE Jean Marie Collection and ... | |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Aufschluss 1970 (5) +1 other reference |
| Hock et al. (1992) |
| 54. +1 other reference |
| F. MΓΌller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof) |
| 54. +2 other references |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Schwarzmeier (2015) +2 other references |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Rainer Batoschewitz specimen (http://www.meteorite-lab.homepage.t-online.de/index_dateien/bm.pdf) |
| Lapis (10) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Schnorrer et al. (1993) |
| |
| Koch (2008) |
| Henrich et al. (2019) |
| Der Aufschluss 2000 (2) |
| Wittern (2001) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Mineralienwelt 2/1997 |
| Russell (1910) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Lapis (5) |
| Markl et al. (1990) |
| Lapis (9) |
| Weiss: "Mineralienfundstellen et al. (Munich) |
| SEM-EDS by Joy Desor |
| Lapis (9) |
| Thomas LΓΌhr |
| GrΓΆbner et al. (2011) |
| GrΓΆbner et al. (2011) |
| Thomas LΓΌhr Collection |
| Thomas LΓΌhr Collection |
| Wittern (2001) |
| GrΓΆbner et al. (2011) |
| Stolze et al. (08/2020) |
| Lapis (4) |
| Roman GrambliΔka collection |
| Wittern (2001) |
| 62. +1 other reference |
| Kleeberg et al. (1992) |
www.dergraul.de (2001) | |
www.dergraul.de (2001) | |
| Stark (2011) |
Lapis 30 (7/8) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Andreas Gerstenberg collection |
| 43-47 +3 other references |
| Knoll (2009) |
| Wittern (2001) |
Greece | |
| Frenzel (1895) |
| BlaΓ et al. (1998) |
Rieck et al. (2018) | |
Hanke (1996) | |
| Rieck et al. (2022) |
GrΓΆbner (2001) | |
| Rieck et al. (2018) |
42. +2 other references | |
Gelaude et al. (1996) | |
Gelaude et al. (1996) | |
| Christian Bracke Collection. |
| Dill et al. (2010) |
Hungary | |
| www.geomania.hu |
| |
| Own found (TΓ³th L.,2012) |
Ireland | |
| S. Moreton collection |
Italy | |
| Pagano et al. (2001) |
Redazionale (2005) | |
| Redazione (2005) |
| probed by Balestra C. |
| Capitanio A. (2000) |
| Carmagnola et al. (2019) |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) |
| Gentile et al. (2012) |
Gentile P. (1985) +2 other references | |
| Biffi et al. (2004) |
| Guastoni et al. (2003) +2 other references |
| Ambrino et al. (2009) |
Ambrino et al. (2009) | |
| Ciriotti et al. (2019) |
Ciriotti et al. (2019) | |
| Boscardin M. (1990) |
| ALBERTINI C. (2014) |
| Guastoni (2009) |
Guastoni A. et al. (2006) +2 other references | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
Stara et al. (1996) | |
Stara et al. (1994) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
Sergio Mascia finding +1 other reference | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
Stara et al. (1996) | |
Joshua Chambers Collection | |
Brizzi et al. (1994) | |
Stara et al. (1996) | |
Pelloux (1921) | |
Stara P. (1996) | |
Stara et al. (1996) | |
| AA. VV. |
| Stara et al. (1993) |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana 4/1992-"I minerali del giacimento di Monte Tamara (Nuxis) |
| Vecchi et al. (2013) |
| Paolo Gasparetto et al. (2014) |
| Fabio Tosato +3 other references |
| Ferretti et al. (2019) |
| Brizzi G. et al. (GR) |
| Biagioni et al. (2013) |
Biagioni et al. (2013) | |
Francesco Bonotti Collection | |
Francesco Bonotti Collection | |
| N. Calanchi et al. (1976) |
| Innocenti et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| F. Millosevich +1 other reference |
| L. Busatti (arsenopirite, farmacosiderite, dufrenite) |
F. Senesi (1998) | |
| Brizzi G. et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| Uehara et al. (2014) |
| Yaiba Sakaguchi |
| Uehara et al. (2014) |
OHNISHI et al. (2013) | |
| Kusachi et al (1986) |
| Akira Kato (2009) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Kopchenova et al. (1962) +2 other references |
Madagascar | |
| Behier (1963) |
Mexico | |
| |
Thomas P. Moore (2008) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
Morocco | |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
Kampf (2004) | |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
Favreau et al. (2007) | |
| Georges Favreau collection |
JP Barral collection | |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Kampf (2004) |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
Namibia | |
| Gebhard (1999) |
New Zealand | |
| Auton (1982) |
| Craw et al. (1992) +1 other reference |
| Auton (1997) |
| Paritu |
| Haffert et al. (2010) |
North Macedonia | |
| Percival et al. (1994) |
BaliΔ Ε½uniΔ et al. (1993) +3 other references | |
Norway | |
| Kristiansen et al. (1972) +1 other reference |
Husdal (2011) | |
Husdal (2021) | |
| Ellingsen et al. (2000) |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| |
| Field collected by Knut Eldjarn. ... |
| Larsen (2013) |
| LjΓΈstad (1988) +3 other references |
| Kamphaug (1986) |
Poland | |
| Siuda +2 other references |
| Domań +2 other references |
| Siuda et al. (2003) |
| Lis J. et al. (Sudety) +2 other references |
Portugal | |
| Pedro Alves collection. |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
| Pedro Alves collection |
| |
| Pedro Alves analytical data. |
| Artur Neves collection |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
| |
| Schnorrer-KΓΆhler (1991) |
| |
| Pedro Alves collection |
| Pedro Alves collection |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
Mineralien Atlas | |
| Pedro Alves collection and/or ... |
| Marques de SΓ‘ et al. (2002) |
Pedro Alves collection | |
| Ko Jansen collection |
Romania | |
| www.minerals-of-the-carpathians |
Russia | |
| Eremin et al. (2023) |
Slovakia | |
| Ε tevko et al. (2010) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| Smithsonian Institution USNM ... |
| Ε tevko M. (2022) |
| Duda |
| Ε tevko M. (2022) |
| Martin Ε tevko |
| Ozdin D. |
OzdΓn D. & Chovan M. (1999) | |
South Africa | |
| Robert O. Meyer collection +1 other reference |
Malcolm Southwood (2002) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| SAMS (South African Micromount Society) |
| Robert O. Meyer collection +3 other references |
Spain | |
| Castro +2 other references |
| Calvo (2015) +1 other reference |
| JosΓ© Miguel Sola FernΓ‘ndez and group. |
A. Arribas et al. (2005) | |
G. Leal et al. (2005) | |
| Rewitzer C. +2 other references |
| Calvo (2008) |
Calvo Rebollar (2015) | |
Calvo Rebollar (2015) | |
| Calvo (2008) |
| Calvo et al. (2014) |
| Carlos GonzΓ‘lez BargueΓ±o et al. (2003) |
GonzΓ‘lez BargueΓ±o et al. (2003) | |
| Joan Rosell |
| |
| Joan Abella i Creus (2008) |
| Jimenez R. et al. (2004) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023) |
| Calvo (2015) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf (2013) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| MinRec-2003-0708-315 |
| Lapis 2002 (11) |
| AdriΓ‘n Pesudo |
Casanova Honrubia | |
| A. Pesudo |
| Georges Favreau collection |
Switzerland | |
| Kolitsch (1998) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| Cuchet et al. (2005) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
Taiwan | |
| James K.C.Huang Collection |
Chen et al. (1985) | |
Thailand | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
UK | |
| |
| |
| |
| Russell (1910) +2 other references |
Golley et al. (1995) | |
Day (1999) | |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1982 46 : 402-403 +2 other references |
| P Haas (2007) |
| Collins (1871) |
Collins (1871) +1 other reference | |
| P D Trebilcock Collection. |
| Hall (1868) +1 other reference |
Hill et al. (1906) | |
| Hausmann J F L (1813) |
| Phillips (1823) +2 other references |
| S. Rust collection. |
Phillips (1823) +3 other references | |
| Hall (1868) +1 other reference |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Collection Richard De Nul |
| P D Trebilcock. |
| G. Curtis |
| Collection Richard De Nul |
| |
| Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society (1870) +1 other reference |
Ex Chris Jewson | |
| Day (1999) |
| G.Curtis collection |
| Rollinson et al. (2017) |
| |
| www.thamesvalleyminerals.com +1 other reference |
Phillips (1823) +3 other references | |
Embrey et al. (1987) | |
| |
Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Carne (1822) +3 other references |
Hall (1868) +1 other reference | |
| Collins (1871) |
| 39-40 +1 other reference |
Dines (1956) | |
| Collins (1876) |
| Hall (1868) +1 other reference |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
Hall (1868) +1 other reference | |
| M.Rumsey - EDS identification - NHM (2010) |
| Greg et al. (1858) +6 other references |
Cooper et al. (1990) | |
Cooper et al. (1990) | |
Davidson et al. (1951) +1 other reference | |
Cooper et al. (1990) | |
Kingsbury et al. (1957) +4 other references | |
Kingsbury et al. (1960) +2 other references | |
- (2006) | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) +2 other references |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| Cooper et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
Cooper et al. (1990) +1 other reference | |
Cooper et al. (1990) | |
| Mineralogical Record (2001) |
| Collection Richard De Nul |
| |
USA | |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
Cook et al. (1982) | |
| - (2008) |
| Graeme (1993) |
Graeme (1981) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Michael Cline Collection +1 other reference |
| Bideaux et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Anderson et al. (1955) |
| Kampf et al. (2018) |
| Dunning et al. (2005) |
Dunning et al. (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| |
| Waisman (1992) +1 other reference |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Ron Layton collection specimen |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
Rocks & Minerals | |
| Dr. William S. Wise presentation to ... |
| Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology NBMG ... |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Collection of Kelly Starnes 1991 |
| Collection of Kelly Starnes 1990 |
| The Minerals of Rhyolite Pass |
| Rocks & Minerals (2010) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| MinRec 16 (1) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| American Mineralogist (1978) +2 other references |
- (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Jensen et al. (2001) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Smith (2005) |
| Rocks & Minerals 80:4 pp234-241 +1 other reference |
| Heixong Yang |
Dunn (1995) | |
Kenney Gay - North Carolina Geological ... | |
| Genth |
| Loomis (2011) |
| Seaman (1976) |
| Mineral Webzine |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
Rocks & Min.: 60:111. | |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
Smith et al. (2000) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
Dana 6: 1092. +3 other references | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Econ Geol (1996) |
| Min Rec 26:5 p486 |
| King (n.d.) |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
Bullock (1981) | |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
SEM EDS confirmed by Rob Bowell. | |
| Micro Probe Volume VI Number 8 |
Zimbabwe | |
| Vetter et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
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Lone Tree Mine, Buffalo Mountain Mining District, Humboldt County, Nevada, USA