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Phlogopite

Big Photo

Laach lake volcanic complex, Eifel Mts, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
© Stephan Wolfsried

Show Phlogopite Photos (89)
Formula:
KMg
 
3
[(OH,F)
 
2
|AlSi
 
3
O
 
10
]
System:MonoclinicColour:Brown, gray, green, ...
Lustre:Vitreous, PearlyHardness:2 - 3
Name:From the Greek "phlogopos" for "resembling fire" in allusion to its red tint.


Mica Group. Biotite-Phlogopite Series. The hydroxyl analogue of Fluorophlogopite and the magnesium analogue of Hendricksite. Also, generally the micas on the Phlogopite end (magnesium end) of the Biotite-Phlogopite Series, including Phlogopite, Fluorophlogopite, Eastonite, and Hendricksite.

A wide-spread member of the mica group occurring especially in crystalline, dolomitic marbles associated with Spinel, Diopside and Chondrodite Group species. Redefined as the OH end-members by the IMA Mica Subcommittee in 1998.

Classification of Phlogopite

IMA status:Approved 1998
Strunz 8th edition ID:8/H.11-80
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:9.EC.20

9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
C : Phyllosilicates with mica sheets, composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
Dana 8th edition ID:71.2.2b.1

71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
2 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 2:1 layers
Hey's CIM Ref.:16.8.6

16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
8 : Aluminosilicates of Mg and alkalis
mindat.org URL:http://www.mindat.org/min-3193.html
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Occurrences of Phlogopite

Geological Setting:Contact and regional metamorphic limestones and dolomites, ultramafic rocks

Physical Properties of Phlogopite

Lustre:Vitreous, Pearly
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Transparent, Translucent
Comment:sub-metallic on cleavage
Colour:Brown, gray, green, yellow, or reddish brown
Streak:White
Hardness (Mohs):2 - 3
Tenacity:Flexible
Cleavage:Perfect
on {0001}
Fracture:Micaeous
Density (measured):2.78 - 2.85 g/cm3
Density (calculated):2.79 g/cm3

Crystallography of Phlogopite

Crystal System:Monoclinic
Class (H-M):2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:B2/m (B1 1 2/m) [C2/m] {C1 2/m 1}
Cell Parameters:a = 5.3Å, b = 9.19Å, c = 10.15Å
β = 100.08°
Ratio:a:b:c = 0.577 : 1 : 1.104
Unit Cell Volume:V 486.75 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:Six sided crystals, thick tabular to prismatic, commonly tapered.
Twinning:Composition plane {001}, twin axis [310]
Crystal Atlas:
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Phlogopite no.100 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Phlogopite no.127 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Phlogopite no.128 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

About Crystal Atlas

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X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data Set:
Horizontal Axis: ° to ° Vertical Axis: % Source Data: Filtered Data: Peaks:
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.

Optical Data of Phlogopite

Type:Biaxial (-)
RI values: nα = 1.530 - 1.573 nβ = 1.557 - 1.617 nγ = 1.558 - 1.618
2V:Calculated: 16° to 20°
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.028 - 0.045

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:Moderate
Dispersion:r < v distinct
Pleochroism:Visible
Comments:X= yellow
Y=Z= brownish red, green, yellow

Chemical Properties of Phlogopite

Formula:
KMg
 
3
[(OH,F)
 
2
|AlSi
 
3
O
 
10
]
Essential elements:Al, F, K, Mg, O, Si
All elements listed in formula:Al, F, H, K, Mg, O, Si
Common Impurities:Mn,Ba,Cr,Na,Ti,Ni,Zn,Ca,Li,Rb,H2O

Relationship of Phlogopite to other Species

Series:Forms a series with Biotite (see here)
Related to:
  • Mica Group
    • Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):
    9.EC.05Minnesotaite
    (Fe,Mg)
     
    3
    		Si
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
    		(OH)
     
    2
    9.EC.05Talc
    Mg
     
    3
    		Si
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
    		(OH)
     
    2
    9.EC.05Willemseite
    (Ni,Mg)
     
    3
    		Si
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
    		(OH)
     
    2
    9.EC.10Ferripyrophyllite
    Fe
     
    2
    		Si
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
    		(OH)
     
    2
    9.EC.10Pyrophyllite
    Al
     
    2
    		Si
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
    		(OH)
     
    2
    9.EC.15Boromuscovite
    KAl
     
    2
    		[(OH)
     
    2
    		|BSi
     
    3
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.15Celadonite
    K(Mg,Fe
    2+
     
    		)(Fe
    3+
     
    		,Al)[(OH)
     
    2
    		|Si
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.15Chernykhite
    (Ba,Na)(V
    3+
     
    		,Al,Mg)
     
    2
    		[(OH)
     
    2
    		|(Si,Al)
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.15Montdorite
    (K,Na)
     
    2
    		(Fe
    2+
     
    		,Mn
    2+
     
    		,Mg)
     
    5
    		[(OH,F)
     
    2
    		|Si
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
    		]
     
    2
    9.EC.15Muscovite
    KAl
     
    2
    		[(OH)
     
    2
    		|AlSi
     
    3
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.15Nanpingite
    CsAl
     
    2
    		[(OH,F)
     
    2
    		|AlSi
     
    3
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.15Paragonite
    NaAl
     
    2
    		[(OH)
     
    2
    		|AlSi
     
    3
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.15Roscoelite
    K(V,Al)
     
    2
    		[(OH)
     
    2
    		|AlSi
     
    3
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.15Tobelite
    (NH
     
    4
    		,K)Al
     
    2
    		[(OH)
     
    2
    		|AlSi
     
    3
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.15Aluminoceladonite
    K(Mg,Fe
    2+
     
    		)(Al,Fe
    3+
     
    		)[(OH)
     
    2
    		|Si
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.15Chromphyllite
    K(Cr,Al)
     
    2
    		[(OH,F)
     
    2
    		|AlSi
     
    3
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.15Ferro-aluminoceladonite
    K(Fe
    2+
     
    		,Mg)(Al,Fe
    3+
     
    		)[(OH)
     
    2
    		|Si
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.15Ferroceladonite
    K(Fe
    2+
     
    		,Mg)(Fe
    3+
     
    		,Al)[(OH)
     
    2
    		|Si
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.15Chromceladonite
    K(Mg,Fe
    2+
     
    		)(Cr,Al)[(OH)
     
    2
    		|Si
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.15Tainiolite
    KLiMg
     
    2
    		[F
     
    2
    		|Si
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.15Ganterite
    (Ba,Na,K)(Al,Mg)
     
    2
    		[(OH)
     
    2
    		|AlSi
     
    3
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.20Annite
    KFe
    2+
    3
    		[(OH)
     
    2
    		|AlSi
     
    3
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.20Biotite
    9.EC.20Ephesite
    NaLiAl
     
    2
    		[(OH)
     
    2
    		|Al
     
    2
    		Si
     
    2
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.20Hendricksite
    K(Zn,Mg,Mn
    2+
     
    		)
     
    3
    		[(OH)
     
    2
    		|AlSi
     
    3
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.20Masutomilite
    (K,Rb)(Li,Mn
    3+
     
    		,Al)
     
    3
    		[(F,OH)
     
    2
    		|AlSi
     
    3
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.20Norrishite
    KLiMn
    2+
    2
    		[(OH)
     
    2
    		|Si
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.20Polylithionite
    KLi
     
    2
    		Al[(F,OH)
     
    2
    		|Si
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.20Preiswerkite
    NaMg
     
    2
    		Al[(OH)
     
    2
    		|Al
     
    2
    		Si
     
    2
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.20Siderophyllite
    KFe
    2+
    2
    		Al[(F,OH)
     
    2
    		|Al
     
    2
    		Si
     
    2
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.20Tetra-ferriphlogopite
    KMg
     
    3
    		[(OH,F)
     
    2
    		|(Fe
    3+
     
    		,Al)Si
     
    3
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.20Wonesite
    (Na,K)(Mg,fe,Al)
     
    6
    		(Al,Si)
     
    8
    		O
     
    20
    		(OH,F)
     
    4
    9.EC.20Zinnwaldite
    KLiFe
    2+
     
    		Al[(F,OH)
     
    2
    		|AlSi
     
    3
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.20Eastonite
    KMg
     
    2
    		Al[(OH)
     
    2
    		|Al
     
    2
    		Si
     
    2
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.20Tetraferriannite
    KFe
    2+
    3
    		[(OH)
     
    2
    		|(Fe
    3+
     
    		,Al)Si
     
    3
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.20Trilithionite
    K(Li,Al)
     
    3
    		[(F,OH)
     
    2
    		|AlSi
     
    3
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.20Fluorannite
    KFe
    2+
    3
    		[(F,OH)
     
    2
    		|AlSi
     
    3
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.20Shirokshinite
    KNaMg
     
    2
    		[F
     
    2
    		|Si
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.20Shirozulite
    K(Mn
    2+
     
    		,Mg)
     
    3
    		[(OH)
     
    2
    		|AlSi
     
    3
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.20Sokolovaite
    CsLi
     
    2
    		AlSi
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
    		F
     
    2
    9.EC.20Aspidolite
    NaMg
     
    3
    		[(OH)
     
    2
    		|AlSi
     
    3
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.20Fluorophlogopite
    KMg
     
    3
    		[(F,OH)
     
    2
    		|AlSi
     
    3
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.25Brammallite
    Na
     
    0.65
    		Al
     
    2.0
    		ٱAl
     
    0.65
    		Si
     
    3.35
    		O
     
    10
    		(OH)
     
    2
    9.EC.30Margarite
    CaAl
     
    2
    		[(OH)
     
    2
    		|Al
     
    2
    		Si
     
    2
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.35Anandite
    (Ba,K)(Fe
    2+
     
    		,Mg)
     
    3
    		[(O,OH)
     
    2
    		|(Si,Al,Fe)
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.35Bityite
    CaLiAl
     
    2
    		[(OH)
     
    2
    		|BeAlSi
     
    2
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.35Clintonite
    Ca(Mg,Al)
     
    3
    		[(OH)
     
    2
    		|Al
     
    3
    		SiO
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.35Kinoshitalite
    (Ba,K)(Mg,Mn
    2+
     
    		,Al)
     
    3
    		[(OH)
     
    2
    		|Al
     
    2
    		Si
     
    2
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.35Ferrokinoshitalite
    (Ba,K)(Fe
    2+
     
    		,Mg)
     
    3
    		[(OH,F)
     
    2
    		|Al
     
    2
    		Si
     
    2
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.35Oxykinoshitalite
    (Ba,K)(Mg,Ti,Fe
    3+
     
    		,Fe
    2+
     
    		)
     
    3
    		[(O,OH,F)
     
    2
    		|(Si,Al)
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.40Beidellite
    (Na,Ca
     
    0.5
    		)
     
    0.3
    		Al
     
    2
    		(Si,Al)
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
    		(OH)
     
    2
    		·nH
     
    2
    		O
    9.EC.40Kurumsakite
    (Zn,Ni,Cu)
     
    8
    		Al
     
    8
    		V
     
    2
    		Si
     
    5
    		O
     
    35
    		·27H
     
    2
    		O (or near)
    9.EC.40Montmorillonite
    (Na,Ca)
     
    0.33
    		(Al,Mg)
     
    2
    		Si
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
    		(OH)
     
    2
    		·nH
     
    2
    		O
    9.EC.40Nontronite
    Na
     
    0.3
    		Fe
     
    2
    		(Si,Al)
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
    		(OH)
     
    2
    		·nH
     
    2
    		O
    9.EC.40Volkonskoite
    Ca
     
    0.3
    		(Cr,Mg,Fe)
     
    2
    		(Si,Al)
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
    		(OH)
     
    2
    		·4H
     
    2
    		O
    9.EC.40Yakhontovite
    (Ca,Na)
     
    0.5
    		(Cu,Fe,Mg)
     
    2
    		Si
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
    		(OH)
     
    2
    		·3H
     
    2
    		O
    9.EC.40Smectite
    9.EC.45Hectorite
    Na
     
    0.3
    		(Mg,Li)
     
    3
    		Si
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
    		(F,OH)
     
    2
    9.EC.45Saponite
    Ca
     
    0.25
    		(Mg,Fe)
     
    3
    		(Si,Al)
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
    		(OH)
     
    2
    		·nH
     
    2
    		O
    9.EC.45Sauconite
    Na
     
    0.3
    		Zn
     
    3
    		(Si,Al)
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
    		(OH)
     
    2
    		·4H
     
    2
    		O
    9.EC.45Spadaite
    MgSiO
     
    2
    		(OH)
     
    2
    		·H
     
    2
    		O
    9.EC.45Stevensite
    (Ca,Na)
     
    x
    		Mg
     
    3
    		Si
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
    		(OH)
     
    2
    9.EC.45Swinefordite
    Li(Al,Li,Mg)
     
    4
    		(Si,Al)
     
    8
    		O
     
    20
    		,(OH,F)
     
    4
    		·xH
     
    2
    		O
    9.EC.45Zincsilite
    Zn
     
    3
    		Si
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
    		(OH)
     
    2
    		·4H
     
    2
    		O
    9.EC.45Ferrosaponite
    Ca
     
    0.3
    		(Fe
    2+
     
    		,Mg,Fe
    3+
     
    		)
     
    3
    		(Si,Al)
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
    		(OH)
     
    2
    		·4H
     
    2
    		O
    9.EC.50Vermiculite
    (Mg,Fe,Al)
     
    3
    		(Al,Si)
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
    		(OH)
     
    2
    		·4H
     
    2
    		O
    9.EC.55Baileychlore
    (Zn,Fe,Al,Mg)
     
    6
    		(Si,Al)
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
    		(OH)
     
    8
    9.EC.55Chamosite
    (Fe
    2+
     
    		,Mg)
     
    5
    		Al[(OH)
     
    8
    		|AlSi
     
    3
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.55Clinochlore
    (Mg,Fe
    2+
     
    		)
     
    5
    		Al[(OH)
     
    8
    		|AlSi
     
    3
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.55Cookeite
    LiAl
     
    4
    		(Si
     
    3
    		Al)O
     
    10
    		(OH)
     
    8
    9.EC.55Franklinfurnaceite
    Ca
     
    2
    		FeMn
     
    3
    		MnZn
     
    2
    		Si
     
    2
    		O
     
    10
    		(OH)
     
    8
    9.EC.55Gonyerite
    (Mn,Mg)
     
    5
    		Fe(Si
     
    3
    		Fe)O
     
    10
    		(OH)
     
    8
    9.EC.55Nimite
    (Ni,Mg,Al)
     
    6
    		(Si,Al)
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
    		(OH)
     
    8
    9.EC.55Orthochamosite
    (Fe,Mg,Fe)
     
    5
    		Al(Si
     
    3
    		Al)O
     
    10
    		(OH,O)
     
    8
    9.EC.55Pennantite
    (Mn
     
    5
    		Al)(Si
     
    3
    		Al)O
     
    10
    		(OH)
     
    8
    9.EC.55Sudoite
    (Mg,Fe
    2+
     
    		)
     
    2
    		Al
     
    3
    		[(OH)
     
    8
    		|AlSi
     
    3
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.55Donbassite
    Al
     
    2
    		[Al
     
    2.33
    		][Si
     
    3
    		AlO
     
    10
    		](OH)
     
    8
    9.EC.55Glagolevite
    Na(Mg,Al)
     
    6
    		[(OH,O)
     
    8
    		|AlSi
     
    3
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    9.EC.55Borocookeite
    Li
     
    1+3x
    		Al
     
    4-x
    		[(BSi
     
    3
    		)O
     
    10
    		](OH)
     
    8
    		 [0.00 <= x <=0.33]
    9.EC.60Aliettite
    Ca
     
    0.2
    		Mg
     
    6
    		(Si,Al)
     
    8
    		O
     
    20
    		(OH)
     
    4
    		·4H
     
    2
    		O
    9.EC.60Corrensite
    (Mg,Fe)
     
    9
    		(Si,Al)
     
    8
    		O
     
    20
    		(OH)
     
    10
    		·nH
     
    2
    		O
    9.EC.60Dozyite
    Mg
     
    7
    		Al
     
    2
    		[(OH)
     
    12
    		|Al
     
    2
    		Si
     
    4
    		O
     
    15
    		]
    9.EC.60Hydrobiotite
    9.EC.60Karpinskite
    (Ni,Mg)
     
    2
    		Si
     
    2
    		O
     
    5
    		(OH)
     
    2
    9.EC.60Kulkeite
    Mg
     
    8
    		Al(AlSi
     
    7
    		)O
     
    20
    		(OH)
     
    10
    9.EC.60Lunijianlaite
    Li
     
    0.7
    		Al
     
    6.2
    		(Si
     
    7
    		AlO
     
    20
    		)(OH,O)
     
    10
    9.EC.60Rectorite
    (Na,Ca)Al
     
    4
    		(Si,Al)
     
    8
    		O
     
    20
    		(OH)
     
    4
    		·2H
     
    2
    		O
    9.EC.60Saliotite
    Li
     
    0.5
    		Na
     
    0.5
    		Al
     
    3
    		Si
     
    3
    		AlO
     
    10
    		(OH)
     
    5
    9.EC.60Tosudite
    9.EC.60Brinrobertsite
    Na
     
    0.3
    		Al
     
    4
    		[(OH)
     
    2
    		|Si
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
    		]
     
    2
    		 · 3.5 H
     
    2
    		O
    9.EC.65Macaulayite
    (Fe,Al)
     
    24
    		Si
     
    4
    		O
     
    43
    		(OH)
     
    2
    9.EC.70Burckhardtite
    Pb
     
    2
    		(Fe,Mn)AlTeO
     
    2
    		Si
     
    3
    		O
     
    10
    		(OH)
     
    2
    		·H
     
    2
    		O
    9.EC.75Ferrisurite
    (Pb,Ca)
     
    2-3
    		(CO
     
    3
    		)
     
    1.5-2
    		(OH,F)
     
    0.5-1
    		[(Fe,Al)
     
    2
    		Si
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
    		(OH)
     
    2
    		]·nH
     
    2
    		O
    9.EC.75Surite
    Pb(Pb,Ca)(CO
     
    3
    		)
     
    2
    		(Al,Fe,Mg)
     
    2
    		(Si,Al)
     
    4
    		O
     
    10
    		(OH)
     
    2
    9.EC.75Niksergievite
    (Ba,Ca)
     
    2
    		(Al,Si)
     
    7
    		O
     
    10
    		(CO
     
    3
    		)(OH)
     
    6
    		·nH
     
    2
    		O
    9.EC.80Kegelite
    Pb
     
    12
    		(Zn,Fe)
     
    2
    		Al
     
    4
    		(SO
     
    4
    		)
     
    4
    		Si
     
    11
    		O
     
    38
    		 or near
    Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:
    16.8.1Preiswerkite
    NaMg
     
    2
    		Al[(OH)
     
    2
    		|Al
     
    2
    		Si
     
    2
    		O
     
    10
    		]
    16.8.3Nybøite
    [Na][Na
     
    2
    		][Mg
     
    3
    		Al
     
    2
    		][(OH)
     
    2
    		|AlSi
     
    7
    		O
     
    22
    		]
    16.8.4Ferrierite
    (Na,K)
     
    2
    		MgAl
     
    3
    		Si
     
    15
    		O
     
    36
    		(OH)·9H
     
    2
    		O
    16.8.5Yagiite
    (Na,K)
     
    3
    		Mg
     
    4
    		(Al,Mg)
     
    6
    		(Si,Al)
     
    24
    		O
     
    60

    Other Names for Phlogopite

    Synonyms:
    Hydoxyl-PhlogopiteMagnesia MicaRhombic Mica
    German names:
    FlogopitPhlogopit
    Italian names:
    Flogopite
    Japanese names:
    金雲母
    Russian names:
    Флогопит
    Spanish names:
    Flogopita
    Varieties:
    Barium-PhlogopiteBarytbiotiteChrome PhlogopiteChromian PhlogopiteFerroan Phlogopite
    Fluorian PhlogopiteManganoan Phlogopite

    Polytypes for Phlogopite

    Polytypes:
    Phlogopite-1MPhlogopite-2M1Phlogopite-3T

    Other Information

    Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

    References for Phlogopite

    Reference List:Chaussidon, J. (1970): Stretching frequencies of structural hydroxyls of hectorite and K-depleted phlogopite as influenced by interlayer cation and hydration. Clays and Clay Minerals, 18, 139-149.

    Hazen, R.M., & C.W. Burnham (1973): The crystal structure of one-layer phlogopite and annite. American Mineralogist, 58, 889-900.

    Yoshii, M., Togashi, Y., and Maeda, K. (1973b) On the intensity changes of basal reflections with relation to barium content in manganoan phlogopite and kinoshitalite. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan: 24: 543-550.

    Robert, J.-L. (1976), Phlogopite solid solutions in the system K2O-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O: Chemical Geology: 17: 195-212.

    Hazen, R.M. and Finger, L.W. (1978) The crystal structures and compressibilities of layer minerals at high pressure. II. Phlogopite and chlorite. American Mineralogist: 63: 293-296.

    Gaspar, J.C. and Wyllie, P.J. (1982) Barium phlogopite from the Jacupiranga carbonitite, Brazil. American Mineralogist: 67: 997-1000.

    Guggenheim, S. and Kato, T. (1984) Kinoshitalite and Mn phlogopites: trial refinements in subgroup symmetry and further refinement in ideal symmetry. Mineralogical Journal: 12: 1-5.

    American Mineralogist (1992): 77: 1099.

    Anthony, J.W., Bideaux, R.A., Bladh, K.W., and Nichols, M.C. (1995) Handbook of Mineralogy, Volume II. Silica, Silicates. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson, AZ, 904pp., 2 sub-volumes: 646.

    Canadian Mineralogist (1998): 36: 905-912.

    Comodi, P., Fumagalli, P., Montagnoli, M., and Zanazzi, P.F. (2004) A single-crystal study on the pressure behavior of phlogopite and petrological implications. American Mineralogist: 89: 647-653.

    Internet Links for Phlogopite

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    Localities for Phlogopite

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