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Phosgenite

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Big Photo

Slag dumps, Menez-Plom, Carnoët, Callac, Côtes-d'Armor, Brittany, France
© P L e Roc'h

Show Phosgenite Photos (246)



Formula:
Pb
 
2
CO
 
3
Cl
 
2
System:TetragonalColour:Colourless, white, ...
Lustre:AdamantineHardness:2 - 3
Name:From phosgen, a name for carbonyl dichloride, COCl2, because the mineral contains carbon, oxygen, and chlorine.


Phosgenite is formed in the oxidation zone of lead ore deposits, especially where sea water is present or other sources of chlorine.

Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Phosgenite. Currently in public beta-test.

Classification of Phosgenite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:5/C.09-10
Strunz 9th edition ID:5.BE.
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:5.BE.20

5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
B : Carbonates with additional anions, without H2O
E : With Pb, Bi
Dana 8th edition ID:16a.3.4.1

16a : ANHYDROUS CARBONATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
3 : (AB)2(XO3)Zq
Hey's CIM Ref.:12.1.23

12 : Carbonates with other anions
1 : Carbonates with halides
mindat.org URL:http://www.mindat.org/min-3195.html
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Occurrences of Phosgenite

Geological Setting:Surface conditions in lead-bearing ore bodies.

Physical Properties of Phosgenite

Lustre:Adamantine
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Transparent, Translucent
Colour:Colourless, white, yellow, brown, greenish or pink; colourless in transmitted light.
Streak:White
Hardness (Mohs):2 - 3
Hardness Data:Measured
Comment:The hardness on {110} is less parallel to [001] than perpendicular to it.
Tenacity:Sectile
Cleavage:Distinct/Good
Distincton {001} and {110}; less distinct on {010}
Fracture:Conchoidal
Translation gliding:Translation gliding with T{110}, t[001].
Comment:The crystals can easily be flexed about directions perpendicular to [001].
Density (measured):6.12 - 6.15 g/cm3
Density (calculated):6.124 g/cm3

Crystallography of Phosgenite

Crystal System:Tetragonal
Class (H-M):4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) - Ditetragonal Dipyramidal
Space Group:P4/mbm {P4/m 21/b 2/m}
Cell Parameters:a = 8.16Å, c = 8.883(6) Å
Ratio:a:c = 1 : 1.089
Unit Cell Volume:V 591.48 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:4
Morphology:Crystals short prismatic to prismatic [001]; thick tabular rare {001}; thin tabular very rare. Normally terminated by large {001}, with {111} dominant at times. Massive, granular.
Crystal Atlas:
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Click on an icon to view
Phosgenite no.7 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Phosgenite no.8 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Phosgenite no.12 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Phosgenite - {110}, {001}, modified

About Crystal Atlas

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The mindat.org Crystal Atlas allows you to view a selection of crystal drawings of real and idealised crystal forms for this mineral and, in certain cases, 3d rotating crystal objects. You need Java to see these. You can download Java for free - click here to download Java

The 3d models and java code are kindly provided by www.smorf.nl. You can control the movement of the models by holding down the left mouse-button over the 3d model and moving your mouse. Keyboard controls are:

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Epitaxial Relationships of Phosgenite

Epitaxial Minerals:
Cerussite
PbCO
 
3
Epitaxi Comments:Cerussite on phosgenite, with cerussite {100} [010] parallel to phosgenite {001}[120].
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
Image Loading

Radiation - Copper Kα
Data Set:
Horizontal Axis: ° to ° Vertical Axis: % Source Data: Filtered Data:
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.

Optical Data of Phosgenite

Type:Uniaxial (+)
RI values: nω = 2.118 nε = 2.145
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.027

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:Very High
Pleochroism:Weak
Comments:Very weakly pleochroic with O - reddish and E - greenish in thick sections.
Comments:Weakly biaxial at times, noticeable after mechanical deformation.

Chemical Properties of Phosgenite

Formula:
Pb
 
2
CO
 
3
Cl
 
2
Essential elements:C, Cl, O, Pb
All elements listed in formula:C, Cl, O, Pb

Relationship of Phosgenite to other Species

Common Associates:
CerussiteAnglesite
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
5.BE.05Shannonite
Pb
 
2
OCO
 
3
5.BE.10Hydrocerussite
Pb
 
3
(CO
 
3
)
 
2
(OH)
 
2
5.BE.15Plumbonacrite
Pb
 
5
O(OH)
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
3
5.BE.25Bismutite
(BiO)
 
2
CO
 
3
5.BE.30Kettnerite
CaBiCO
 
3
OF
5.BE.35Beyerite
Ca(BiO)
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
2
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
12.1.1Northupite
Na
 
3
Mg(CO
 
3
)
 
2
Cl
12.1.2Barentsite
Na
 
7
Al(HCO
 
3
)
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
2
F
 
4
12.1.3Rouvilleite
Na
 
3
(Ca,Mn,Fe)
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
3
F
12.1.4Chlormagaluminite
Mg
 
4
Al
 
2
(OH)
 
12
Cl
 
2
 · 3H
 
2
O
12.1.5Defernite
Ca
 
6
(CO
 
3
)
 
2-x
(SiO
 
4
)
 
x
(OH)
 
7
(Cl,OH)
 
1-2x
 (x=0.5)
12.1.6Brenkite
Ca
 
2
(CO
 
3
)F
 
2
12.1.7Stenonite
(Sr,Ba,Na)
 
2
Al(CO
 
3
)F
 
5
12.1.8Bastnäsite-(Ce)
(Ce,La)(CO
 
3
)F
12.1.9Bastnäsite-(La)
(La,Ce)(CO
 
3
)F
12.1.10Bastnäsite-(Y)
(Y,Ce)(CO
 
3
)F
12.1.11Parisite-(Ce)
Ca(Ce,La)
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
3
F
 
2
12.1.12Parisite-(Nd)
Ca(Nd,Ce,La)
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
3
F
 
2
12.1.13Synchysite-(Ce)
Ca(Ce,La)(CO
 
3
)
 
2
F
12.1.14Synchysite-(Y)
Ca(Y,Ce)(CO
 
3
)
 
2
F
12.1.15Synchysite-(Nd)
Ca(Nd,Y,Gd)(CO
 
3
)
 
2
F
12.1.16Röntgenite-(Ce)
Ca
 
2
(Ce,La)
 
3
(CO
 
3
)
 
5
F
 
3
12.1.17Cordylite-(Ce)
NaBaCe
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
4
F
12.1.19Huanghoite-(Ce)
BaCe(CO
 
3
)
 
2
F
12.1.20Zhonghuacerite-(Ce)
Ba
 
2
Ce(CO
 
3
)
 
3
F
12.1.21Cebaite-(Ce)
Ba
 
3
Ce
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
5
F
 
2
12.1.22Thorbastnäsite
Th(Ca,Ce)(CO
 
3
)
 
2
F
 
2
 · 3H
 
2
O
12.1.24Barstowite
Pb
 
4
Cl
 
6
(CO
 
3
) · H
 
2
O
12.1.25Albrechtschraufite
Ca
 
4
Mg(UO
 
2
)
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
6
F
 
2
 · 17H
 
2
O
12.1.26Kettnerite
CaBiCO
 
3
OF

Other Names for Phosgenite

Synonyms:
Corneous LeadCorneous Lead OreCromforditeGalenoceratiteLead Chlorocarbonate
Lead murio-carbonateMatlockite (of Chapman)
Other Languages:
French:Plomb carbonaté muriatifère
Plomb chloro-carbonaté
Plomb corné
German:Bleihornerz
Bleikerat
Chlorbleispath
Chromfordit
Cromfordit
Galenoceratit
Hornblei
Phosgenit
Phosgen-spath
Italian:Fosgenite
Russian:Фосгенит
Spanish:Cromfordita
Galenoceratita

Other Information

Fluorescence in UV light:Fluoresces yellow (LW & SW UV), X-rays and cathode rays.
Other Information:Soluble in dilute HNO3 with effervescence. Decomposed slowly in cold water, which extracts lead chloride.

Readily alters to, and is replaced by, Cerussite.
Health Warning:Contains lead. Wash hands after handling. Do not lick or ingest; do not inhale dust when breaking. Do not grind dry.

References for Phosgenite

Reference List:

- +
Karsten, D.L.G. (1800) Mineralogische Tabellen, Berlin. First edition: 78 (as "Hornblei").

Klaproth, M.H. (1802) Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineralkörper, vol. 3: 141 (as "Salzsaures Bleierz").

Jameson, R. (1804) A System of Mineralogy. First edition, 2 volumes, Edinburgh (as Corneous Lead).

Beudant, F.S. (1832), Trailé élémentaire de Minéralogie, second edition, 2 volumes: 2: 502 (as Kerasine).

Breithaupt, A. (1832) Vollständige Characteristik etc., 2nd. Ed.: 61 ( as Phosgen-spath).

Breithaupt, A. (1841) Vollständige Handbuch der Mineralogie, Vol. 2: 183.

Glocker, E.F. (1847) Generum et specierum mineralien secundum ordines naturals digestorum synopsis. Halle: 248 (as Galenoceratite, Bleikerat).

Greg, R.P. and Lettsom, W.G. (1858) Manual of the Mineralogy of Great Britain and Ireland. 483pp., London: 421 (as Cromfordite).

Dana, J.D. (1868) System of Mineralogy, 5th. Edition, New York: 703.

Goldschmidt, V. (1893) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 21: 321.

Sohncke (1896) Akademie der Wissenschaften, Munich: 26: 97.

de Schulten (1897) Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie: 20: 191.

Pilipenko (1906) Nachr. Tomsk. Univ.: 14.

Lacroix (1909): 3: 779.

Pilipenko (1909) Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paleontologie, Heidelberg, Stuttgart: II: 368.

Smith (1909) Mineralogical Magazine: 12: 107.

Lacroix (1910) Comptes rendu de l’Académie des sciences de Paris: 151: 276.

Tarrico (1910) Reale accademia nazionale dei Lincei, Rome, Att.: 19: 278.

Tacconi (1911) 1st. Lombardo, Rend.: 44: 991.

Mügge (1914) Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paleontologie, Heidelberg, Stuttgart: I: 43.

Goldschmidt, V. (1920) Atlas der Krystallformen. 9 volumes, atlas, and text, vol. 6: 150.

Anders (1921) Akademie der Wissenschaften, Leipzig: 73: 117.

Mélon analysis in: Buttgenbach (1925) Livre jubil., Soc. géol. Belgique.

Rodolico (1928) Reale accademia nazionale dei Lincei, Rome, Att.: 8: 171.

Koch (1929) Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paleontologie, Heidelberg, Beil.-Bd., Stuttgart: 59: 97.

Onorato E. – (1934) La struttura della fosgenite. Periodico di Mineralogia – Roma pp. 37-61.

Oftedal (1945) Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, Oslo: 24: 79.

Sillén and Petersson (1945) Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, Oslo: 24: 79.

Sillén and Petersson (1945) Arkiv för Kemi, Mineralogi och Geologi, Stockholm: 21: 1.

Angelelli and Valvano (1946) Rev. soc. geol. Argentina: 1: 257.

Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Etc. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged: 256-259.

Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen (1974): 21: 101-109.

Anthony, J.W., Bideaux, R.A., Bladh, K.W., and Nichols, M.C. (2003) Handbook of Mineralogy, Volume V. Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson, AZ, 813pp.: 543.

Internet Links for Phosgenite

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  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
  • American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database
  • Phosgenite details from Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF)
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    • Localities for Phosgenite

    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    Hide Locality List
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Argentina
     
    • Catamarca
    		Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 258.; Angelelli, V. (1946): La fosgenita primaria del Salar del Plomo. (En colaboración con Valvano, J.). Soc. Geol. Argent., Rev., 257-269.
    Australia
     
    • New South Wales
      • Yancowinna Co.
        • Apollyon Valley
    		Mines of the Broken Hill District
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 258; Mineralogical Record: 7: 30.
    • Queensland
      • Mount Isa - Cloncurry area
    		[MinRec 19:482]
    • South Australia
      • Flinders Ranges
        • North Flinders Ranges
          • Arkaroola Region (Arkaroola Station)
            • Mount Fitton homestead
    		Australian Mineralogist (5), 5-8. (1990); Noble R.J., Just J. and Johnson J. E., 1983, Catalogue of South Australian Minerals:1983, Government Printer, Adelaide.
          • Leigh Creek
            • Beltana
              • Ediacaran Fossil Reserve
    		Noble R.J., Just J. and Johnson J. E., 1983, Catalogue of South Australian Minerals-1983, Government Printer, Adelaide.
            • Lyndhurst
    		Noble, RJ & Just, J, 1983 , Catalogue of South Australian minerals : 1983 , Dept. of Mines and Energy, South Australia, Adelaide.
          • Vulkathunha - Gammon Ranges National Park
      • Mt Lofty Ranges
        • South Mt Lofty Ranges (Adelaide Hills)
          • Clarendon
    		Kolitsch, U. and Elliott, P. (1999): Mineralogy of the Mount Malvern Mine near Clarendon, South Australia. Australian J. Mineral. 5, 3-17.
          • Glen Osmond
    		No reference listed
    No reference listed
    • Tasmania
      • Waratah district
        • Magnet
    		[MinRec 19:383]
      • Zeehan District
        • Dundas mineral field
    		Bottrill & Baker (in prep) Catalogue of minerals of Tasmania
    Bottrill, R.S., Williams, P., Dohnt, S., Sorrell, S. and Kemp, N.R. (submitted). Crocoite and associated minerals from Dundas and other locations in Tasmania. Australian Journal of Mineralogy.
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 258.
        • North Dundas
    		[MinRec 8:25]. Bottrill RS & Baker, WE (in prep) Catalogue of Minerals of Tasmania. Mineral Resources Tasmania
    • Western Australia
      • Ashburton Shire
        • Tom Price
    		Am Min 72:1251-1256; American Mineralogist, Volume 72, pages 401-403, 1987
    Austria
     
    • Carinthia
      • Friesach - Hüttenberg area
        • Hüttenberg
          • Waitschach
    		U. Kolitsch and H. Pristacz (2009): An orthorhombic dimorph of barstowite, Pb4Cl6(CO3)•H2O, from slags at Maria Waitschach, Austria, and Lavrion, Greece. Poster, Joint MinPet 2009 and 4th MSCC, Budapest, Hungary, September 7-11; abstract in Mitt. Österr. Mineral. Ges. 155, 83.; Kolitsch, U., Brandstätter, F., Schreiber, F., Fink, R. & Auer, C. (2013): Die Mineralogie der weltweit einzigartigen Schlacken von Waitschach, Kärnten. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie A, 115, 19-87 (in German).
    • Salzburg
      • Hohe Tauern
        • Rauris valley
          • Hüttwinkl valley
            • Alteck - Hoher Sonnblick area
              • Kolm-Saigurn
    		A. Strasser: Die MInerale Salzburgs (1989)
      • Saalfelden
        • Leogang
          • Hütten
            • Schwarzleograben
              • Schwarzleo District
    		Bindi, L., Nestola, F., Kolitsch, U., Guastoni, A. & Zorzi, F. (2011): Fassinaite, Pb2+2(S2O3)(CO3), the first mineral with coexisting thiosulphate and carbonate groups: description and crystal structure. Mineralogical Magazine, 75, 2721-2732.
    • Styria
      • Niedere Tauern
        • Pöls valley
          • Oberzeiring
    		C.Auer (2012)
    Brazil
     
    • Pará
      • São Félix do Xingu
    		[MinRec 6:285]
    • São Paulo
      • Iporanga
    		[MinRec 6:285]
    Chile
     
    • Antofagasta Region
      • Tocopilla Province
        • Tocopilla District
    		maurizio dini collection - analysed material
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • Central Bohemia Region
        • Příbram
    		RÜSENBERG, K. A. & PAULIŠ, P. (1996): Umbildungen und Neubildungen in den Schlackehalden der Blei- und Silberhütte von Příbram/ČR. Aufschluss 47, 267-287 (in German).
    France
     
    • Alsace
      • Bas-Rhin
        • Villé Valley
          • Urbeis
    		Aufschluss 1/85
    • Brittany
      • Côtes-d'Armor
        • Callac
          • Carnoët
            • Menez-Plom
    		P. Le Roch collection
      • Finistère
        • Poullaouen
    		Germain C., Leydet J-C., Saget Ph. (1990), Les minéraux de néoformation de Huelgoat (Finistère), Le Cahier des Micromonteurs, n°3, 3-16
    • Champagne-Ardenne
      • Haute-Marne
        • Langres
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 258.
    • Languedoc-Roussillon
      • Lozère
        • Marvejols
          • St Léger-de-Peyre
    		Patrice Queneau Collection
    • Limousin
      • Corrèze
        • Ussel
    		[MinRec 13:267]
    • Midi-Pyrénées
      • Aveyron
        • Villefranche-de-Rouergue
    		 Patrice Queneau Collection
    Germany
     
    • Hesse
      • Richelsdorf District
        • Süss
          • Richelsdorf Smelter
    		S. Weiß: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
    • Lower Saxony
      • Harz
        • Goslar
          • Astfeld
    		No reference listed
    • North Rhine-Westphalia
      • Düsseldorf
        • Ratingen
          • Selbeck
    		Lapis 1988(1), 18-20
      • Eifel
        • Mechernich
          • Kall
    		Blaß, G. & Graf, H. W. (1995): Neufunde von Schlackenhalden in der nördlichen Eifel (II). Mineralien-Welt, 6 (3), 28-31.
    Heckmann, H. & Schertl, H.-P. (1990): Der Niederbergische Erzbergbau und seine Mineralien. Emser Hefte, 11 (2), 2-40.
        • Velbert
    		Lapis 1988(1), 13-35
      • Ruhr Coal Mining area
        • Essen
    		Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", 1990
        • Marl
          • Marl-Hüls
    		Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", 1990
    • Rhineland-Palatinate
      • Westerwald
        • Wied Iron Spar District
          • Neuwied
            • Puderbach
    		Lapis, 9 (9), 31-38.
    Greece
     
    • Attikí (Attica; Attika) Prefecture
      • Lavrion (Laurion; Laurium) District
        • Lavrion District Mines
          • Agios Konstantinos [St Constantine] (Kamariza)
    		[MinRec 7:124]
          • Lavrion (Laurion; Laurium)
    		Fritz Schreiber collection
          • Plaka
            • Plaka Mines
    		No reference listed
    Smith, G. F. H. (1899): On some lead minerals from Laurium, namely, laurionite, phosgenite, fiedlerite, and (new species) paralaurionite. Mineral. Mag., 12, 102-110. ; Grolig, H. & Grolig, E. (1978): Lavrion in Attika. Lapis, 3 (5), 16-25; 40 (in German).
          • Agios Nikolaos [St Nicholas] area
    		No reference listed
          • Lavrion (Laurion; Laurium)
    		No reference listed
          • Oxygon area
    		No reference listed
          • Panormos area
    		No reference listed
          • Passa Limani area
    		Gelaude, Piet, van Kalmthout, Piet, and Rewitzer, Christian (1996) Laurion: The Minerals of the Ancient Slags, Janssen Print, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
          • Puntazeza area (Punta Zeza area)
    		Siidra, O.I., Krivovichev, S.V., Chukanov, N.V., Pekov, I.V., Magganas, A., Katerinopoulos, A., Voudouris, P. (2011): The crystal structure of Pb5(As3+O3)Cl7 from the historic slags of Lavrion, Greece – a novel Pb(II) chloride arsenite. Mineralogical Magazine, 75, 337-345.
          • Sounion area
    		van Kalmthout, P. (2012): De slakkenmineralen van Lavrion (Gr.) - Ontwikkelingen na 1996, inclusief een archeologische ontdekking. GEA, 45 (1), 14-19 (in Dutch); Fritz Schreiber Collection
    Gelaude, Piet, van Kalmthout, Piet and Rewitzer, Christian, (1996) Laurion: The Minerals in the Ancient Slags, Janssen Print, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
          • Thorikos area
    		Gelaude, Piet, van Kalmthout, Piet and Rewitzer, Christian (1996) Laurion: The Minerals in the Ancient Slags, Janssen Print, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
          • Tourkolimanon area
    		No reference listed
          • Vrissaki area
    		Lacroix, A. & De Schulten, A. (1908): Note sur des minéraux plombifères des scories athéniennes du Laurion. Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie, 31, 79-90 (in French).; Gelaude, Piet, van Kalmthout, Piet, and Rewitzer, Christian (1996) Laurion: The Minerals in the Ancient Slags, Janssen Print, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
    Iran
     
    • Esfahan Province (Isfahan Province; Aspadana Province)
      • Nain County (Nayin County)
        • Anarak District
    		Adib, D. and Ottemann, J. (1970): Mineralium Deposita, 5, 86-93.
    Ireland
     
    • Co. Dublin
    		[UKJMM 19:12]
    Green, D.I. (1998) Phosgenite: a first Irish occurrence from Killiney, Co. Dublin. U.K. Journal of Mines & Minerals, No. 19, p. 12.
    Italy
     
    • Latium
      • Rome Province
        • Anzio
    		Palombi, S., Bellatreccia, F. & Pucci, R. (2009): Le scorie metallurgiche di Tor Caldara, Anzio - RM. Il Cercapietre, no. 1-2, 44-56. [http://www.gminromano.it/Cercapietre/rivista09/art03.pdf]
    • Liguria
      • Genova Province
        • Genova
          • Varenna Valley
    		Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 2 (Avril/Juin), 175-188.
    • Sardinia
      • Cagliari Province
        • Villaputzu
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 258.
      • Carbonia-Iglesias Province
        • Domusnovas
    		Stara, P., Rizzo, R. & Tanca, G.A. - Iglesiente - Arburese, Miniere e Minerali - Gruppi Min. Italiani Ed.Vol.I, 240pp.
        • Fluminimaggiore
          • Oridda Valley
    		No reference listed
    Stara, P., Rizzo, R., Tanca, G. A. (1996): Iglesiente – Arburese, Miniere e Minerali. Associazioni e Gruppi Mineralogici Italiani Ed., 238 pp.
        • Gonnesa
    		Stara, P., Rizzo, R., Tanca, G.A. (1996): Iglesiente - Arburese. Miniere e Minerali. Volume 1 & 2. Nine Italian Mineralogical Groups/Associations, 192 + 239 pp.
        • Iglesias
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 258; De Michele, V. (1974). Guida mineralogica d'Italia. Istituto Geografico De Agostini, Novara, 2 vol.
          • Nebida
    		Guida ai minerali Gruppo editore Fabbri ed. 1973 rist. 1985
          • Punta della Torre
    		De Michele, V. (1974). Guida mineralogica d'Italia. Istituto Geografico De Agostini, Novara, 2 vol
    Stara, P., Rizzo, R., Tanca, G.A. (1996): Iglesiente e Arburese. Miniere e Minerali. Edito a cura dell'EMSA e "varie associazioni mineralogiche", Volume 1, 238 pp.
      • Medio Campidano Province
        • Arbus
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 258; Lapis, 13(12), 16-19.
        • Gonnosfanadiga
          • Fenugu Sibiri Mine
    		Stara, P., Rizzo, R., Tanca, G.A. (1996): Iglesiente e Arburese. Miniere e Minerali. Edito a cura dell'EMSA e "varie associazioni mineralogiche", Volume 2°, 239 pp.
      • Sassari Province
        • Porto Torres
    		Orlandi, P., & Gelosa, M. (2007). Argentiera della Nurra. I minerali di alterazione della miniera di sfalerite e galena argentifera. Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 31 (1), 22-31.
    • Tuscany
      • Grosseto Province
        • Giglio Island
    		Marinai, Nannoni, 1994. I minerali dell'Isola del Giglio. Circolo Culturale Gigliese.
      • Livorno Province
        • Campiglia Marittima
    		http://www.comune.pisa.it/apsn/Articoli/Scorie/Capattoli.htm
    Luigi Chiappino
          • Sassetta
    		Jansen, H. & van den Berg, W. (1998): Slakkenmineralen in Toscane (Italië). Gea, no. 4, 109-117 (in Dutch).
        • Piombino
    		Cerutti, G. and Preite, D. (1995): Mineralien der etruskischen Schlacken von Baratti, Toskana. Lapis, 20 (4), 13-18; 50 (in German).
    Luigi Chiappino data
    Mexico
     
    • Baja California Sur (BC Sur)
      • Mun. de Mulegé
        • Boleo District
    		Mineralogical Record: 29: 43.
    Panczner(1987):92-350.
    • San Luis Potosí
      • Mun. de Guadalcázar
        • Guadalcázar
    		Panczner (1987): 275, 318.
    Morocco
     
    • Meknès-Tafilalet Region
      • Khénifra Province
        • Midelt
    		Jébrak, M., Marcoux, E., Masloubi, M., and Zaharaoui, M. (1998): Mineralium Deposita 33, 406-415.
    • Oriental Region
      • Oujda-Angad Province
        • Touissit District
    		[MinRec 18:430, 20:69; 20(5): 396.]
    Van King
    Namibia
     
    • Otjikoto Region (Oshikoto)
      • Tsumeb
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 258; Mineralogical Record: 8: 29, 85; Mineralogical Record: 24: 235.
    Norway
     
    • Akershus
      • Rælingen
        • Løvenstad
    		Kamphaug, E.(1986):Geologien i området Blystadlia-Rælingen. NAGS-nytt 13(3), 4-13.
    • Nordland
      • Sørfold
    		Ellingsen, H.V., Andersen, T. & Haugen, A., (2000): Nye mineraler fra amazonittpegmatitten ved Tennvatn, Nordland. Norsk Bergverksmuseums Skriftserie 17, 52-58.
    Poland
     
    • Upper Silesia (Śląskie)
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 258.
    Eligiusz Szełęg collection
    Russia
     
    • Western-Siberian Region
      • Altaiskii Krai
        • Rudnyi Altai
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 252, 258.
    South Africa
     
    • Gauteng Province
    		Minerals of South Africa
    Tunisia
     
    • Al Kåf Governorate (El Kef; Le Kef)
      • Tajerouine
        • Slata Pb-Zn deposit
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 258.
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 258.
      • Mahdia
    		Kutzke, H., Barbier, B., Becker, P. & Eggert, G. (1997): Barstowite as a corrosion product on a lead object from the Mahdia shipwreck. Studies in Conservation 42, 176-180.
    U.S. Virgin Islands
    Alminas, Henry V.; Foord, Eugene E.; Tucker, Robert E. (1994) Geochemistry, mineralogy, and geochronology of the U.S. Virgin Islands USGS Bulletin 2057 36p
    UK
     
    • England
      • Bristol
        • Westbury on Trym
    		BMS Database
      • Cornwall
        • Mount's Bay District
          • Porthleven
    		No reference listed
    Russell, A and Hutchinson, A. (1927): On laurionite and associated minerals from Cornwall. Mineral. Mag., 21, 221-228.; Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 65; Golley & Williams, 1995, 47 - "Cornish Mineral Reference Manual".
          • St Hilary
    		[Golley & Williams, 1995, 47 - "Cornish Mineral Reference Manual"]
        • St Agnes District
          • Crantock
    		BMS Newsletter 79, March 2010 (http://britishmicromountsociety.homestead.com/Gannell-Smelter.html)
          • Newquay
    		[Golley & Williams, 1995, 47 - "Cornish Mineral Reference Manual"]
          • Perranzabuloe
            • Penhale Point
    		[Golley & Williams, 1995, 47 - "Cornish Mineral Reference Manual"]
            • Perran Iron Lode (Great Perran Iron Lode)
        • St Erth - Gwithian Area
          • Gwithian
    		Michael Merry (collected 2007)
        • Wadebridge District
          • Padstow
            • Gunver Head
    		[Golley & Williams, 1995, 47 - "Cornish Mineral Reference Manual"]; No reference listed; BMS Database
          • St Endellion
    		[Golley & Williams, 1995, 47 - "Cornish Mineral Reference Manual"]
          • St Minver
            • Trebetherick
    		[Golley & Williams, 1995, 47 - "Cornish Mineral Reference Manual"]
          • St Teath
            • Treligga
    		[Golley & Williams, 1995, 47 - "Cornish Mineral Reference Manual"]
          • Tintagel
            • Trebarwith
    		No reference listed
        • Wendron & Falmouth District
          • Helford - Falmouth Area
            • Falmouth
    		[Golley & Williams, 1995, 47 - "Cornish Mineral Reference Manual"]
      • Cumbria
        • North and Western Region (Cumberland)
          • Caldbeck Fells
    		No reference listed
      • Derbyshire
    		Hall, T.M. (1868): The Mineralogist's Directory. Edward Stanford (London), 168 pp.; Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Vol. 2, 60, 258; Mineralogical Record 23, 377-385; Mineralogical Record 24, 245-256, 401; Mineralogical Record 25, 39-41; Rock Currier
    Jones, J. (1982): Bulletin of the Peak District Mines Historical Society 8(4), 260-261; Ford, T.D., Sarjeant, W.A.S., and Smith, M.E. (1993): UK Journal of Mines and Minerals 13, 16-55
    Ford, T., A. Sarjeant & M. Smith (1993) The minerals of the Peak district of Derbyshire UK Jour. Mines & Minerals 13:16-55
      • Somerset
        • Clevedon
    		BMS Database
      • Staffordshire
        • Ecton
          • Back of Ecton
    		S Rust collection
    • Scotland
      • Buchan Grampian (Moray)
    		F. Rutley: "Elements of Mineralogy", 12th Ed. (1900)
        • Lossiemouth
    		No reference listed
    BMS Database
    • Wales
      • Ceredigion (Dyfed; Cardiganshire)
        • Ceulanymaesmawr
          • Talybont
            • Nant-y-Moch Reservoir area
    		S Rust Collection
      • Gwynedd (Caernarvonshire)
        • Lleyn Peninsula
          • Llanengan
            • Abersoch
    		BMS Database
    USA
     
    • Arizona
      • Maricopa Co.
        • Big Horn Mts
          • Osborn District
            • Tonopah
              • Belmont Mountain
    		Raman analyzed at the University of Arizona.
        • Painted Rock Mts
          • Painted Rock District
            • Theba
    		Raman analyzed at the University of Arizona.
      • Pinal Co.
        • Mammoth District
          • Tiger
            • St. Anthony deposit
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 141, 287; Peacor, D., et al (1985), Mammothite, a new mineral from Tiger, AZ, and Laurium, Greece, Min.Rec.: 15: 117-120; Fahey, J.J., et al (1950), Wherryite, a new mineral from the Mammoth mine, AZ, Am.Min.: 35: 93-98; Bideaux, R.A. (1980), Tiger, AZ, Min.Rec.: 11: 155-181; Galbraith, F.W. & D.J. Brennan (1959), Minerals of AZ: 54.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 202, 327; Bideaux, R.A. (1980), Tiger, Arizona, Min.Rec.: 11: 155-181; Palache, C. (1941b), Diaboleite from Mammoth mine, Tiger, AZ, Am.Min.: 26: 605-612; Fahey, J.J., et al (1950), Wherryite, a new mineral from the Mammoth mine, AZ, Am.Min.: 35: 93-98; Galbraith, F.W. & D.J. Brennan (1959), Minerals of AZ: 54.
    • California
      • Inyo Co.
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 258; Hanks, Henry Garber (1884), Fourth report of the State Mineralogist: California Mining Bureau. Report 4, 410 pp. (includes catalog of minerals of California pp. 63-410), and miscellaneous observations on mineral products): 309; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 288.
    • Colorado
      • Custer Co.
        • Oak Creek District (Ilse District)
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 258; Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B.
    • Massachusetts
      • Hampshire Co.
        • Easthampton
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 258; Gleba, 1978. Massachusetts Mineral & Fossil Localities
    • Nevada
      • Lincoln Co.
        • Pioche District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Nye Co.
        • Lodi District
          • Marble camp
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    • New Mexico
      • Doña Ana Co.
        • Organ Mts
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 258; Northrop (1996) Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd. rev. ed.
    Mineralogical Record: 4: 33; Mineralogical Record: 20: 30.
      • Socorro Co.
        • Hansonburg District
          • Bingham
            • Mex-Tex Mine
    		Mineralogical Record: 26(5): 483.
    Northrop, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd. rev. ed. (1996)
    • Pennsylvania
      • Northampton Co.
        • Forks Township
          • Easton
    		Lapham & Geyer, 1965. Mineral Collecting in Pennsylvania
    • Rhode Island
      • Providence Co.
        • Cranston
    		Miller, C. E. (1971) Rhode Island Minerals and Their Locations, O. D. Hermes, Ed., University of Rhode Island, Kingston
    • Utah
      • Juab Co.
        • East Tintic Mts
          • Tintic District
    		Dana, E.S. (1892) System of Mineralogy, 6th. Edition, New York: 1092; Dana 6, App. 3 (1915) by W.E. Ford: 45; Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 567; Encyclopedia of Minerals, 2nd Ed: 671.
    • Virginia
      • Wythe Co.
        • Austinville-Ivanhoe Lead-Zinc District
          • Austinville
    		Minerals of Virginia 1990 by R. V. Dietrich.
    • Washington
      • Pierce Co.
        • Tacoma
          • Ruston
    		Washington Geology, vol.25, no. 3, September 1997.
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