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Purpurite

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Big Photo

Cameroon pegmatite, Goabeb 63 farm, Karibib District, Erongo Region, Namibia
© Van King

Show Purpurite Photos (57)



Formula:
(Mn
3+
 
,Fe
3+
 
)PO
 
4
System:OrthorhombicColour:Pink to purplish red.
Lustre:Dull, EarthyHardness:4 - 4½
Name:From the Latin "purpura" in allusion to its colour.


Triphylite Group, Heterosite-Purpurite Series

The species of this series are secondary minerals formed by oxidation of iron and or manganese with the simultaneous leaching of lithium. Intermediate alteration products were once thought to be valid minerals, but they were merely part of a continuous process of alteration: Ferrisicklerite and Sicklerite. The Fe:Mn value has not been observed to vary much from the primary lithiophilite to the secondary purpurite. Purpurite is frequently artificially colored bright purple through acid treatment.

Classification of Purpurite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:7/A.02-60
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:8.AB.10

8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
A : Phosphates, etc. without additional anions, without H2O
B : With medium-sized cations
Dana 8th edition ID:38.4.1.2

38 : ANHYDROUS NORMAL PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, AND VANADATES
4 : AXO4
Hey's CIM Ref.:19.12.11

19 : Phosphates
12 : Phosphates of Mn
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Type Occurrence of Purpurite

Type Locality:Faires Mine, Kings Mountain, Gaston Co., North Carolina, USA
Place of Conservation of Type Material:Smithsonian Institution, Washington 93883
Year of Discovery:1905

Occurrences of Purpurite

Geological Setting:Primarily an alteration product of lithiophylite in complex granitic pegmatites, rarely from the reaction of bat guano, Fe-Mn deposits and sea water.

Physical Properties of Purpurite

Lustre:Dull, Earthy
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Opaque
Comment:Luster of fresh fracture surfaces is satiny; dull on altered surfaces.
Colour:Pink to purplish red.
Comment:Dark brown to brown-black on altered surfaces.
Streak:Purple, lighter than colour.
Hardness (Mohs):4 - 4½
Tenacity:Brittle
Cleavage:Distinct/Good
On {100}, good; on {010}, imperfect. Cleavage surfaces curved or crinkled at times.
Fracture:Irregular/Uneven
Density (measured):3.2 - 3.4 g/cm3
Density (calculated):3.69 g/cm3

Crystallography of Purpurite

Crystal System:Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Cell Parameters:a = 5.8237(6) Å, b = 9.766(1) Å, c = 4.7771(5) Å
Ratio:a:b:c = 0.596 : 1 : 0.489
Unit Cell Volume:V 271.69 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:4
Morphology:Massive, cleavage fragments to 20 cm.

Optical Data of Purpurite

Type:Biaxial (+)
RI values: nα = 1.850(2) nβ = 1.860(2) nγ = 1.920(2)
2V:Measured: 38° , Calculated: 38°
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.070

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:Very High
Dispersion:Moderate
Pleochroism:Strong
Comments:X = Greenish gray, gray to rose-red
Y = Deep blood-red to purplish red
Z = Deep blood-red to purplish red
Comments:Optic axis sections may exhibit anomalous green interference colours.

Chemical Properties of Purpurite

Formula:
(Mn
3+
 
,Fe
3+
 
)PO
 
4
Essential elements:Mn, O, P
All elements listed in formula:Fe, Mn, O, P
Common Impurities:Fe

Relationship of Purpurite to other Species

Series:Forms a series with Heterosite (see here)
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
8.AB.05Farringtonite
Mg
 
3
(PO
 
4
)
 
2
8.AB.10Ferrisicklerite
(Fe
3+
 
,LiMn
2+
 
)PO
 
4
8.AB.10Heterosite
(Fe
3+
 
,Mn
3+
 
)PO
 
4
8.AB.10Lithiophilite
LiMn
2+
 
PO
 
4
8.AB.10Natrophilite
NaMn
2+
 
PO
 
4
8.AB.10Sicklerite
(LiMn
2+
 
,Fe
3+
 
)PO
 
4
8.AB.10Simferite
Li(Mg,Fe
3+
 
,Mn
3+
 
)
 
2
(PO
 
4
)
 
2
8.AB.10Triphylite
LiFe
2+
 
PO
 
4
8.AB.15Sarcopside
(Fe
2+
 
,Mn
2+
 
,Mg)
 
3
(PO
 
4
)
 
2
8.AB.15Chopinite
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)
 
3
(PO
 
4
)
 
2
8.AB.20Beusite
(Mn
2+
 
,Fe
2+
 
,Ca,Mg)
 
3
(PO
 
4
)
 
2
8.AB.20Graftonite
(Fe
2+
 
,Mn
2+
 
,Ca)
 
3
(PO
 
4
)
 
2
8.AB.25Xanthiosite
Ni
 
3
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
8.AB.30Lammerite
Cu
 
3
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
8.AB.30IMA2009-002
Cu
 
3
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
8.AB.35Mcbirneyite
Cu
 
3
(VO
 
4
)
 
2
8.AB.35Stranskiite
Zn
 
2
Cu(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
8.AB.40Lyonsite
Cu
 
3
Fe
 
4
(VO
 
4
)
 
6
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
19.12.1Metaswitzerite
Mn
 
3
(PO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O
19.12.2Bermanite
Mn
2+
 
Mn
3+
2
(PO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O
19.12.3Natrophilite
NaMn
2+
 
PO
 
4
19.12.4Sidorenkite
Na
 
3
Mn
2+
 
(CO
 
3
)(PO
 
4
)
19.12.5Niahite
(NH
 
4
)(Mn
2+
 
,Mg)(PO
 
4
) · H
 
2
O
19.12.6Robertsite
Ca
 
3
Mn
3+
4
(PO
 
4
)
 
4
(OH)
 
6
 · 3H
 
2
O
19.12.7Pararobertsite
Ca
 
2
Mn
3+
3
(PO
 
4
)
 
3
O
 
2
 · 3H
 
2
O
19.12.8Sinkankasite
H
 
2
Mn
2+
 
Al(PO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH) · 6H
 
2
O
19.12.9Mangangordonite
Mn
2+
 
Al
 
2
(PO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
2
 · 8H
 
2
O
19.12.10Heterosite
(Fe
3+
 
,Mn
3+
 
)PO
 
4
19.12.12Wolfeite
(Fe
2+
 
,Mn
2+
 
)
 
2
(PO
 
4
)(OH)
19.12.13Triploidite
(Mn
2+
 
,Fe
2+
 
)
 
2
(PO
 
4
)(OH)
19.12.14Lipscombite
(Fe
2+
 
,Mn
2+
 
)Fe
3+
2
(PO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
2
19.12.15Frondelite
Mn
2+
 
Fe
3+
4
(PO
 
4
)
 
3
(OH)
 
5
19.12.16Rockbridgeite
Fe
2+
 
Fe
3+
4
(PO
 
4
)
 
3
(OH)
 
5
19.12.17Kryzhanovskite
(Fe
3+
 
,Mn
2+
 
)
 
2
(PO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH,H
 
2
O)
 
3
19.12.18Landesite
Mn
2+
3-x
Fe
3+
x
(PO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
x
 · (3-x)H
 
2
O
19.12.19Phosphoferrite
(Fe
2+
 
,Mn
2+
 
)
 
3
(PO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 3H
 
2
O
19.12.20Reddingite
(Mn,Fe)
 
3
(PO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 3H
 
2
O
19.12.21Earlshannonite
Mn
2+
 
Fe
3+
2
(PO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O
19.12.22Hureaulite
(Mn,Fe)
 
5
(PO
 
4
)
 
2
(HPO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O
19.12.23Switzerite
(Mn,Fe)
 
3
(PO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 7H
 
2
O
19.12.24Laueite
Mn
2+
 
Fe
3+
2
(PO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
2
 · 8H
 
2
O
19.12.25Pseudolaueite
Mn
2+
 
Fe
3+
2
(PO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
2
 · 8H
 
2
O
19.12.26Strunzite
Mn
2+
 
Fe
3+
2
(PO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
2
 · 6H
 
2
O
19.12.27Stewartite
Mn
2+
 
Fe
3+
2
(PO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
2
 · 8H
 
2
O
19.12.28Alluaudite
(Na,Ca)Mn
2+
 
(Fe
3+
 
,Mn
2+
 
,Fe
2+
 
,Mg)
 
2
(PO
 
4
)
 
3
19.12.29Ferroalluaudite
(Na,Ca)Fe
2+
 
(Fe
3+
 
,Mn
2+
 
,Fe
2+
 
)
 
2
(PO
 
4
)
 
3
19.12.30Fillowite
{Mn
2+
 
}{Na
 
8
}{Ca
 
4
Na
 
4
}{(Mn
2+
 
,Fe
2+
 
)
 
43
}(PO
 
4
)
 
36
19.12.31Johnsomervilleite
{Ca}{Na
 
6
[ ]
 
2
}{Ca
 
6
Na
 
2
}{(Fe
2+
 
,Mg,Mn
2+
 
)
 
43
}(PO
 
4
)
 
36
19.12.32Wicksite
NaCa
 
2
(Fe
2+
 
,Mn
2+
 
)
 
4
MgFe
3+
 
(PO
 
4
)
 
6
 · 2H
 
2
O
19.12.33Dickinsonite-(KMnNa)
{KNa}{Mn
2+
 
◻}{Ca}{Na
 
3
}{Mn
2+
13
}{Al}(PO
 
4
)
 
12
(OH)
 
2
19.12.34Sarcopside
(Fe
2+
 
,Mn
2+
 
,Mg)
 
3
(PO
 
4
)
 
2
19.12.35Ludlamite
(Fe,Mn,Mg)
 
3
(PO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O
19.12.36Graftonite
(Fe
2+
 
,Mn
2+
 
,Ca)
 
3
(PO
 
4
)
 
2
19.12.37Wilhelmvierlingite
CaMnFe
3+
 
(PO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH) · 2H
 
2
O
19.12.38Fairfieldite
Ca
 
2
(Mn
2+
 
,Fe
2+
 
)(PO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 2H
 
2
O
19.12.39Beusite
(Mn
2+
 
,Fe
2+
 
,Ca,Mg)
 
3
(PO
 
4
)
 
2
19.12.40Messelite
Ca
 
2
(Fe
2+
 
,Mn
2+
 
)(PO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 2H
 
2
O
19.12.41Jahnsite-(CaMnFe)
{Ca}{Mn
2+
 
}{Fe
2+
2
}{Fe
3+
2
}(PO
 
4
)
 
4
(OH)
 
2
 · 8H
 
2
O
19.12.42Jahnsite-(CaMnMn)
{Ca}{Mn
2+
 
}{Mn
2+
2
}{Fe
3+
2
}(PO
 
4
)
 
4
(OH)
 
2
 · 8H
 
2
O
19.12.43Jahnsite-(CaMnMg)
{Ca}{Mn
2+
 
}{(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)
 
2
}{Fe
3+
2
}(PO
 
4
)
 
4
(OH)
 
2
 · 8H
 
2
O
19.12.44Keckite
CaMn
2+
 
Fe
3+
2
Fe
3+
2
(PO
 
4
)
 
4
(OH)
 
3
(H
 
2
O)
 
7
19.12.45Stanfieldite
Ca
 
7
Ca
 
2
Mg
 
9
(PO
 
4
)
 
12
19.12.46Laubmannite
(Fe
2+
 
,Mn
2+
 
,Ca)
 
3
Fe
3+
6
(PO
 
4
)
 
4
(OH)
 
12
19.12.47Zodacite
Ca
 
4
Mn
2+
 
Fe
3+
4
(PO
 
4
)
 
6
(OH)
 
4
 · 12H
 
2
O
19.12.48Hagendorfite
NaCaMn
2+
 
Fe
2+
2
(PO
 
4
)
 
3
19.12.49Maghagendorfite
NaMn(Mg,Fe,Fe)
 
3
(PO
 
4
)
 
3
19.12.50Varulite
NaCaMn
2+
 
Mn
2+
2
(PO
 
4
)
 
3
19.12.51Griphite
Na
 
4
Li
 
2
Ca
 
6
(Mn
2+
 
,Fe
2+
 
,Mg)
 
19
Al
 
8
(PO
 
4
)
 
24
(F,OH)
 
8
19.12.52Attakolite
(Ca,Sr)Mn(Al,Fe)
 
4
(HPO
 
4
,PO
 
4
)
 
3
(SiO
 
4
,PO
 
4
)(OH)
 
4
19.12.53Arrojadite-(KFe)
{KNa}{Fe
2+
 
◻}{Ca}{Na
 
2
◻}{Fe
2+
13
}{Al}(PO
 
4
)
 
11
(HPO
 
4
)(OH)
 
2
19.12.54Lun'okite
(Mn,Ca)(Mg,Fe,Mn)Al(PO
 
4
)
 
2
OH · 4H
 
2
O
19.12.55Eosphorite
(Mn
2+
 
,Fe
2+
 
)Al(PO
 
4
)(OH)
 
2
 · H
 
2
O
19.12.56Ernstite
(Mn
2+
 
,Fe
3+
 
)Al(PO
 
4
)(OH,O)
 
2
 · H
 
2
O
19.12.57Childrenite
(Fe
2+
 
,Mn
2+
 
)Al(PO
 
4
)(OH)
 
2
 · H
 
2
O
19.12.58Bobfergusonite
Na
 
2
Mn
 
5
FeAl(PO
 
4
)
 
6
19.12.59Qingheiite
NaMn
3+
 
Mg(Al,Fe
3+
 
)(PO
 
4
)
 
3
19.12.60Whiteite-(CaFeMg)
{Ca}{(Fe
2+
 
,Mn
2+
 
)}{Mg
 
2
}{Al
 
2
}(PO
 
4
)
 
4
(OH)
 
2
 · 8H
 
2
O
19.12.61Whiteite-(CaMnMg)
{Ca}{Mn
2+
 
}{Mg
 
2
}{Al
 
2
}(PO
 
4
)
 
4
(OH)
 
2
 · 8H
 
2
O
19.12.62Whiteite-(MnFeMg)
{(Mn
2+
 
,Ca)}{(Fe
2+
 
,Mn
2+
 
)}{Mg
 
2
}{Al
 
2
}(PO
 
4
)
 
4
(OH)
 
2
 · 8H
 
2
O
19.12.63Rittmannite
{(Mn
2+
 
,Ca)}{Mn
2+
 
}{(Fe
2+
 
,Mn
2+
 
,Mg)
 
2
}{(Al,Fe
3+
 
)
 
2
}(PO
 
4
)
 
4
(OH)
 
2
 · 8H
 
2
O
19.12.64Zanazziite
Ca
 
2
Mg
 
5
Be
 
4
(PO
 
4
)
 
6
(OH)
 
4
 · 6H
 
2
O
19.12.65Samuelsonite
(Ca,Ba)Ca
 
8
Fe
2+
2
Mn
2+
2
Al
 
2
(PO
 
4
)
 
10
(OH)
 
2

Other Names for Purpurite

Synonyms:
ManganipurpuriteNa-purpurite
Other Languages:
German:Purpurit
Russian:Пурпурит
Spanish:Purpurita

Other Information

Other Information:Readily soluble in HCl.
Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Purpurite

Reference List:

- +
Graton, L.C. & D.T. Schaller (1905), Purpurite, a new mineral, American Journal of Science, 4th. Series: 20: 146-151.

Schaller (1907) American Journal of Science: 24: 152 (as manganipurpurite).

Pisani in: Lacroix, A. (1910) Minéralogie de la France et des ses colonies, Paris. 5 volumes: vol. 4: 470.

Schaller (1910) USGS Bull. 490: 72.

Schaller, Waldemar Theodore (1911), Notes on purpurite and heterosite: USGS Bull. 490: 79.

Larsen, E.S. (1921) The Microscopic Determination of the Nonopaque Minerals, First edition, USGS Bulletin 679: 84, 124.

de Jesus (1933) Com. Serv. Geol. Portugal: 19: 65 (as Neopurpurite).

Quensel (1937) Geologiska Föeningens I Stockholm. Förhandlinger, Stockholm: 59: 77 (as Na-heterosite).

Björling and Westgren (1938) Geologiska Föeningens I Stockholm. Förhandlinger, Stockholm: 60: 67.

Mason (1941) Geologiska Föeningens I Stockholm. Förhandlinger, Stockholm: 63: 117.

Fisher (1945) South Dakota Geological Survey Report 50.

Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged, 1124 pp.: 675-677.

Memoir. Noticias University Coimbra,
Portugal (1960): 50: 55-60.

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    • Localities for Purpurite

    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    Hide Locality List
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Australia
     
    • Western Australia
      • Pilbara Region
    		American Mineralogist (1928): 13: 457; Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 676.
    Mason, B. & Dunn, P.J. (1974): An unusual occurrence of Bobierrite at Wodgina, Western Australia. Mineralogical Record 5 (6): 265
    Austria
     
    • Carinthia
      • Koralpe Mts
        • Moschkogel Mt. - Weinebene area
          • Brandrücken
    		G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995
    Brazil
     
    • Minas Gerais
      • Doce valley
        • Divino das Laranjeiras
          • Linópolis
        • Mendes Pimentel
    		Atencio, D., Coutinho, J.M.V., Mascarenhas, Y.P., Ellena, J. (2006): Matioliite, the Mg-analog of burangaite, from Gentil mine, Mendes Pimentel, Minas Gerais, Brazil, and other occurrences. American Mineralogist, 91, 1932-1936.
    Canada
     
    • Northwest Territories
      • Tungsten
    		The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 41, pp. 139-160 (2003)
    China
     
    • Xinjiang (Xinjiang-Uygur) Autonomous Region
      • Yili Hasake (Ili Kazakh) Autonomous Prefecture
    		Zhiguo Liu, Dawei Dong, Milan Liu,Yu Sui, Wenhui Su, Zhengnan Qian, and Zhe Li (2005): Hyperfine Interactions 163(1-4), 13-27.
    • Zhejiang Province
      • Taizhou Prefecture
        • Tiantai Co.
    		Chaoyang Li, Tiegeng Liu, Lin Ye, Weiguang Zhu, and Hailin Deng (2003): Science in China, Series D (Earth Sciences), 46, Supplement 1, 84-98.
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • Karlovy Vary Region
        • Lázně Kynžvart (Bad Königswart)
    		Černý, P., Veselovský, F.: Pegmatit Bílý kámen (Weisser Stein) u Kynžvartu. Minerál, 2000, roč. 8, č. 1, s. 10-16.
    Finland
     
    • Southern Finland Province
      • Orivesi
        • Eräjärvi area
    		No reference listed
    France
     
    • Limousin
      • Haute-Vienne
        • Razès
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 676.
    • Midi-Pyrénées
      • Ariège
        • Le Bosc
          • Cirque de Pénitence
    		Inventaire mineralogique de l'Ariege (Editions BRGM 1984)
    Germany
     
    • Bavaria
      • Lower Bavaria
        • Bavarian Forest
          • Zwiesel
            • Town Centre
    		Obermüller, T., (1993): Über Phosphatmineralien aus Zwiesel/Bayerischer Wald, Der Aufschluss, Vol. 44, pp. 337-341
      • Upper Palatinate
        • Oberpfälzer Wald
          • Vohenstrauß
            • Waidhaus
              • Hagendorf
    Madagascar
     
    • Fianarantsoa Province
      • Amoron'i Mania Region
        • Ampandramaika-Malakialina Pegmatite Field
          • Ambatofinandrahana District
    		Behier, J. (1960): Contribution á la mineralogie de Madagascar. Annales Géologiques de Madagascar XXIX, Tananarive, p 42
    Namibia
     
    • Erongo Region
      • Karibib District
        • Goabeb 63 farm
    		Mineralogical Research Co. specimen
        • Usakos
    [Schumann, 1992, 184 - "Minerals of the World"]
    Portugal
     
    • Guarda District
      • Sabugal
    		Schnorrer-Köhler (1991), Mineral Occurrences.
    • Viana do Castelo District
      • Caminha
        • Arga de Baixo/Arga de Cima
      • Ponte da Barca
    		Self-collected by Pedro Alves.
    • Viseu District
      • Mangualde
        • Chãs de Tavares
    Rwanda
     
    • Western Province
      • Gatumba District
    		Mineralogical Magazine 1963 33 : 613-615
    South Africa
     
    • Northern Cape Province
      • Namaqualand
        • Kenhardt District
    		Minerals of South Africa
        • Steinkopf
    		Minerals of South Africa
    Spain
     
    • Catalonia
      • Girona (Gerona)
        • Alt Empordà
          • Cadaqués
    		Bareche, E. (2005) "Els minerals de Catalunya. Segle XX" Ed. Museu Mollfulleda de Mineralogia - Grup Mineralògic Català, 269 p.
    Sweden
     
    • Västerbotten
      • Skellefteå
    		No reference listed
    USA
     
    • Arizona
      • Yavapai Co.
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 340; Jahns, Richard H. (1952), Pegmatite Deposits of the White Picacho District, Maricopa and Yavapai Counties, Arizona, Arizona Bureau of Mines Bull. 162.
          • Independence Gulch
    		Jahns, R.H. (1952), Pegmatite deposits of the White Picacho district, Maricopa and Yavapai Cos., AZ, AZ Bur. Mines Bull. 162: 98-103.
    Jahns, R.H. (1952), AZ Bur. Mines Bull. 162: 87-90.
    • California
      • San Diego Co.
        • Jacumba District
          • Jacumba
            • Tule Mountain (Mount Tule; Tulley Mountain)
    		Moore, P. B., 2000, Analyses of Primary Phosphates from Pegmatites in Maine and Other Localities, in V. T. King (editor), Mineralogy of Maine. Mining History, Gems, and Geology, Maine Geological Survey, Augusta, Maine, p. 333-336. Mineralogical Record 33(5):363-407
    Mineralogical Record 33(5):363-407
    Weber, F.H., Jr. (1962), A beryl discovery in southeastern San Diego County, California: California Division Mines & Geology, Mineral Information Service: 15(2): 8-11; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 103, 300.
        • Pala District
          • Pala
            • Chief Mountain
    		Moore, P. B., 2000, Analyses of Primary Phosphates from Pegmatites in Maine and Other Localities, in V. T. King (editor), Mineralogy of Maine. Mining History, Gems, and Geology, Maine Geological Survey, Augusta, Maine, p. 333-336. Mineralogical Record (2002): 33(5): 388.
    Kunz, George Frederick (1906), Precious stones: Mineral Resources U.S., 1905: 1344; Schaller, Waldemar Theodore (1911e), Notes on purpurite and heterosite: USGS Bulletin 490: 79; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 300.
    Kunz, George Frederick (1906), Precious stones: Mineral Resources U.S., 1905: 1344; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 346.
            • Tourmaline Queen Mountain (Pala Mtn; Queen Mtn)
    		Fisher, J. 2002. Gem and rare-element pegmatites of southern California. Mineralogical Record, Volume 33, Number 5: pages 376-378, photographs.
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 676.
    • Colorado
      • Larimer Co.
    		[www.johnbetts-fineminerals.com]
    Rocks & Min.:62:234-235.
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.; USGS Prof. Paper 227
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.; USGS Prof. Paper 227
          • Storm Mountain
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
        • Purple Haze and Rainbows End claims
    		[MinRec 20:382]
    • Connecticut
      • Fairfield Co.
        • Redding
          • Branchville
    		Shainin (1946): AmMin 31:329-345
      • Litchfield Co.
        • Thomaston
    		Rocks & Minerals (1978) 53:63
      • Middlesex Co.
        • Portland
          • Collins Hill
            • Strickland pegmatite
    		Januzzi, 1976. Mineral Localities of Connecticut and Southeastern New York State (Taylor Assoc./Mineralogical Press) Moore, P. B., 2000, Analyses of Primary Phosphates from Pegmatites in Maine and Other Localities, in V. T. King (editor), Mineralogy of Maine. Mining History, Gems, and Geology, Maine Geological Survey, Augusta, Maine, p. 333-336.
    • Maine
      • Androscoggin Co.
        • Auburn
          • East Mount Apatite District
    		No reference listed
          • West Mount Apatite District
    		No reference listed
    No reference listed
    No reference listed
    No reference listed
        • Poland
    		King, V. T. and Foord, E. E., 1994, Mineralogy of Maine, Descriptive Mineralogy, volume 1, Maine Geological Survey, Augusta, Maine, USA, pp. 418 + 88 plates.
      • Cumberland Co.
        • Baldwin
    		Collected by Clifford Trebilcock,visual ID; Thompson, W.B., et,al., 2000, Rocks & Minerals, vol. 75, no. 6, pgs 408-418; Rocks and Minerals (1999) 74:188,189
      • Oxford Co.
        • Buckfield
    		King, V. and Foord, E., 1994, Mineralogy of Maine, V. 1, King, V. (ed.), 2000, Mineralogy of Maine, V. 2.
        • Greenwood
    		King, V. and Foord, E., 1994, Mineralogy of Maine, v. 1.
          • Uncle Tom Mountain
    		No reference listed
        • Norway
    		Moore, P. B., 2000, Analyses of Primary Phosphates from Pegmatites in Maine and Other Localities, in V. T. King (editor), Mineralogy of Maine. Mining History, Gems, and Geology, Maine Geological Survey, Augusta, Maine, p. 333-336.
        • Paris
    		King, V. T. and Foord, E. E., 1994, Mineralogy of Maine, Descriptive Mineralogy, volume 1, Maine Geological Survey, Augusta, Maine, USA, pp. 418 + 88 plates. Moore, P. B., 2000, Analyses of Primary Phosphates from Pegmatites in Maine and Other Localities, in V. T. King (editor), Mineralogy of Maine. Mining History, Gems, and Geology, Maine Geological Survey, Augusta, Maine, p. 333-336. King and Foord, 2000, Addenda to Volume 1, Mineralogy of Maine, v. 2.
        • Rumford
    		King, V. T., 1994, Mineralogy of Maine, Descriptive Mineralogy, v. 1, Maine Geological Survey, Augusta, Maine, pp. 418 + 88 plates. Moore, P. B., 2000, Analyses of Primary Phosphates from Pegmatites in Maine and Other Localities, in V. T. King (editor), Mineralogy of Maine. Mining History, Gems, and Geology, Maine Geological Survey, Augusta, Maine, p. 333-336.
    Moore, P. B., 2000, Analyses of Primary Phosphates from Pegmatites in Maine and Other Localities, in V. T. King (editor), Mineralogy of Maine. Mining History, Gems, and Geology, Maine Geological Survey, Augusta, Maine, p. 333-336.
        • Stoneham
    		Thompson, W, Joyner, D., Woodman, R., and King, V., 1998. Maine Mineral Localities, 3rd ed.; King and Foord, 1994, Mineralogy of Maine
    • Massachusetts
      • Hampshire Co.
        • Huntington
      • Worcester Co.
        • Leominster
    		Billings, M. P. and Wolfe, C. W. (1944): Spodumene Deposits in the Leominster-Sterling Area (USGS Open-File Report 45-88
    • New Hampshire
      • Cheshire Co.
        • Marlow
    		Kevin Czaja Collection
      • Grafton Co.
        • Alexandria
    		Morrill, P., 1960, New Hampshire Mines and Mineral Localities.
        • Grafton
    		Morrill. P., 1960, New Hampshire Mines and Mineral Localities.; Rocks & Minerals (2005) 80:242-261 New Hampshire Mineral Locality Index
        • Groton
    		USGS Prof Paper 255
    No reference listed
        • Rumney
    		USGS Prof Paper 255
      • Sullivan Co.
        • Claremont
    		USGS Prof Paper 255
        • Newport
    		Moore, P. B., 2000, Analyses of Primary Phosphates from Pegmatites in Maine and Other Localities, in V. T. King (editor), Mineralogy of Maine. Mining History, Gems, and Geology, Maine Geological Survey, Augusta, Maine, p. 333-336.
    • North Carolina
      • Cleveland Co.
        • Kings Mountain District
    		To many to list here. If interested, we can e-mail them to you.
      • Gaston Co.
        • Kings Mountain
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 676.
      • Yancey Co.
        • Spruce Pine District
          • Burnsville
            • Hurricane Mountain
    		K.Linnekin collection
    • South Dakota
      • Custer Co.
        • Custer District
          • Berne
    		R&M 75:3 pp 156-169; Moore, P. B., 2000, Analyses of Primary Phosphates from Pegmatites in Maine and Other Localities, in V. T. King (editor), Mineralogy of Maine. Mining History, Gems, and Geology, Maine Geological Survey, Augusta, Maine, p. 333-336.
          • Custer
    		Roberts, W. L. and Rapp, G., 1965, Mineralogy of the Black Hills, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, pp. 268. Moore, P. B., 2000, Analyses of Primary Phosphates from Pegmatites in Maine and Other Localities, in V. T. King (editor), Mineralogy of Maine. Mining History, Gems, and Geology, Maine Geological Survey, Augusta, Maine, p. 333-336.
    SDSMT Bull 18 Roberts and Rapp "Mineralogy of the Black Hills"
          • Fourmile
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
      • Lawrence Co.
        • Lead District
    • Wisconsin
      • Florence Co.
        • Fern
    		The Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Animikie Red Ace Pegmatite, Florence County, Wisconsin. Alexander U. Falster, Wm. B. Simmons, and Karen L. Webber, Recent Research Developments in Mineralogy, 1(1996)
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