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Rosenbuschite

Big Photo

Norra Kärr, Gränna, Jönköping, Småland, Sweden
© Elmar Lackner

Show Rosenbuschite Photos (5)
Formula:
(Ca,Na)
 
3
(Zr,Ti)[O|F|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
System:TriclinicColour:Gray, orange to brown
Hardness:5 - 6
Name:Named after Philip E Rosenberg, Professor of Geology.


Götzenite Group.

Classification of Rosenbuschite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:8/C.13-10
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:9.BE.22

9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
B : Sorosilicates
E : Si2O7 groups, with additional anions; cations in octahedral [6] and greater coordination
Dana 8th edition ID:56.2.4.8

56 : SOROSILICATES Si2O7 Groups, With Additional O, OH, F and H2O
2 : Si2O7 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [4] and/or >[4] coordination
Hey's CIM Ref.:17.1.28

17 : Silicates Containing other Anions
1 : Silicates with fluoride (not containing Al)
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Type Occurrence of Rosenbuschite

Type Locality:Skudesundskjær (Skutesundskjær), Barkevik, Langesundsfjorden, Larvik, Vestfold, Norway
Year of Discovery:1887

Physical Properties of Rosenbuschite

Lustre:Sub-Vitreous, Silky
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Translucent
Colour:Gray, orange to brown
Hardness (Mohs):5 - 6

Crystallography of Rosenbuschite

Crystal System:Triclinic
Cell Parameters:a = 10.12Å, b = 11.37Å, c = 7.35Å
α = 90.63°, β = 100.75°, γ = 112.01°
Ratio:a:b:c = 0.89 : 1 : 0.646
Unit Cell Volume:V 767.28 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Optical Data of Rosenbuschite

Type:Biaxial (+)
RI values: nα = 1.678 nβ = 1.687 nγ = 1.705
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.027

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:High
Dispersion:r >> v strong

Chemical Properties of Rosenbuschite

Formula:
(Ca,Na)
 
3
(Zr,Ti)[O|F|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
Essential elements:Ca, F, O, Si, Zr
All elements listed in formula:Ca, F, Na, O, Si, Ti, Zr
Common Impurities:Ce,Fe,Mn

Relationship of Rosenbuschite to other Species

Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):
9.BE.02Wadsleyite
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)
 
2
[SiO
 
4
]
9.BE.05Hennomartinite
SrMn
3+
2
[(OH)
 
2
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
] · H
 
2
O
9.BE.05Lawsonite
CaAl
 
2
[(OH)
 
2
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
] · H
 
2
O
9.BE.05Noelbensonite
BaMn
3+
2
[(OH)
 
2
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
] · H
 
2
O
9.BE.05Itoigawaite
SrAl
 
2
[(OH)
 
2
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
] · H
 
2
O
9.BE.07Ilvaite
CaFe
2+
2
Fe
3+
 
[O|OH|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BE.07Manganilvaite
Ca(Mn
2+
 
,Fe
2+
 
)
 
2
Fe
3+
 
[O|OH|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BE.10Suolunite
Ca
 
2
[H
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
7
] · H
 
2
O
9.BE.12Jaffeite
Ca
 
6
[(OH)
 
6
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BE.15Fresnoite
Ba
 
2
Ti[O|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BE.17Baghdadite
Ca
 
3
(Zr,Ti)[O
 
2
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BE.17Burpalite
Na
 
2
CaZr[F
 
2
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BE.17Cuspidine
Ca
 
4
[(F,OH)
 
2
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BE.17Hiortdahlite
(Ca,Na)
 
3
(Zr,Ti)Si
 
2
O
 
7
(O,OH,F)
 
2
9.BE.17Janhaugite
(Na,Ca)
 
3
(Mn,Fe)
 
3
(Ti,Zr,Nb)
 
2
Si
 
4
O
 
15
(OH,F,O)
 
3
9.BE.17Låvenite
(Na,Ca)
 
2
(Mn
2+
 
,Fe
2+
 
)(Zr,Ti)[(O,OH,F)
 
2
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BE.17Niocalite
(Ca,Nb)
 
4
[(O,OH,F)
 
2
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BE.17Normandite
NaCa(Mn,Fe)(Ti,Nb,Zr)[(O,F)
 
2
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BE.17Wöhlerite
NaCa
 
2
(Zr,Nb)[(O,OH,F)
 
2
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BE.17Hiortdahlite I
(Na
 
3
Ca)Ca
 
8
Zr
 
2
(M
3+
 
)
 
2
(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)
 
4
O
 
3
F
 
5
9.BE.17IMA2005-005a
Na
 
2
Ca
 
4
(Nb,Zr)
 
2
[(O,F)
 
2
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
 
2
9.BE.20Mosandrite
(Ca,Na,Ce)
 
12
(Ti,Zr)
 
2
[F
 
4
|(OH)
 
6
|SiO
 
4
|(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)
 
3
]
9.BE.20Nacareniobsite-(Ce)
Na
 
3
Ca
 
3
(Ce,La,Nd)Nb[F
 
3
|O|(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)
 
2
]
9.BE.20Rinkite
Na(Na,Ca)
 
2
(Ca,Ce)
 
4
Ti[F
 
2
|(O,F)
 
2
|(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)
 
2
]
9.BE.22Götzenite
Na
 
2
Ca
 
5
Ti[F
 
4
|(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)
 
2
]
9.BE.22Hainite
Na
 
4
Ca
 
8
(Ti,Zr,Mn)
 
3
[F
 
4
|(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)
 
2
]
 
2
9.BE.22Kochite
(Na,Ca)
 
3
Ca
 
2
(Mn,Ca)ZrTi[(F,O)
 
4
|(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)
 
2
]
9.BE.23Dovyrenite
Ca
 
6
Zr(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)
 
2
(OH)
 
4
9.BE.25Barytolamprophyllite
(Ba,Na)
 
2
(Na,Ti,Fe
3+
 
)
 
4
Ti
 
2
[O|(OH,F)|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
 
2
9.BE.25Ericssonite
BaMn
2+
2
Fe
3+
 
[O|OH|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BE.25Lamprophyllite
(Sr,K,Ba)
 
2
(Na,Ti,Mn
2+
 
,Fe
3+
 
)
 
4
Ti
 
2
[O|(O,OH,F)|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
 
2
9.BE.25Orthoericssonite
BaMn
2+
2
Fe
3+
 
[O|OH|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BE.25Seidozerite
Na
 
8
Zr
 
3
Ti
 
3
Mn
2+
2
[O|F|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
 
4
9.BE.25Nabalamprophyllite
Na
 
3
(Ba,Na)
 
2
Ti
 
3
[O|(OH,F)|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
 
2
9.BE.25Grenmarite
(Zr,Mn)
 
2
(Zr,Ti)(Mn,Na)(Na,Ca)
 
4
(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)
 
2
(O,F)
 
4
9.BE.27Murmanite
Na
 
2
(Ti,Nb)
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
9
·nH
 
2
O
9.BE.30Epistolite
Na
 
2
(Nb,Ti)
 
2
[O
 
2
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
] · nH
 
2
O
9.BE.32Lomonosovite
Na
 
5
Ti
 
2
[O
 
2
|PO
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BE.35Vuonnemite
Na
 
11
Ti
4+
 
Nb
 
2
(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)
 
2
(PO
 
4
)
 
2
O
 
3
(F,OH)
9.BE.37Sobolevite
Na
 
12
Ca(NaCaMn)Ti
 
2
(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)
 
2
(PO
 
4
)
 
4
O
 
3
F
 
3
9.BE.40Innelite
Na
 
2
(Ba,K)
 
4
(Mg,Ca,Fe)Ti
 
3
Si
 
4
O
 
18
(OH,F)
 
1.5
SO
 
4
9.BE.40Phosphoinnelite
Ba
 
4
Na
 
3
Ti
 
3
[(O,F)
 
3
|(PO
 
4
,SO
 
4
)
 
2
|Si
 
4
O
 
14
]
9.BE.42Yoshimuraite
Ba
 
2
Mn
 
2
TiOSi
 
2
O
 
7
(PO
 
4
)(OH)
9.BE.45Quadruphite
Na
 
14
Ca
 
2
Ti
 
4
[O
 
2
|F|(PO
 
4
)
 
2
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
 
2
9.BE.47Polyphite
Na
 
5
(Na
 
4
Ca
 
2
)Ti
 
2
(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)(PO
 
4
)
 
3
O
 
2
F
 
2
9.BE.50Bornemanite
BaNa
 
4
Ti
 
2
NbSi
 
4
O
 
17
(F,OH)·Na
 
3
PO
 
4
9.BE.50Shkatulkaite
Na
 
10
Mn
2+
 
Ti
 
3
Nb
 
3
[(OH)
 
2
|F|(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)
 
6
] · 12H
 
2
O
9.BE.50Shkatulkalite
9.BE.50Bykovaite
BaNa(Na,Ti)
 
4
[(OH,F)
 
2
|(Ti,Nb)
 
2
Si
 
4
O
 
14
(O,OH)
 
3
] · 3H
 
2
O
9.BE.55Bafertisite
Ba(Fe
3+
 
,Mn
2+
 
)
 
2
Ti[O|(O,OH)
 
2
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BE.55Hejtmanite
Ba(Mn
2+
 
,Fe
2+
 
)
 
2
Ti[O|(OH,F)
 
2
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BE.55Nechelyustovite
(Ba,Na)
 
2
{(Na,Ti,Mn)
 
4
[(Ti,Nb)
 
2
(OH)
 
3
Si
 
4
O
 
14
](OH,O,F)
 
2
} · 3H
 
2
O
9.BE.60Delindeite
(Na,K)
 
2.7
(Ba,Ca)
 
4
(Ti,Fe,Al)
 
6
Si
 
8
O
 
26
(OH)
 
14
9.BE.65Bussenite
Na
 
2
Ba
 
2
FeTiSi
 
2
O
 
7
(CO
 
3
)(OH)
 
3
F
9.BE.67Jinshajiangite
(Na,Ca)(Ba,K)(Fe,Mn)
 
4
Ti
 
2
Si
 
4
O
 
16
(F,O,OH)
 
2-3
9.BE.67Perraultite
(Na,Ca)(Ba,K)(Mn,Fe)
 
4
(Ti,Nb)
 
2
Si
 
4
O
 
16
(OH,F,O)
 
3
9.BE.67Surkhobite
(Ba,K)
 
2
CaNaMn
 
8
Ti
 
4
(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)
 
4
O
 
4
(F,OH,O)
 
6
9.BE.70Karnasurtite-(Ce)
(Ce,La,Th)(Ti,Nb)(Al,Fe)(Si,P)
 
2
O
 
7
(OH)
 
4
·3H
 
2
O
9.BE.70Perrierite-(Ce)
(Ce,Ca,Th)
 
4
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)
 
2
(Ti,Fe
3+
 
)
 
3
[O
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
 
2
9.BE.70Strontiochevkinite
(Sr,La,Ce,Ca)
 
4
Fe
3+
 
(Ti,Zr)
 
2
Ti
 
2
[O
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
 
2
9.BE.70Chevkinite-(Ce)
(Ce,La,Ca,Na,Th)
 
4
(Fe
2+
 
,Mg)(Fe
3+
 
,Ti,Fe
2+
 
)
 
2
(Ti,Fe
3+
 
,Nb)
 
2
[O
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
 
2
9.BE.70Polyakovite-(Ce)
(Ce,Ca)
 
4
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)(Cr
3+
 
,Fe
3+
 
)
 
2
(Ti,Nb)
 
2
[O
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
 
2
9.BE.70Rengeite
Sr
 
4
ZrTi
 
4
[O
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
 
2
9.BE.70Matsubaraite
Sr
 
4
Ti
 
5
[O
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
 
2
9.BE.70Dingdaohengite-(Ce)
Ce
 
4
Fe
2+
 
Ti
 
2
Ti
 
2
[O
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
 
2
9.BE.70Maoniupingite-(Ce)
(REE,Ca)
 
4
(Fe
3+
 
,Ti,Fe
2+
 
,[])(Ti,Fe
3+
 
,Fe
2+
 
,Nb)
 
4
[O
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
 
2
9.BE.70Perrierite-(La)
(La,Ce, Ca)
 
4
(Fe,Mn
2+
 
,Mg)(Ti,Fe)
 
4
[O
 
4
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
 
2
9.BE.72Fersmanite
(Ca,Na)
 
4
(Ti,Nb)
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
11
(F,OH)
 
2
9.BE.75Belkovite
Ba
 
3
(Nb,Ti)
 
6
[O
 
6
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
 
2
9.BE.77Nasonite
Pb
 
6
Ca
 
4
[Cl
 
2
|(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)
 
3
]
9.BE.80Kentrolite
Pb
 
2
Mn
3+
2
[O
 
2
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BE.80Melanotekite
Pb
 
2
Fe
3+
2
[O
 
2
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BE.82Tilleyite
Ca
 
5
[(CO
 
3
)
 
2
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
9.BE.85Killalaite
Ca
 
3
[Si
 
2
O
 
7
] · 0.5H
 
2
O
9.BE.87Stavelotite-(La)
(La,Nd,Ca)
 
3
Mn
2+
3
Cu(Mn
3+
 
,Fe
3+
 
,Mn
4+
 
)
 
26
[O
 
5
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
 
6
9.BE.90Biraite-(Ce)
Ce
 
2
Fe
2+
 
[CO
 
3
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:
17.1.1Hectorite
Na
 
0.3
(Mg,Li)
 
3
Si
 
4
O
 
10
(F,OH)
 
2
17.1.3Agrellite
NaCa
 
2
[F|Si
 
4
O
 
10
]
17.1.4Apophyllite-(NaF)
NaCa
 
4
[F|Si
 
8
O
 
20
] · 8H
 
2
O
17.1.5Apophyllite-(KF)
KCa
 
4
[(F,OH)|Si
 
8
O
 
20
] · 8H
 
2
O
17.1.6Apophyllite-(KOH)
KCa
 
4
[(OH,F)|Si
 
8
O
 
20
] · 8H
 
2
O
17.1.7Hsianghualite
Ca
 
3
Li
 
2
Be
 
3
[F
 
2
|(SiO
 
4
)
 
3
]
17.1.8Leucophanite
(Ca,Na)
 
2
(Be,Al)[Si
 
2
O
 
6
(F,OH)]
17.1.9Norbergite
Mg
 
3
[(F,OH)
 
2
|SiO
 
4
]
17.1.10Chondrodite
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)
 
5
[(F,OH)
 
2
|(SiO
 
4
)
 
2
]
17.1.11Humite
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)
 
7
[(F,OH)
 
2
|(SiO
 
4
)
 
3
]
17.1.12Clinohumite
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)
 
9
[(F,OH)
 
2
|(SiO
 
4
)
 
4
]
17.1.13Canasite
Ca
 
5
Na
 
4
K
 
2
(Si
 
12
O
 
30
(OH,F)
 
4
17.1.14Charoite
(K,Na)
 
5
(Ca,Ba,Sr)
 
8
(Si
 
6
O
 
15
)
 
2
(Si
 
6
O
 
16
)(OH,F)·H
 
2
O
17.1.15Cuspidine
Ca
 
4
[(F,OH)
 
2
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
17.1.16Bultfonteinite
Ca
 
2
[F|HSiO
 
4
] · H
 
2
O
17.1.17Zeophyllite
Ca
 
4
Si
 
3
O
 
8
(OH,F)
 
4
·2H
 
2
O
17.1.18Rowlandite-(Y)
(Y,Fe
3+
 
,Ce)
 
3
[O|(F,OH)|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
17.1.19Yuksporite
(K,Ba)NaCa
 
2
(Si,Ti)
 
4
O
 
11
(F,OH)·H
 
2
O
17.1.20Yftisite-(Y)
(Y,Dy,Er)
 
4
(Ti,Sn)O(SiO
 
4
)
 
2
(F,OH)
 
6
17.1.21Mosandrite
(Ca,Na,Ce)
 
12
(Ti,Zr)
 
2
[F
 
4
|(OH)
 
6
|SiO
 
4
|(Si
 
2
O
 
7
)
 
3
]
17.1.22Hiortdahlite
(Ca,Na)
 
3
(Zr,Ti)Si
 
2
O
 
7
(O,OH,F)
 
2
17.1.23Burpalite
Na
 
2
CaZr[F
 
2
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
17.1.24Seidozerite
Na
 
8
Zr
 
3
Ti
 
3
Mn
2+
2
[O|F|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
 
4
17.1.25Thorosteenstrupine
CaMnThSi
 
4
O
 
11
(OH)F·6H
 
2
O
17.1.26Zircophyllite
(K,Na)
 
3
(Mn,Fe
2+
 
)
 
7
(Zr,Ti)
 
2
Si
 
8
O
 
24
(O,OH,F)
 
7
17.1.27Jinshajiangite
(Na,Ca)(Ba,K)(Fe,Mn)
 
4
Ti
 
2
Si
 
4
O
 
16
(F,O,OH)
 
2-3
17.1.29Narsarsukite
Na
 
2
(Ti,Fe)Si
 
4
(O,F)
 
11
17.1.30Sonolite
Mn
2+
9
[(OH,F)
 
2
|(SiO
 
4
)
 
4
]

Other Names for Rosenbuschite

German names:
Rosenbuschit
Russian names:
Розенбушит
Spanish names:
Rosenbuschita

Other Information

Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Rosenbuschite

Reference List:Soviet Physics – Crystallography: 8: 505-516.

Soviet Physics – Crystallography (1972): 16: 1026.

Christiansen, C.C., Johnsen, O., and Makovicky, E. (2003) Crystal chemistry of the rosenbuschite group. Canadian Mineralogist: 41: 1203-1224.

Internet Links for Rosenbuschite

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    Localities for Rosenbuschite

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    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
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    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Brazil
     
    • Southeast Region
      • Minas Gerais
    		No reference listed
    Canada
     
    • British Columbia
      • Golden Mining Division
    		No reference listed
    • Newfoundland and Labrador
      • Labrador
    • Québec
      • Rouville Co.
        • Mont Saint-Hilaire
    		Horváth, L and Gault, R.A. (1990), The mineralogy of Mont Saint-Hilaire Quebec. Mineralogical Record: 21: 284-359.
    Greenland
     
    • Kitaa (West Greenland) Province
      • Narsaq
    		No reference listed
    Guinea
     
    Malawi
     
    • Balaka District
    		Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I. (2002): USGS Open-File Report 02-189.
    Morocco
     
    • Atlas Mts
      • High Atlas Mts
    Norway
     
    • Telemark
      • Porsgrunn
        • Langesundsfjorden
    		Brøgger, W.C. (1890): Die Mineralien der Syenitpegmatitgänge der südnorwegischen Augit-und Nephelinsyenite. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie und Mineral.16. 663 pp
        • Mørje
          • Sagåsen (Strandåsen)
    		Andersen, F.,Berge, S.A. & Burvald, I. (1996): Die Mineralien des Langesundsfjords und des umgebenden Larvikit-Gebietes, Oslo-Region, Norwegen. MineralienWelt 7(4):21-100
    A. O. Larsen, A. Åsheim and R. A. Gault, 2005.
    • Vestfold
      • Larvik
        • Lågendalen
    		No reference listed
        • Langesundsfjorden
          • Barkevik
    		HB2/2 (1995)
    GFF (Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar), (1887) 9,247-274
    Neumann, H. & Bergstøl, S. (1964): Contribution to the Mineralogy of Norway No 25. Pyrophanite in the southern Part of the Oslo Area. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 44: 39-42
    Brøgger, W.C. (1890): Die Mineralien der Syenitpegmatitgänge der südnorwegischen Augit-und Nephelinsyenite. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie und Mineral.16. 663 pp
    Russia
     
    • Eastern-Siberian Region
      • Saha Republic (Sakha Republic; Yakutia)
        • Aldan Shield
          • Torgo River Basin
            • Davan
              • Chara River (Charo River)
    		[Lapis 1993:4 p.13-20]
      • Tuva Republic
        • Sangilen Upland
    		Kapustin, Y. L., & Bykova, A. V. (1965). First find of hiortdahlite in the USSR. Doklady Akad. Nauk SSSR, 161, 121-124.
    • Northern Region
      • Murmanskaja Oblast'
        • Kola Peninsula
    		www.koeln.netsurf.de/~w.steffens/khib.htm
    www.koeln.netsurf.de/~w.steffens/lovo.htm
    Sweden
     
    • Småland
      • Jönköping
        • Gränna
    		No reference listed
    • Uppland
      • Uppsala
        • Almunge
    		No reference listed
    USA
     
    • New Hampshire
      • Carroll Co.
        • Moultonborough
    		Woolley, A.R. (1987), Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World
    • New Mexico
      • Colfax Co.
        • Springer
          • Point of Rocks Mesa (Pecks Mesa)
    		Rocks & Min.: 60:229.
      • Otero Co.
    		Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
    Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
    Mineral and/or Locality
    Google
     
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    Copyright © Jolyon & Ida Ralph 1993-2008. Site Map. Locality, mineral & photograph data are the copyright of the individuals who submitted them.Further information contact the Site hosted & developed by Jolyon Ralph. Mindat.org is an online information resource dedicated to providing free mineralogical information to all. Mindat relies on the contributions of hundreds of members and supporters. If you would like to add information to improve the quality of our database, then click here to register.