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Sapphirine

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Betroka Department, Horombe Region, Fianarantsoa Province, Madagascar
© 2001 John H. Betts

Show Sapphirine Photos (10)
Formula:
(Mg,Fe)
 
4-x
Al
 
4+x
[Al
 
4+x
Si
 
2-x
O
 
18
]O
 
2
System:MonoclinicColour:Light blue, blue-gray, ...
Hardness:7½
Name:In allusion to its sapphire-like color.


Aenigmatite Group

Classification of Sapphirine

IMA status:Approved
Strunz 8th edition ID:8/F.15-10
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:9.DH.45

9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
H : Inosilicates with 4-periodic single chains, Si4O12
Dana 8th edition ID:69.2.1b.1

69 : INOSILICATES Chains with Side Branches or Loops
2 : Chains with Side Branches or Loops with P>2
Hey's CIM Ref.:16.7.2

16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
7 : Aluminosilicates of Mg
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Type Occurrence of Sapphirine

Type Locality:Fiskenaes (Fiskenaesset; Qeqertarsuatsiaat), Nuuk (Godthåb), Kitaa (West Greenland) Province, Greenland

Physical Properties of Sapphirine

Lustre:Vitreous
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Transparent
Colour:Light blue, blue-gray, green, greenish gray, rarely yellow-brown or pink
Streak:colourless
Hardness (Mohs):7½
Cleavage:Poor/Indistinct
{100}, {001}, and {010}
Fracture:Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density (measured):3.4 - 3.5 g/cm3

Crystallography of Sapphirine

Crystal System:Monoclinic
Class (H-M):2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:P21/b (P1 1 21/b) [P21/c] {P1 21/c 1} {P21/a}
Cell Parameters:a = 11.27Å, b = 14.4Å, c = 9.93Å
β = 125.5°
Ratio:a:b:c = 0.783 : 1 : 0.69
Unit Cell Volume:V 1312 ų
Z:4
Morphology:Crystals tabular {010}, slightly elongated [001] at times. Usually as disseminated grains or aggregations of grains.
Twinning:Polysynthetic twinning on one, or possibly two, laws is observed in polished sections when 1A polytype is present.
Comment:Unit cell from Moore (1969), for 2M polytype. 2M polytype is commonest. 1A, 3A, 4M and 5A also known.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
Image Loading

Radiation - Copper Kα
Data Set:
Horizontal Axis: ° to ° Vertical Axis: % Source Data: Filtered Data: Peaks:
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.

Optical Data of Sapphirine

Type:Biaxial (-)
RI values: nα = 1.701 - 1.729 nβ = 1.703 - 1.732 nγ = 1.705 - 1.734
2V:Measured: 51° to 69°, Calculated: 78° to 88°
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.004 - 0.005

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:High
Dispersion:r < v
Pleochroism:Visible
Comments:X = pinkish buff, yellowish, light smoky brown, colourless
Y = sky-blue, sapphire-blue, greenish blue
Z = dark sky-blue, dark sapphire-blue

Chemical Properties of Sapphirine

Formula:
(Mg,Fe)
 
4-x
Al
 
4+x
[Al
 
4+x
Si
 
2-x
O
 
18
]O
 
2
Essential elements:Al, Mg, O
All elements listed in formula:Al, Fe, Mg, O, Si

Relationship of Sapphirine to other Species

Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):
9.DH.05Leucophanite
(Ca,Na)
 
2
(Be,Al)[Si
 
2
O
 
6
(F,OH)]
9.DH.10Ohmilite
Sr
 
3
(Ti,Fe
3+
 
)[(O,OH)|(Si
 
2
O
 
6
)
 
2
] · 2-3H
 
2
O
9.DH.15Haradaite
SrVSi
 
2
O
 
7
9.DH.15Suzukiite
BaVSi
 
2
O
 
7
9.DH.20Batisite
Na
 
2
BaTi
 
2
[O|Si
 
2
O
 
6
]
 
2
9.DH.20Shcherbakovite
Na(K,Ba)
 
2
(Ti,Nb)
 
2
[O|Si
 
2
O
 
6
]
 
2
9.DH.25Taikanite
Sr
 
3
BaMn
2+
2
[O|Si
 
2
O
 
6
]
 
2
9.DH.30Krauskopfite
BaSi
 
2
O
 
5
·3H
 
2
O
9.DH.35Balangeroite
(Mg,Fe,Fe,Mn)
 
42
Si
 
16
O
 
54
(OH)
 
40
9.DH.35Gageite
Mn
 
21
O
 
3
(Si
 
4
O
 
12
)
 
2
(OH)
 
20
9.DH.40Aenigmatite
Na
 
2
Fe
2+
5
TiO
 
2
]Si
 
6
O
 
18
]
9.DH.40Dorrite
Ca
 
2
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)
 
2
Fe
3+
4
[O
 
2
|Al
 
4
Si
 
2
O
 
18
]
9.DH.40Høgtuvaite
(Ca,Na)
 
2
(Fe
2+
 
,Fe
3+
 
,Ti)
 
6
[O
 
2
|Be(Si,Al)
 
5
O
 
18
]
9.DH.40Krinovite
Na
 
2
Mg
 
4
Cr
3+
2
[O
 
2
|Si
 
6
O
 
18
]
9.DH.40Makarochkinite
Ca
 
2
Fe
2+
4
Fe
3+
 
Ti[O
 
2
|BeAlSi
 
4
O
 
18
]
9.DH.40Rhönite
Ca
 
2
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
,Fe
3+
 
,Ti)
 
6
[O
 
2
|(Si,Al)
 
6
O
 
18
]
9.DH.40Serendibite
(Ca,Na)
 
2
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)
 
3
(Al,Fe
3+
 
)
 
3
[O
 
2
|(Si,Al,B)
 
6
O
 
18
]
9.DH.40Welshite
Ca
 
4
Mg
 
9
Sb
 
3
O
 
4
[Si
 
6
Be
 
3
AlFe
 
2
O
 
36
]
9.DH.40Wilkinsonite
Na
 
2
Fe
2+
4
Fe
3+
2
[O
 
2
|Si
 
6
O
 
18
]
9.DH.50Khmaralite
(Mg,Al,Fe)
 
16
[(Al,Si,Be)
 
12
O
 
36
]O
 
4
9.DH.55Surinamite
(Mg,Fe)
 
3
Al
 
4
BeSi
 
3
O
 
16
9.DH.60Deerite
(Fe,Mn)
 
6
(Fe,Al)
 
3
Si
 
6
O
 
20
(OH)
 
5
9.DH.65Howieite
Na(Fe,Mn)
 
10
(Fe,Al)
 
2
Si
 
12
O
 
31
(OH)
 
13
9.DH.65Taneyamalite
(Na,Ca)(Mn,Mg,Fe)
 
12
Si
 
12
(O,OH)
 
44
9.DH.70Johninnesite
Na
 
2
Mg
 
5
Mn
 
12
As
 
2
Si
 
12
O
 
43
(OH)
 
6
9.DH.75Agrellite
NaCa
 
2
[F|Si
 
4
O
 
10
]
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:
16.7.1Pyrope
Mg
 
3
Al
 
2
[SiO
 
4
]
 
3
16.7.3Sapphirine-1A
(Mg,Al,Fe
2+
 
)
 
8
[(Al,Si,Fe
3+
 
)
 
6
O
 
18
]O
 
2
16.7.4Magnesiochloritoid
MgAl
 
2
[O|(OH)
 
2
|SiO
 
4
]
16.7.5Kulkeite
Mg
 
8
Al(AlSi
 
7
)O
 
20
(OH)
 
10
16.7.6Palygorskite
(Mg,Al)
 
5
(Si,Al)
 
8
O
 
20
(OH)
 
2
·8H
 
2
O
16.7.7Saponite
Ca
 
0.25
(Mg,Fe)
 
3
(Si,Al)
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
·nH
 
2
O
16.7.8Aliettite
Ca
 
0.2
Mg
 
6
(Si,Al)
 
8
O
 
20
(OH)
 
4
·4H
 
2
O
16.7.9Montmorillonite
(Na,Ca)
 
0.33
(Al,Mg)
 
2
Si
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
·nH
 
2
O
16.7.10Baumite
(Mg,Al,Mn,Zn,Fe)
 
3
(Si,Al)
 
2
O
 
5
(OH)
 
4

Other Names for Sapphirine

Synonyms:
Saphirine
German names:
Sapphirin
Russian names:
Сапфирин
Varieties:
Beryllian Sapphirine

Other Information

Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Sapphirine

Reference List:Giesecke (1819), Stromeyer, Göttingen gel. Anz.: 1994.

Giesecke (1821), Untersuch. Misch. Mineralk.: 1: 391.

Hausmann (1847): 427.

Ussing (1889), Zeitschr. Kristall.: 15: 600.

Middlemiss (1904), Records of the Geological Survey of India: 31: 38.

Walker and Collins (1907), Records of the Gelogical Survey of India: 36, part 1: 1.

Warren (1912), American Journal of Science: 33: 263.

Lacroix (1913): 5: 73.

Doelter (1915): 2(2): 628.

Lacroix and de Gramont (1921), Bull. soc. min.: 44: 67.

Gossner and Mussgnug (1928), Jb. Min.: 58: 233.

Mountain (1939), Mineralogical Magazine: 25: 277.

Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1944), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Volume I: Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 7th edition, revised and enlarged: 724-726.

McKie, D. (1963) Order-disorder in sapphirine. Mineralogical Magazine: 635-645.

Moore, P.B. (1969) The crystal structure of sapphirine. American Mineralogist: 54: 31-49.

Merlino, S. (1973) Polymorphism in sapphirine. Contribs Mineral Petrol: 41: 21-29. Abstract in American Mineralogist (1974): 59: 632.

Schreyer W., and Abraham, K. (1975) Peraluminous sapphirine as a metastable reaction product in a kyanite-gedrite-talc schist from Sar e Sang, Afghanistan. Mineralogical Magazine: 40: 171-180.

Higgins, J.B. and Ribbe, P.H. (1979) Sapphirine II: a neutron and x-ray diffraction study of Mg-Al and Al-Si ordering in monoclinic sapphirine. Contribs Mineral Petrol: 68: 357-368.

Higgins, J.B., Ribbe, P.H., Herd, R.K. (1979) Sapphirine I: crystal chemical contributions. Contribs Mineral Petrol: 68: 349-356.

Merlino, S. (1980) The crystal structure of sapphirine-1Tc. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie: 151: 91-100.

Grew, E.S. (1980) Sapphirine + quartz association from Archean rocks in Enderby Land, Antarctica. American Mineralogist: 65: 821-836.

Warren, R.G., and Hensen, B.J. (1987) Peraluminous sapphirine from the Aileron district, Arunta block, central Australia. Mineralogical Magazine: 51: 409-416.

Christy, A.G. and Putnis, A. (1988) Planar and line defects in the sapphirine polytypes. Phys Chem Minerals: 15: 548-558. Abstract in American Mineralogist (1990): 75: 937.

Christy, A.G. (1989a) A short-range interaction model for polytypism and planar defect placement in sapphirine. Phys Chem Minerals: 16: 343-351.

Christy, A.G. (1989b) The stability of sapphirine + clinopyroxene: implications for phase relations in the CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 system under deep crustal and upper mantle conditions. Contribs Mineral Petrol: 102: 422-428.

Christy, A.G. (1989c) The effect of composition, pressure and temperature on the stability of the 1Tc and 2M polytypes of sapphirine. Contribs Mineral Petrol 103: 203-215.

Sengupta, P., Dasgupta, S., Bhattacharya, P.K., Fukuoka, M., Chakraborti, S., and Bhowmick, S. (1990) Petro-tectonic imprints in the sapphirine granulites from Anantagiri, Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt, India: Journal of Petrology: 31: 971-996.

Grew, E.S., Yates, M.G., Romanenko, I.M., Christy, A.G., Swihart, G.H. (1992) Calcian, borian sapphirine from the serendibite deposit at Johnsburg, New York, USA. European Journal of Mineralogy: 4: 475-485.

Grew, E.S., Pertsev, N.N., Yates, M.G., Christy, A.G., Marquez, N., Chernosky, J.V. (1994) Sapphirine + forsterite and sapphirine + humite-group minerals in an ultra-magnesian lens from Kuhi-Lal, SW Pamirs, Tajikistan: are these assemblages forbidden? Journal of Petrology: 35: 1275-1293.

Harley, S.L. and Christy, A.G. (1995) Titanium-bearing sapphirine in a partially melted aluminous granulite xenolith, Vestfold Hills, Antarctica - geological and mineralogical implications. European Journal of Mineralogy: 7: 637-653.

Harley, S.L. and Motoyoshi, Y. (2000) Al zoning in orthopyroxene in a sapphirine quartzite: evidence for (greater than) 1120° C metamorphism in the Napier Complex, Antarctica, and implications for the entropy of sapphirine. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology: 138: 293-307.

Christy, A.G., Tabira, Y., Hölscher, A., Grew, E.S., Schreyer, W. (2002) Synthesis of beryllian sapphirine in the system MgO-BeO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O and comparison with naturally occurring beryllian sapphirine and khmaralite, Part 1: experiments, TEM and XRD. American Mineralogist: 87: 1104-1112.

Christy, A.G., and Grew, E.S. (2004) Synthesis of beryllian sapphirine in the system MgO-BeO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O and comparison with naturally occurring beryllian sapphirine and khmaralite, Part 2: a chemographic study of Be content as a function of P, T, assemblage and FeMg-1 exchange. American Mineralogist: 89: 327-338.

Koshimoto, S., Tsunogae, T., Santosh, M. (2004) Sapphirine and corundum bearing ultrahigh-temperature rocks from the Palghat-Cauvery Shear System, southern India. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences: 99: 298-310.

Das, S., Bhattacharya, A., Raith, M.M., Bhadra, S., Banerjee, M. (2006) Aluminous sapphirine granulites from the eastern Ghats Belt (India): phase relations and relevance to counterclockwise P-T history. European Journal of Mineralogy: 18: 35-48.

Grew, E.S., Yates, M.G., Shearer, C.K., Haggerty, J.J., Sheraton, J.W., and Sandiford, M. (2006) Beryllium and other trace elements in paragenisses and anatectic veins of the ultrahigh-temperature Napier Complex, Enderby Land, East Antarctica: The role of sapphirine. Journal of Petrology: 47: 859-882.

Tsunogae, T., and Santosh, M. (2006) Spinel-sapphirine-quartz bearing composite inclusion within garnet from an ultrahigh-temperature pelitic granulite: implications for metamorphic history and P-T path. Lithos: 92: 524-536.

Internet Links for Sapphirine

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    Localities for Sapphirine

    Hide Locality List
    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
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    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Algeria
     
    • Tamanghasset Province
      • Ahaggar Mts (Hoggar Mts)
        • In Ouzzal
    		M. Guiraud, J.R. Kienast, A. Rahmani : "Petrological study of high-temperature granulites from In Ouzal, Algeria : some implications on the phase relationships in the FMASTOCr system", Eur. J. Mineral. , 1996, 8, 1375-1390.
    Antarctica
     
    • Eastern Antarctica
      • Enderby Land
        • Edward VIII Bay
    		Journal of Petrology, 2004, 45 (7), pp. 1481-1512.
    Harley, S.L. and Motoyoshi, Y. (2000) Al zoning in orthopyroxene in a sapphirine quartzite: evidence for (greater than) 1120° C metamorphism in the Napier Complex, Antarctica, and implications for the entropy of sapphirine. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology: 138: 293-307; http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2003AM/finalprogram/abstract_60995.
          • Amundsen Bay
    		Polar Geoscience 14:1-24
        • Tula Mtns
          • Mt. Riiser-Larsen
    		Y. Motoyoshi and B.J. Hensen, Eur. J. Mineral., 1989, 1, pp. 467-471.
      • Princess Elizabeth Land
        • Ingrid Christensen Coast
    		MinMag 58:259 (1994)
    Australia
     
    • New South Wales
      • Wellesley Co.
    		Min Mag 50:635-640
    • Northern Territory
    		Neues Jahrb Mineral Monatsh1:15-35. (1976)
    Austria
     
    • Lower Austria
      • Dunkelstein forest
        • Aggsbach Dorf
    		D.A. Carswell et al., Eur.J. Mineral., 1989, 1, pp. 455-466.
    Canada
     
    • Newfoundland and Labrador
    		Journal of Petrology 32:29-61 (1991)
    Tectonophysics 347:167–177 (2002)
    • Saskatchewan
      • Athabasca Basin
        • Honsvall Lake
    		Eur. J. Mineral. , 1995, 7, pp. 1251-1272.
    China
     
    • Jiangsu Province
      • Lianyungang Prefecture
    		Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology (2004) 147 (1), 21 - 31
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • South Bohemia Region
        • Písek
    		J. Kotkova, S.L. Hartley, M. Fisera, Eur J. Mineral., 1997, Vol. 9, N. 5, pp. 1017-1033
    Finland
     
    • Lapin (Lapland) Lääni
    		No reference listed
    France
     
    • Midi-Pyrénées
      • Ariège
        • Saint-Girons
          • Aulus-les-Bains
            • Col d'Agnès
              • Etang de Lherz
    Germany
     
    • Saxony
      • Döbeln
        • Waldheim
    		Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
    Greece
     
    • Aegean Islands (Aiyaíon) Department
      • Kykládes Prefecture
        • Cyclade Islands (Cyclades; Kikladhes; Nomos Kikladhon)
    		J.B.H. Jansen (1977) Ph.D. Thesis, State Univ. of Utrecht
    • Thraki (Thrace; Thracia) Department
      • Komotini (Rodopi; Rhodope) Prefecture
        • Thermes
    		Eur. J. Mineral. , 1994, 6, pp. 733-738.
    Greenland
     
    • Kitaa (West Greenland) Province
      • Nuuk (Godthåb)
    		No reference listed
    India
     
    • Andhra Pradesh
      • Anantagiri District
        • Eastern Ghats Belt
    		Journal of Petrology: 31: 971-996.
      • Visakhapatnam District
        • Eastern Ghats Belt
    		Journal of Petrology (1987): 28: 1139-1168.
    American Mineralogist: 91: 375-384.
    Journal of Metamorphic Geology: 18: 223-240.
    Eur. J. Mineral. , 1991, 3, pp. 367-386.
    Italy
     
    • Lombardy
      • Sondrio Province
        • Novate Mezzola
          • Codera Valley
    		Ghizzoni, S. & Mazzoleni, G. (2005): Itinerari mineralogici in val Codera. Geologia Insubrica, Ed., Milano, 316 pp.
    • Piedmont
      • Cuneo Province
    		[MinRec 27:303]
    Kenya
     
    • Coast Province
      • Taita Taveta District
    		Natural History Museum Vienna collection
    Madagascar
     
    • Fianarantsoa Province
      • Horombe Region
    		[www.johnbetts-fineminerals.com]
          • Ianabinda Commune
    		Behier, J. (1960): Contribution á la mineralogie de Madagascar. Annales Géologiques de Madagascar XXIX, Tananarive. p 46
    Knorring,v.O; Sahama, Th.G & Lehtinen, M.(1969): Kornerupine-bearing gneiss from Inanakafy nearBetroka, Madagascar. Bull.Geol.Soc. Finland 41, 79-84
    No reference listed
        • Ihosy Department
    		B. Devouard et al. : "Occurrence of musgravite in anorthite-corundum-spinel-sapphirine rocks ("sakenites") from South Madagascar : Evidence for a high-grade metasomatic event". 18th General Meeting of the IMA, Sept. 2002, Edinburgh, Scotland.
    H Besairie: gites mineraux de Madagascar
    • Tuléar (Toliara) Province
      • Androy Region
        • Ambovombe-Atsimo Department
          • Imanombo Commune
    		Ackermand, D., Windley, B. F. & Razafiniparany, A. .H. (1991): Kornerupine breakdown reactions in paragneisses from southern Madagascar. Mineralogical Magazine 55: 71-80
        • Amboasary Department
    Norway
     
    • Aust-Agder
      • Tvedestrand
    		Nijland, T.G., Zwaan, J.C & Touret, L. (1998): Topograpical mineralogy of the Bamble sector, south Norway. Scripta Geologica 118, 46 pp
        • Snaresund
    		Touret, J. & De La Roche, H. (1971): Contribution to the mineralogy of Norway , No. 45. Saphirine à Snaresund, prés de Tvedestrand (Norvége Méridionale). Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 51, 170-175
    • More og Romsdal
      • Ulstein
        • Hareidland
    		I. Bryhni (1974, report to Department of Environment, Norway); Neumann (1985, p. 61).
    Journal of Metamorphic Geology, Vol. 17, Issue 6, p. 637, Nov. 1999.
    • Nordland
      • Meløy
        • Meløyfjorden
    		Østergaard, T.V. (1969): Sapphirine in a kyanite- and staurolite- bearing rock. Norges Geologiske Undersøkels nr 258. (Årbok 1968), 62-65 + Neumann (1985, p. 132).
    • Rogaland
      • Bjerkreim
        • Vikesa
    		Neumann, H. (1985): "Norges Mineraler" (Minerals of Norway), in Norwegian language, NGU skrifter # 68, pp. 193-194.
    Oman
     
    • Semail Ophiolite
      • Khawr Fakkan Massif
    		Geological Magazine 139 (3), 241 - 255
    South Africa
     
    • Limpopo Province
      • Messina District
    		Minerals of South Africa
    Minerals of South Africa
    • Northern Cape Province
      • Namaqualand
        • Okiep Copper District
    		Minerals of South Africa
    Sri Lanka
     
    • Central Province
    		Journal of Petrology, Volume 40, Issue 8: August 1999
    Journal of Petrology, Volume 40, Issue 8: August 1999
    • Southern Province
      • Embilipitiya
    		Natural History Museum Vienna collection
    Sweden
     
    • Halland
      • Falkenberg
    Tanzania
     
    • Dodoma Region
      • Kongwa
    		www.min.uni-kiel.de/petrographie/schenk/projekte/tansania/mautia/dmg_mautia.pdf.
    Thailand
     
    Uganda
     
    • Kotido District (Karamoja District)
    		http://www.min.uni-kiel.de/petrographie/schenk/ugandaweb/index1.html?/petrographie/schenk/ugandaweb/labwor.html
    UK
     
    • Scotland
      • Outer Hebrides
        • Isle of Harris
    		AmMin 85: 1474-1484
    United Arab Emirates
    Cont. Min. & Petrol. 116 (4) (May 1994)
    Cont. Min. & Petrol. 116 (4) (May 1994)
    USA
     
    • Arizona
      • La Paz Co.
        • Dome Rock Mts
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 361; Wilson, E.D. (1929), An occurrence of dumortierite near Quartzsite, AZ, Am.Min.: 14: 373-381.
    • Colorado
      • Custer Co.
        • Cisneros Trail
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
        • Hardscrabble District
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
    • Kansas
      • Riley Co.
    		AmMin 61:1194
    • New Hampshire
      • Cheshire Co.
    		Schumacher and Robinson, 1987: Journal of Petrology 28 (6):1033-1073
    • New York
      • Warren Co.
    		NY State Museum spec. no. 15779
      • Westchester Co.
    		Jensen (1978) Minerals of New York State, p.153
    George Robinson & Steven Chamberlain (2007) Gazetteer of major New York State mineral localities. Rocks & Minerals, 82, #6, 472-483.
    • North Carolina
    		JMG, v. 14, p. 103-114
    Forsyth Gem and Mineral Club
    Mineral and/or Locality
    Google
     
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