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Sapphirine

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Betroka Department, Horombe Region, Fianarantsoa Province, Madagascar
© 2001 John H. Betts

Show Sapphirine Photos (15)
Formula:
(Mg,Fe)
 
4-x
Al
 
4+x
[Al
 
4+x
Si
 
2-x
O
 
18
]O
 
2
System:MonoclinicColour:Light blue, blue-gray, ...
Hardness:7½
Name:In allusion to its sapphire-like color.


Aenigmatite Group

Classification of Sapphirine

IMA status:Approved
Strunz 8th edition ID:8/F.15-10
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:9.DH.45

9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
H : Inosilicates with 4-periodic single chains, Si4O12
Dana 8th edition ID:69.2.1b.1

69 : INOSILICATES Chains with Side Branches or Loops
2 : Chains with Side Branches or Loops with P>2
Hey's CIM Ref.:16.7.2

16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
7 : Aluminosilicates of Mg
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Type Occurrence of Sapphirine

Type Locality:Fiskenaes old harbour, Fiskenaes (Fiskenaesset; Qeqertarsuatsiaat), Nuuk (Godthåb), Kitaa (West Greenland) Province, Greenland

Physical Properties of Sapphirine

Lustre:Vitreous
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Transparent
Colour:Light blue, blue-gray, green, greenish gray, rarely yellow-brown or pink
Streak:colourless
Hardness (Mohs):7½
Cleavage:Poor/Indistinct
{100}, {001}, and {010}
Fracture:Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density (measured):3.4 - 3.5 g/cm3

Crystallography of Sapphirine

Crystal System:Monoclinic
Class (H-M):2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:P21/b (P1 1 21/b) [P21/c] {P1 21/c 1} {P21/a}
Cell Parameters:a = 11.27Å, b = 14.4Å, c = 9.93Å
β = 125.5°
Ratio:a:b:c = 0.783 : 1 : 0.69
Unit Cell Volume:V 1312 ų
Z:4
Morphology:Crystals tabular {010}, slightly elongated [001] at times. Usually as disseminated grains or aggregations of grains.
Twinning:Polysynthetic twinning on one, or possibly two, laws is observed in polished sections when 1A polytype is present.
Comment:Unit cell from Moore (1969), for 2M polytype. 2M polytype is commonest. 1A, 3A, 4M and 5A also known.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
Image Loading

Radiation - Copper Kα
Data Set:
Horizontal Axis: ° to ° Vertical Axis: % Source Data: Filtered Data: Peaks:
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.

Optical Data of Sapphirine

Type:Biaxial (-)
RI values: nα = 1.701 - 1.729 nβ = 1.703 - 1.732 nγ = 1.705 - 1.734
2V:Measured: 51° to 69°, Calculated: 78° to 88°
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.004 - 0.005

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:High
Dispersion:r < v
Pleochroism:Visible
Comments:X = pinkish buff, yellowish, light smoky brown, colourless
Y = sky-blue, sapphire-blue, greenish blue
Z = dark sky-blue, dark sapphire-blue

Chemical Properties of Sapphirine

Formula:
(Mg,Fe)
 
4-x
Al
 
4+x
[Al
 
4+x
Si
 
2-x
O
 
18
]O
 
2
Essential elements:Al, Mg, O
All elements listed in formula:Al, Fe, Mg, O, Si

Relationship of Sapphirine to other Species

Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
9.DH.05Leucophanite
NaCaBeSi
 
2
O
 
6
F
9.DH.10Ohmilite
Sr
 
3
(Ti,Fe
3+
 
)[(O,OH)|(Si
 
2
O
 
6
)
 
2
] · 2-3H
 
2
O
9.DH.15Haradaite
SrVSi
 
2
O
 
7
9.DH.15Suzukiite
BaVSi
 
2
O
 
7
9.DH.20Batisite
Na
 
2
BaTi
 
2
[O|Si
 
2
O
 
6
]
 
2
9.DH.20Shcherbakovite
Na(K,Ba)
 
2
(Ti,Nb)
 
2
[O|Si
 
2
O
 
6
]
 
2
9.DH.25Taikanite
Sr
 
3
BaMn
2+
2
[O|Si
 
2
O
 
6
]
 
2
9.DH.30Krauskopfite
BaSi
 
2
O
 
5
·3H
 
2
O
9.DH.35Balangeroite
(Mg,Fe,Fe,Mn)
 
42
Si
 
16
O
 
54
(OH)
 
40
9.DH.35Gageite
Mn
 
21
O
 
3
(Si
 
4
O
 
12
)
 
2
(OH)
 
20
9.DH.40Aenigmatite
Na
 
2
Fe
2+
5
TiO
 
2
]Si
 
6
O
 
18
]
9.DH.40Dorrite
Ca
 
2
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)
 
2
Fe
3+
4
[O
 
2
|Al
 
4
Si
 
2
O
 
18
]
9.DH.40Høgtuvaite
(Ca,Na)
 
2
(Fe
2+
 
,Fe
3+
 
,Ti)
 
6
[O
 
2
|Be(Si,Al)
 
5
O
 
18
]
9.DH.40Krinovite
Na
 
2
Mg
 
4
Cr
3+
2
[O
 
2
|Si
 
6
O
 
18
]
9.DH.40Makarochkinite
Ca
 
2
Fe
2+
4
Fe
3+
 
Ti[O
 
2
|BeAlSi
 
4
O
 
18
]
9.DH.40Rhönite
Ca
 
2
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
,Fe
3+
 
,Ti)
 
6
[O
 
2
|(Si,Al)
 
6
O
 
18
]
9.DH.40Serendibite
(Ca,Na)
 
2
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)
 
3
(Al,Fe
3+
 
)
 
3
[O
 
2
|(Si,Al,B)
 
6
O
 
18
]
9.DH.40Welshite
Ca
 
4
Mg
 
9
Sb
 
3
O
 
4
[Si
 
6
Be
 
3
AlFe
 
2
O
 
36
]
9.DH.40Wilkinsonite
Na
 
2
Fe
2+
4
Fe
3+
2
[O
 
2
|Si
 
6
O
 
18
]
9.DH.50Khmaralite
(Mg,Al,Fe)
 
16
[(Al,Si,Be)
 
12
O
 
36
]O
 
4
9.DH.55Surinamite
(Mg,Fe)
 
3
Al
 
4
BeSi
 
3
O
 
16
9.DH.60Deerite
(Fe,Mn)
 
6
(Fe,Al)
 
3
Si
 
6
O
 
20
(OH)
 
5
9.DH.65Howieite
Na(Fe,Mn)
 
10
(Fe,Al)
 
2
Si
 
12
O
 
31
(OH)
 
13
9.DH.65Taneyamalite
(Na,Ca)(Mn,Mg,Fe)
 
12
Si
 
12
(O,OH)
 
44
9.DH.70Johninnesite
Na
 
2
Mg
 
5
Mn
 
12
As
 
2
Si
 
12
O
 
43
(OH)
 
6
9.DH.75Agrellite
NaCa
 
2
[F|Si
 
4
O
 
10
]
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
16.7.1Pyrope
Mg
 
3
Al
 
2
[SiO
 
4
]
 
3
16.7.3Sapphirine-1A
(Mg,Al,Fe
2+
 
)
 
8
[(Al,Si,Fe
3+
 
)
 
6
O
 
18
]O
 
2
16.7.4Magnesiochloritoid
MgAl
 
2
[O|(OH)
 
2
|SiO
 
4
]
16.7.5Kulkeite
Mg
 
8
Al(AlSi
 
7
)O
 
20
(OH)
 
10
16.7.6Palygorskite
(Mg,Al)
 
5
(Si,Al)
 
8
O
 
20
(OH)
 
2
·8H
 
2
O
16.7.7Saponite
Ca
 
0.25
(Mg,Fe)
 
3
(Si,Al)
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
·nH
 
2
O
16.7.8Aliettite
Ca
 
0.2
Mg
 
6
(Si,Al)
 
8
O
 
20
(OH)
 
4
·4H
 
2
O
16.7.9Montmorillonite
(Na,Ca)
 
0.33
(Al,Mg)
 
2
Si
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
·nH
 
2
O
16.7.10Baumite
(Mg,Al,Mn,Zn,Fe)
 
3
(Si,Al)
 
2
O
 
5
(OH)
 
4

Other Names for Sapphirine

Synonyms:
Blue ChalcedonySaphirine
Other Languages:
Dutch:Saffirien
German:Sapphirin
Blauer Diamantspath
Italian:Saffirina
Russian:Сапфирин
Varieties:
Beryllian Sapphirine

Polytypes for Sapphirine

Polytypes:
Sapphirine-1ASapphirine-2M

Other Information

Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Sapphirine

Reference List:Stromeyer (1819): Analyse einiger von dem Prof. von Giesecke in Grönland entdeckten Fossilien, 2. Saphirin von Fiskenaes oder Kikertarsoeitsiak, Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Vol. 63, p 374

Giesecke (1819), Stromeyer, Göttingen gel. Anz.: 1994.

Giesecke (1821), Untersuch. Misch. Mineralk.: 1: 391.

Hausmann (1847): 427.

Ussing (1889), Zeitschr. Kristall.: 15: 600.

Middlemiss (1904), Records of the Geological Survey of India: 31: 38.

Walker and Collins (1907), Records of the Gelogical Survey of India: 36, part 1: 1.

Warren (1912), American Journal of Science: 33: 263.

Lacroix (1913): 5: 73.

Doelter (1915): 2(2): 628.

Lacroix and de Gramont (1921), Bull. soc. min.: 44: 67.

Gossner and Mussgnug (1928), Jb. Min.: 58: 233.

Mountain (1939), Mineralogical Magazine: 25: 277.

Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1944), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Volume I: Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 7th edition, revised and enlarged: 724-726.

McKie, D. (1963) Order-disorder in sapphirine. Mineralogical Magazine: 635-645.

Moore, P.B. (1969) The crystal structure of sapphirine. American Mineralogist: 54: 31-49.

Merlino, S. (1973) Polymorphism in sapphirine. Contribs Mineral Petrol: 41: 21-29. Abstract in American Mineralogist (1974): 59: 632.

Schreyer W., and Abraham, K. (1975) Peraluminous sapphirine as a metastable reaction product in a kyanite-gedrite-talc schist from Sar e Sang, Afghanistan. Mineralogical Magazine: 40: 171-180.

Higgins, J.B. and Ribbe, P.H. (1979) Sapphirine II: a neutron and x-ray diffraction study of Mg-Al and Al-Si ordering in monoclinic sapphirine. Contribs Mineral Petrol: 68: 357-368.

Higgins, J.B., Ribbe, P.H., Herd, R.K. (1979) Sapphirine I: crystal chemical contributions. Contribs Mineral Petrol: 68: 349-356.

Merlino, S. (1980) The crystal structure of sapphirine-1Tc. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie: 151: 91-100.

Grew, E.S. (1980) Sapphirine + quartz association from Archean rocks in Enderby Land, Antarctica. American Mineralogist: 65: 821-836.

Warren, R.G., and Hensen, B.J. (1987) Peraluminous sapphirine from the Aileron district, Arunta block, central Australia. Mineralogical Magazine: 51: 409-416.

Christy, A.G. and Putnis, A. (1988) Planar and line defects in the sapphirine polytypes. Phys Chem Minerals: 15: 548-558. Abstract in American Mineralogist (1990): 75: 937.

Christy, A.G. (1989a) A short-range interaction model for polytypism and planar defect placement in sapphirine. Phys Chem Minerals: 16: 343-351.

Christy, A.G. (1989b) The stability of sapphirine + clinopyroxene: implications for phase relations in the CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 system under deep crustal and upper mantle conditions. Contribs Mineral Petrol: 102: 422-428.

Christy, A.G. (1989c) The effect of composition, pressure and temperature on the stability of the 1Tc and 2M polytypes of sapphirine. Contribs Mineral Petrol 103: 203-215.

Sengupta, P., Dasgupta, S., Bhattacharya, P.K., Fukuoka, M., Chakraborti, S., and Bhowmick, S. (1990) Petro-tectonic imprints in the sapphirine granulites from Anantagiri, Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt, India: Journal of Petrology: 31: 971-996.

Grew, E.S., Yates, M.G., Romanenko, I.M., Christy, A.G., Swihart, G.H. (1992) Calcian, borian sapphirine from the serendibite deposit at Johnsburg, New York, USA. European Journal of Mineralogy: 4: 475-485.

Grew, E.S., Pertsev, N.N., Yates, M.G., Christy, A.G., Marquez, N., Chernosky, J.V. (1994) Sapphirine + forsterite and sapphirine + humite-group minerals in an ultra-magnesian lens from Kuhi-Lal, SW Pamirs, Tajikistan: are these assemblages forbidden? Journal of Petrology: 35: 1275-1293.

Harley, S.L. and Christy, A.G. (1995) Titanium-bearing sapphirine in a partially melted aluminous granulite xenolith, Vestfold Hills, Antarctica - geological and mineralogical implications. European Journal of Mineralogy: 7: 637-653.

Harley, S.L. and Motoyoshi, Y. (2000) Al zoning in orthopyroxene in a sapphirine quartzite: evidence for (greater than) 1120° C metamorphism in the Napier Complex, Antarctica, and implications for the entropy of sapphirine. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology: 138: 293-307.

Christy, A.G., Tabira, Y., Hölscher, A., Grew, E.S., Schreyer, W. (2002) Synthesis of beryllian sapphirine in the system MgO-BeO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O and comparison with naturally occurring beryllian sapphirine and khmaralite, Part 1: experiments, TEM and XRD. American Mineralogist: 87: 1104-1112.

Christy, A.G., and Grew, E.S. (2004) Synthesis of beryllian sapphirine in the system MgO-BeO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O and comparison with naturally occurring beryllian sapphirine and khmaralite, Part 2: a chemographic study of Be content as a function of P, T, assemblage and FeMg-1 exchange. American Mineralogist: 89: 327-338.

Koshimoto, S., Tsunogae, T., Santosh, M. (2004) Sapphirine and corundum bearing ultrahigh-temperature rocks from the Palghat-Cauvery Shear System, southern India. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences: 99: 298-310.

Das, S., Bhattacharya, A., Raith, M.M., Bhadra, S., Banerjee, M. (2006) Aluminous sapphirine granulites from the eastern Ghats Belt (India): phase relations and relevance to counterclockwise P-T history. European Journal of Mineralogy: 18: 35-48.

Grew, E.S., Yates, M.G., Shearer, C.K., Haggerty, J.J., Sheraton, J.W., and Sandiford, M. (2006) Beryllium and other trace elements in paragenisses and anatectic veins of the ultrahigh-temperature Napier Complex, Enderby Land, East Antarctica: The role of sapphirine. Journal of Petrology: 47: 859-882.

Tsunogae, T., and Santosh, M. (2006) Spinel-sapphirine-quartz bearing composite inclusion within garnet from an ultrahigh-temperature pelitic granulite: implications for metamorphic history and P-T path. Lithos: 92: 524-536.

Internet Links for Sapphirine

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    Localities for Sapphirine

    Hide Locality List
    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
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    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Algeria
     
    • Tamanghasset Province
      • Ahaggar Mts (Hoggar Mts)
        • In Ouzzal
    		M. Guiraud, J.R. Kienast, A. Rahmani : "Petrological study of high-temperature granulites from In Ouzal, Algeria : some implications on the phase relationships in the FMASTOCr system", Eur. J. Mineral. , 1996, 8, 1375-1390.
    Antarctica
     
    • Eastern Antarctica
      • Enderby Land
        • Edward VIII Bay
    		Journal of Petrology, 2004, 45 (7), pp. 1481-1512.
    Harley, S.L. and Motoyoshi, Y. (2000) Al zoning in orthopyroxene in a sapphirine quartzite: evidence for (greater than) 1120° C metamorphism in the Napier Complex, Antarctica, and implications for the entropy of sapphirine. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology: 138: 293-307; http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2003AM/finalprogram/abstract_60995.
          • Amundsen Bay
    		Polar Geoscience 14:1-24
        • Tula Mts
          • Mt. Riiser-Larsen
    		Y. Motoyoshi and B.J. Hensen, Eur. J. Mineral., 1989, 1, pp. 467-471.
      • Mac Robertson Land
    		Mineralogical Magazine 1963 33 : 635-645
      • Princess Elizabeth Land
        • Ingrid Christensen Coast
          • Prydz Bay
            • Larsemann Hills (Larseman Hills)
    		Edward S. Grew, et al (2007) European Journal of Mineralogy, 19, 29-245
    MinMag 58:259 (1994)
    Australia
     
    • New South Wales
      • Wellesley Co.
    		Min Mag 50:635-640
    • Northern Territory
    		Neues Jahrb Mineral Monatsh1:15-35. (1976)
    Austria
     
    • Lower Austria
      • Dunkelsteinerwald
        • Aggsbach Dorf
    		D.A. Carswell et al., Eur.J. Mineral., 1989, 1, pp. 455-466.
    Canada
     
    • Newfoundland and Labrador
    		Journal of Petrology 32:29-61 (1991)
    Tectonophysics 347:167–177 (2002)
    • Québec
    		Mineralogical Magazine 1963 33 : 635-645
    • Saskatchewan
      • Athabasca Basin
        • Honsvall Lake
    		Eur. J. Mineral. , 1995, 7, pp. 1251-1272.
    China
     
    • Jiangsu Province
      • Lianyungang Prefecture
        • Donghai Co.
    		Zhang, R.Y., Liou, J.G., and Zheng, J.P. (2004): Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 147, 21-31.
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • South Bohemia Region
        • Písek
    		J. Kotkova, S.L. Hartley, M. Fisera, Eur J. Mineral., 1997, Vol. 9, N. 5, pp. 1017-1033
    Finland
     
    • Lapin (Lapland) Lääni
    		No reference listed
    France
     
    • Auvergne
      • Haute-Loire
        • Lavoûte-Chilhac
          • Saint-Ilpize
    		FORESTIER F. H., LASNIER B. (1969) – Découverte de niveaux d’amphibolites à pargasite, anorthite, corindon et saphirine dans les schistes cristallins de la vallée du Haut-Allier – Existence du faciès granulite dans la massif Central Français, Contr. Mineral. And Petrol. 23, pp. 194-235.
    • Midi-Pyrénées
      • Ariège
        • Saint-Girons
          • Aulus-les-Bains
            • Col d'Agnès
              • Etang de Lherz
    Germany
     
    • Saxony
      • Döbeln
        • Waldheim
    		Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
    Greece
     
    • Aegean Islands (Aiyaíon) Department
      • Kykládes Prefecture
        • Cyclade Islands (Cyclades; Kikladhes; Nomos Kikladhon)
    		J.B.H. Jansen (1977) Ph.D. Thesis, State Univ. of Utrecht
    • Thraki (Thrace; Thracia) Department
      • Komotini (Rodopi; Rhodope) Prefecture
        • Thermes
    		Eur. J. Mineral. , 1994, 6, pp. 733-738.
    Greenland
     
    • Kitaa (West Greenland) Province
      • Maniitsoq (Sukkertoppen)
    		Boeggild, O.B. (1953): The Mineralogy of Greenland, Reitzels Forlag Koebenhavn; Mineralogical Magazine 1963 33 : 635-645
      • Nuuk (Godthåb)
        • Fiskenaes (Fiskenaesset; Qeqertarsuatsiaat)
          • Bjørnesund
    		Petersen, O.V & Johnsen, O. (1980): Giant crystals of Kornerupine. Mineralogical Record 11,93-96
    Friend, C,R.L. (1982): A1-Cr substitution in peraluminous sapphirines
    Williams, H.R. (1984): Field relations and chemistry of Sapphirine-bearing rocks from the Bjoernesund area, Fiskenaesset, Western Greenland, Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 22, 417 - 421
    Stromeyer (1819): Analyse einiger von dem Prof. von Giesecke in Grönland entdeckten Fossilien, 2. Saphirin von Fiskenaes oder Kikertarsoeitsiak, Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Vol. 63, p 374; Mineralogical Magazine 1987 51 : 695-708.
    Ackermand, D., Windley, B.F., Herd R.K. (1983): Magnesian Högbomite in a Sapphirine-bearing rock from the Fiskenaesset region, W. Greenland, Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 47, 555-561
    India
     
    • Andhra Pradesh
      • Anantagiri District
        • Eastern Ghats Belt
    		Journal of Petrology: 31: 971-996.
      • Visakhapatnam District
        • Eastern Ghats Belt
    		Journal of Petrology (1987): 28: 1139-1168.
    American Mineralogist: 91: 375-384.
    Journal of Metamorphic Geology: 18: 223-240.
    Eur. J. Mineral. , 1991, 3, pp. 367-386.
    • Tamil Nadu
      • Madurai District
    		Mineralogical Magazine 1963 33 : 635-645
    Mineralogical Magazine 1963 33 : 635-645
    Italy
     
    • Lombardy
      • Sondrio Province
        • Novate Mezzola
          • Codera Valley
    		Ghizzoni, S. & Mazzoleni, G. (2005): Itinerari mineralogici in val Codera. Geologia Insubrica, Ed., Milano, 316 pp.
    • Piedmont
      • Cuneo Province
    		[MinRec 27:303]
          • Varaita Valley
            • Brossasco
    		Piccoli, G.C., Maletto, G., Bosio, P., Lombardo, B. (2007). Minerali del Piemonte e della Valle d\'Aosta. Associazione Amici del Museo \"F. Eusebio\" Alba, Ed., Alba (Cuneo) 607 pp.
    Piccoli, G.C. (2002). Minerali delle Alpi Marittime e Cozie Provincia di Cuneo. Associazione Amici del Museo \"F. Eusebio\" Alba, Ed., Alba (Cuneo) 366 pp.
    Kenya
     
    • Coast Province
      • Taita Taveta District
    		Natural History Museum Vienna collection
    Madagascar
     
    • Fianarantsoa Province
      • Horombe Region
    		[www.johnbetts-fineminerals.com]
          • Ianabinda Commune
    		Behier, J. (1960): Contribution á la mineralogie de Madagascar. Annales Géologiques de Madagascar XXIX, Tananarive. p 46
    Knorring,v.O; Sahama, Th.G & Lehtinen, M.(1969): Kornerupine-bearing gneiss from Inanakafy nearBetroka, Madagascar. Bull.Geol.Soc. Finland 41, 79-84
    Giuliani, G., Fallick, A., Rakotondrazafy, M., Ohnenstetter, D., Andriamamonjy, A., Ralantoarison, T., Rakotosamizanany, S., Razanatseheno, M., Offant, Y., Garnier, V., Dunaigre, C., Schwarz, D., Mercier, A., Ratrimo, V., and Ralison, B. (2007): Mineralium Deposita 42, 251-270.
          • Isoanala Commune
    		Giuliani, G., Fallick, A., Rakotondrazafy, M., Ohnenstetter, D., Andriamamonjy, A., Ralantoarison, T., Rakotosamizanany, S., Razanatseheno, M., Offant, Y., Garnier, V., Dunaigre, C., Schwarz, D., Mercier, A., Ratrimo, V., and Ralison, B. (2007): Mineralium Deposita 42, 251-270.
    No reference listed
    Giuliani, G., Fallick, A., Rakotondrazafy, M., Ohnenstetter, D., Andriamamonjy, A., Ralantoarison, T., Rakotosamizanany, S., Razanatseheno, M., Offant, Y., Garnier, V., Dunaigre, C., Schwarz, D., Mercier, A., Ratrimo, V., and Ralison, B. (2007): Mineralium Deposita 42, 251-270.
        • Ihosy Department
          • Ihosy
            • Amboarohy
              • Ambahatraso
    		Giuliani, G., Fallick, A., Rakotondrazafy, M., Ohnenstetter, D., Andriamamonjy, A., Ralantoarison, T., Rakotosamizanany, S., Razanatseheno, M., Offant, Y., Garnier, V., Dunaigre, C., Schwarz, D., Mercier, A., Ratrimo, V., and Ralison, B. (2007): Mineralium Deposita 42, 251-270.
    Giuliani, G., Fallick, A., Rakotondrazafy, M., Ohnenstetter, D., Andriamamonjy, A., Ralantoarison, T., Rakotosamizanany, S., Razanatseheno, M., Offant, Y., Garnier, V., Dunaigre, C., Schwarz, D., Mercier, A., Ratrimo, V., and Ralison, B. (2007): Mineralium Deposita 42, 251-270.
    B. Devouard et al. : "Occurrence of musgravite in anorthite-corundum-spinel-sapphirine rocks ("sakenites") from South Madagascar : Evidence for a high-grade metasomatic event". 18th General Meeting of the IMA, Sept. 2002, Edinburgh, Scotland.
    Giuliani, G., Fallick, A., Rakotondrazafy, M., Ohnenstetter, D., Andriamamonjy, A., Ralantoarison, T., Rakotosamizanany, S., Razanatseheno, M., Offant, Y., Garnier, V., Dunaigre, C., Schwarz, D., Mercier, A., Ratrimo, V., and Ralison, B. (2007): Mineralium Deposita 42, 251-270.
    • Tuléar (Toliara) Province
      • Androy Region
        • Ambovombe-Atsimo Department
          • Imanombo Commune
    		Ackermand, D., Windley, B. F. & Razafiniparany, A. .H. (1991): Kornerupine breakdown reactions in paragneisses from southern Madagascar. Mineralogical Magazine 55: 71-80
        • Amboasary Department
    Norway
     
    • Aust-Agder
      • Tvedestrand
    		Nijland, T.G., Zwaan, J.C & Touret, L. (1998): Topograpical mineralogy of the Bamble sector, south Norway. Scripta Geologica 118, 46 pp
        • Snaresund
    		Touret, J. & De La Roche, H. (1971): Contribution to the mineralogy of Norway , No. 45. Saphirine à Snaresund, prés de Tvedestrand (Norvége Méridionale). Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 51, 170-175
    • More og Romsdal
      • Ulstein
        • Hareidland
    		I. Bryhni (1974, report to Department of Environment, Norway); Neumann (1985, p. 61).
    Journal of Metamorphic Geology, Vol. 17, Issue 6, p. 637, Nov. 1999.
    • Nordland
      • Meløy
        • Meløyfjorden
    		Østergaard, T.V. (1969): Sapphirine in a kyanite- and staurolite- bearing rock. Norges Geologiske Undersøkels nr 258. (Årbok 1968), 62-65 + Neumann (1985, p. 132).
    • Rogaland
      • Bjerkreim
        • Vikesa
    		Neumann, H. (1985): "Norges Mineraler" (Minerals of Norway), in Norwegian language, NGU skrifter # 68, pp. 193-194.
    Oman
     
    • Semail Ophiolite
      • Khawr Fakkan Massif
    		Geological Magazine 139 (3), 241 - 255
    Pakistan
     
    • Northern Areas
      • Gilgit District
    		Garnier, V., Giuliani, G., Ohnenstetter, D., Fallick, A.E., Dubessy, J., Banks, D., Vinh, H.Q., Lhomme, T., Maluski, H., Pêcher, A., Bakhsh, K.A., Long, P.V., Trinh, P.T., and Schwarz, D. (2008): Ore Geology Reviews 34, 169-191.
    Russia
     
    • Northern Region
      • Karelia Republic
        • Northern Karelia
          • Loukhi
            • Tedino
              • Dyadino lake
    		P.M. Kartashov data
    South Africa
     
    • Limpopo Province
      • Messina District
    		Minerals of South Africa
    Minerals of South Africa
    • Northern Cape Province
      • Namaqualand
        • Okiep Copper District
    		Minerals of South Africa
    Sri Lanka
     
    • Central Province
    		Journal of Petrology, Volume 40, Issue 8: August 1999
    Journal of Petrology, Volume 40, Issue 8: August 1999
    • Southern Province
      • Embilipitiya
    		Natural History Museum Vienna collection
    Sweden
     
    • Halland
      • Falkenberg
    Tanzania
     
    • Dodoma Region
      • Kongwa
    		www.min.uni-kiel.de/petrographie/schenk/projekte/tansania/mautia/dmg_mautia.pdf.; Mineralogical Magazine 1963 33 : 635-645
    Thailand
     
    Uganda
     
    • Kotido District (Karamoja District)
    		http://www.min.uni-kiel.de/petrographie/schenk/ugandaweb/index1.html?/petrographie/schenk/ugandaweb/labwor.html
    UK
     
    • Scotland
      • Outer Hebrides
        • Isle of Harris
    		AmMin 85: 1474-1484
    United Arab Emirates
    Cont. Min. & Petrol. 116 (4) (May 1994)
    Cont. Min. & Petrol. 116 (4) (May 1994)
    USA
     
    • Arizona
      • La Paz Co.
        • Quartzsite
          • Dome Rock Mts
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 361; Wilson, E.D. (1929), An occurrence of dumortierite near Quartzsite, AZ, Am.Min.: 14: 373-381.
    • Colorado
      • Custer Co.
        • Cisneros Trail
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
        • Hardscrabble District
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
    • Kansas
      • Riley Co.
    		AmMin 61:1194
    • New Hampshire
      • Cheshire Co.
    		Schumacher and Robinson, 1987: Journal of Petrology 28 (6):1033-1073
    • New York
      • Warren Co.
    		NY State Museum spec. no. 15779
      • Westchester Co.
    		Jensen (1978) Minerals of New York State, p.153; Mineralogical Magazine 1963 33 : 635-645
    George Robinson & Steven Chamberlain (2007) Gazetteer of major New York State mineral localities. Rocks & Minerals, 82, #6, 472-483.
    • North Carolina
    		JMG, v. 14, p. 103-114
    Forsyth Gem and Mineral Club
    Mineral and/or Locality
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