Siegenite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Siegenite
Formula:
CoNi2S4
CoNi2S4 is the IMA-approved formula. The mineral was previously also incorrectly defined by a range of composition: CoNi2S4-NiCo2S4 (the latter composition is grimmite). The pure Co- and Ni-endmembers are linnaeite and polydymite, respectively.
Colour:
Light to steel-grey, violet-gray (tarnished)
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
4½ - 5½
Specific Gravity:
4.5 - 4.8
Crystal System:
Isometric
Member of:
Name:
Named after its discovery locality in the Siegen district, Westphalia (Germany).
Linnaeite Group and Thiospinel Group.
Siegenite-Violarite Series.
Formula was earlier often generally given as (Ni,Co)3S4. Note that the composition NiCo2S4 (grimmite) is a normal spinel, i.e. Ni[Co2]S4 (Knop et al., 1968), while the composition CoNi2S4 (i.e. siegenite) is an inverse spinel, i.e. Ni[CoNi]S4 (Huang & Knop, 1971).
Compare polydymite and linnaeite.
Siegenite-Violarite Series.
Formula was earlier often generally given as (Ni,Co)3S4. Note that the composition NiCo2S4 (grimmite) is a normal spinel, i.e. Ni[Co2]S4 (Knop et al., 1968), while the composition CoNi2S4 (i.e. siegenite) is an inverse spinel, i.e. Ni[CoNi]S4 (Huang & Knop, 1971).
Compare polydymite and linnaeite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3655
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3655:5
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
1fe3e13d-85fa-4bee-9e40-219fcfc3d544
IMA Classification of Siegenite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Siegenite
2.DA.05
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
D : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 3 :4 and 2:3
A : M:S = 3:4
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
D : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 3 :4 and 2:3
A : M:S = 3:4
2.10.1.6
2 : SULFIDES
10 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 3:4
2 : SULFIDES
10 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 3:4
3.11.11
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
11 : Sulphides etc. of Ni
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
11 : Sulphides etc. of Ni
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Seg | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Sie | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Pronunciation of Siegenite
Pronunciation:
Play | Recorded by | Country |
---|---|---|
Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Siegenite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Light to steel-grey, violet-gray (tarnished)
Streak:
Greyish black
Hardness:
4½ - 5½ on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=459 - 540 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Cleavage:
Imperfect/Fair
Imperfect on {001}
Imperfect on {001}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
4.5 - 4.8 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.83 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Siegenite
Reflectivity:
Wavelength | R |
---|---|
400nm | 42.8% |
440nm | 43.7% |
480nm | 44.8% |
520nm | 45.9% |
560nm | 47.2% |
600nm | 49.0% |
640nm | 50.8% |
680nm | 52.4% |
700nm | 53.2% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 53.2%.
Chemistry of Siegenite
Mindat Formula:
CoNi2S4
CoNi2S4 is the IMA-approved formula. The mineral was previously also incorrectly defined by a range of composition: CoNi2S4-NiCo2S4 (the latter composition is grimmite). The pure Co- and Ni-endmembers are linnaeite and polydymite, respectively.
CoNi2S4 is the IMA-approved formula. The mineral was previously also incorrectly defined by a range of composition: CoNi2S4-NiCo2S4 (the latter composition is grimmite). The pure Co- and Ni-endmembers are linnaeite and polydymite, respectively.
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Se,Cu,Fe
Crystallography of Siegenite
Crystal System:
Isometric
Class (H-M):
m3m (4/m 3 2/m) - Hexoctahedral
Space Group:
Fd3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.41 Å
Unit Cell V:
833.24 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
8
Morphology:
Octahedral crystals, massive, granular, compact
Twinning:
On {111}, may be polysynthetic
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0012158 | Siegenite | Huang C H, Knop O (1971) Chalkogenides of the transition elements. VIII A X-ray and neutron diffraction study of the spinel CoNi2S4 Canadian Journal of Chemistry 49 598-602 | 1971 | 0 | 293 | ||
0012159 | Siegenite | Huang C H, Knop O (1971) Chalkogenides of the transition elements. VIII A X-ray and neutron diffraction study of the spinel CoNi2S4 Canadian Journal of Chemistry 49 598-602 | 1971 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Image Loading
Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
2.86 Å | (100) |
1.670 Å | (80) |
2.36 Å | (70) |
1.815 Å | (60) |
0.988 Å | (50) |
3.34 Å | (40) |
1.228 Å | (40) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
12 : Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits (see also #33) |
Geological Setting:
Hydrothermal veins
Type Occurrence of Siegenite
Synonyms of Siegenite
Kobaltnickelkies (in part) (in part)
Other Language Names for Siegenite
Relationship of Siegenite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Cadmoindite | CdIn2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Cuprorhodsite | (Cu1+0.5Fe3+0.5)Rh3+2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Daubréelite | Fe2+Cr3+2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Greigite | Fe2+Fe3+2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Grimmite | NiCo2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Indite | FeIn2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Joegoldsteinite | MnCr2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Kalininite | ZnCr2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Linnaeite | Co2+Co3+2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Polydymite | Ni2+Ni3+2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Tarkianite | (Cu,Fe)(Re,Mo)4S8 | Iso. 4 3m : F4 3m |
Violarite | Fe2+Ni3+2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Xingzhongite | Pb2+Ir3+2S4 | Iso. |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
76 photos of Siegenite associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
63 photos of Siegenite associated with Galena | PbS |
62 photos of Siegenite associated with Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
26 photos of Siegenite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
24 photos of Siegenite associated with Millerite | NiS |
18 photos of Siegenite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
17 photos of Siegenite associated with Marcasite | FeS2 |
10 photos of Siegenite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
8 photos of Siegenite associated with Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
7 photos of Siegenite associated with Siderite | FeCO3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
2.DA. | Zaykovite | Rh3Se4 |
2.DA. | Grimmite | NiCo2S4 |
2.DA. | Zolenskyite | FeCr2S4 |
2.DA. | Ezochiite | Cu+(Rh3+Pt4+)S4 |
2.DA. | Ferrodimolybdenite | FeMo2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Bornhardtite | Co2+Co3+2Se4 |
2.DA.05 | Carrollite | CuCo2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Cuproiridsite | (Cu,Fe)Ir2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Cuprorhodsite | (Cu1+0.5Fe3+0.5)Rh3+2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Daubréelite | Fe2+Cr3+2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Fletcherite | CuNi2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Florensovite | (Cu,Zn)Cr1.5Sb0.5S4 |
2.DA.05 | Greigite | Fe2+Fe3+2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Indite | FeIn2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Kalininite | ZnCr2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Linnaeite | Co2+Co3+2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Malanite | Cu1+(Ir3+Pt4+)S4 |
2.DA.05 | Polydymite | Ni2+Ni3+2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Trüstedtite | Ni3Se4 |
2.DA.05 | Tyrrellite | Cu(Co3+,Ni3+)2Se4 |
2.DA.05 | Violarite | Fe2+Ni3+2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Xingzhongite | Pb2+Ir3+2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Cadmoindite | CdIn2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Cuprokalininite | CuCr2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Joegoldsteinite | MnCr2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Nickeltyrrellite | CuNi2Se4 |
2.DA.10 | Rhodostannite | Cu1+(Fe2+0.5Sn4+1.5)S4 |
2.DA.10 | Toyohaite | Ag1+(Fe2+0.5Sn4+1.5)S4 |
2.DA.15 | Brezinaite | Cr3S4 |
2.DA.15 | Heideite | (Fe,Cr)1.15(Ti,Fe)2S4 |
2.DA.20 | Inaglyite | Cu3Pb(Ir,Pt)8S16 |
2.DA.20 | Konderite | Cu3Pb(Rh,Pt,Ir)8S16 |
2.DA.25 | Kingstonite | (Rh,Ir,Pt)3S4 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Siegenite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3655.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Siegenite
Reference List:
Petruk, W., Harris, D. C., Stewart, J. M. (1969) Langisite, a new mineral, and the rare minerals cobalt pentlandite, siegenite, parkerite, and bravoite from the Langis mine, Cobalt-Gowganda area, Ontario, Canada. The Canadian Mineralogist, 9 (5) 597-616
Zakrzewski, M. A. (1984) Minerals of the bravoite – villamaninite series and cuprian siegenite from Karniowice, Poland. The Canadian Mineralogist, 22 (3) 499-502
Criddle, A. J., Stanley, C. J. (1993) Data file. In Quantitative Data File for Ore Minerals. Springer Netherlands. p.1-635. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-1486-8_1p.509
Hazen, Robert M., Hystad, Grethe, Golden, Joshua J., Hummer, Daniel R., Liu, Chao, Downs, Robert T., Morrison, Shaunna M., Ralph, Jolyon, Grew, Edward S. (2017) Cobalt mineral ecology. American Mineralogist, 102 (1) 108-116 doi:10.2138/am-2017-5798
Localities for Siegenite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Andronikov et al. (2021) |
Argentina | |
| de Brodtkorb et al. (2016) |
Australia | |
| Wagga Wagga Mine Data Sheets |
| Economic Geology 99 (2004) +1 other reference |
| Richardson et al. (1997) |
| Noble R.J. +1 other reference |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| A. R. Seymon |
| Ostwald (1978) |
| Hollis et al. (2021) |
| Marston (1984) |
| Grguric et al. (2018) |
Austria | |
| Paar et al. (1982) +1 other reference |
| A.Pichler (2003) |
Taucher (1998) | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2019) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2019) |
Kolitsch (2023) | |
| Exel (1993) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2012) |
Leblhuber (2000) | |
Poeverlein (2008) | |
| Putz et al. (2007) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2023) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2020) |
| Niedermayr et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
Belgium | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Brazil | |
| Campbell (2012) |
| acd.ufrj.br (2002) |
| Monteiro et al. (2008) |
Monteiro et al. (2008) | |
| Villas et al. (2001) |
| Campo-Rodríguez et al. (2021) |
Bulgaria | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Dragov et al. (1998) +2 other references |
| tin.er.usgs.gov (n.d.) +2 other references |
Canada | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Jackson-Brown et al. (2014) |
| Blackadar (1981) |
| Somarin et al. (2022) |
| Rocks & Minerals (2008) |
| Ames et al. (2003) |
Kjarsgaard et al. (2010, June) | |
| OGS Open File 5975 +1 other reference |
| Colvine (1974) |
| Yuanming Pan and Michael E. Fleet (1989) |
Mulja & Mitchell (1990) | |
| Cabri et al. (1979) |
Hinchey et al. (2005) | |
| Good et al. (2017) |
| 159-161. +1 other reference |
| Can Mineral December 1971 v. 11 no. 1 ... +2 other references |
| Vollo (1959) |
| USGS Open File Report 81-1666 |
| Barkov et al. (2002) |
Chad | |
| Rigobert et al. (2013) |
China | |
| Li et al. (1999) |
| Huang +7 other references |
| Jingwen Mao et al. (2001) |
| Jinjie Yu et al. (2013) |
| 赵玉锁 et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Xiangping et al. (2001) |
| Singer et al. (2002) |
| Yanchen Yang et al. (2004) +2 other references |
| Chunyan Dong et al. (2005) |
Houmin Li et al. (2001) | |
| Li et al. (2022) |
| Lixin Wang et al. (2013) |
| Xueming Wang et al. (2002) |
| Wenhui Qiu (1985) |
| Zhaolong Li and Lianying Zhang (1999) |
| Wang et al. (2022) |
| Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006) |
Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006) | |
| Hongjun Qu (1992) |
| Hunan Metallurgical Geology Research Team 236 (1977) |
| Zhimin Zhu et al. (2009) |
| Lizhu Li et al. (2006) |
| Hongjun Qu (1992) |
| |
| Lu et al. (1989) +1 other reference |
| Hongjun Qu (1992) |
Hongjun Qu (1992) | |
| Zuoheng Zhang et al. (2007) |
Yan Sun et al. (2009) | |
| Xu Yong and Zhu Xinyou (2000) |
| Dai et al. (2015) |
| Min Liu (2002) +1 other reference |
| Kaixu Chen et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Yuan Li (1998) |
Czech Republic | |
| Duda +1 other reference |
| Brabec (2002) |
| Plášil J. et al. (černojamské ložisko) +1 other reference |
| Ondruš et al. (2003) |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) |
| Scharm +7 other references |
| Dolníček et al. (2019) |
| Dolníček et al. (2021) |
| Kříbek et al. (2009) |
DR Congo | |
| 304. +4 other references |
Gauthier et al. (1989) | |
| N. Loris et al. (Shaba, Zaïre) |
Finland | |
| B.K. (1958) |
| Mutanen |
Mutanen | |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2009 ... |
Geological Survey of Finland 2011. ... | |
| Hänninen Esko 1986. Polvijärven ... |
| Vuorelainen |
France | |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Chopin (1978) |
| Chopin (1978) |
| J. Geffroy and M. Lenfant +1 other reference |
| Le Règne Minéral 47: 5-21 |
| De Ascenção Guedes et al. (2002) |
| BERBAIN et al. (2010) |
Germany | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2019) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
Henrich et al. (2019) | |
| Matthias Reinhardt (2011) |
Weiß (1990) | |
Wittern (2001) | |
Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
Weiß (1990) | |
Weiß (1990) | |
Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Weiß (1990) |
Wittern (2001) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Lithothek der Münchener Micromounter |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
Weiß (1990) | |
Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Emser Hefte 1980 (3) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Dana 6:1039 +2 other references |
| Emser Hefte 1979 (1) |
Greece | |
| Rieck et al. (2018) |
| Rieck et al. (2018) |
Kolitsch et al. (2015) +1 other reference | |
Eliopoulos +3 other references | |
Greenland | |
| field et al. (5) +1 other reference |
India | |
| Dora et al. (2014) |
Ireland | |
| de Haller +2 other references |
| Yesares et al. (2021) |
| Tindle (2008) |
Italy | |
| Garuti et al. (2008) |
| Moroni et al. (2019) |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) |
| Bedognè (2011) |
| Bortolozzi G. et al. (2013) |
Japan | |
| Shimada et al. (1981) |
| Rocks & Min.: 22:223. |
| Imai (1976) |
Imai et al. (1973) +1 other reference | |
| K. Nishikubo et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Hirata et al. (1993) |
| Alfredo Petrov specimens |
Hirata et al. (1993) | |
| Kitakaze et al. (2016) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Spiridonov (1982) |
| doi.org (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Stepanets et al. (2018) |
Morocco | |
| El Basbas et al. (2011) |
Namibia | |
| von Seckendorff et al. (2000) |
Netherlands | |
| T.G. Nijland |
| found by Frank de Wit |
North Korea | |
| Resource Geology |
Norway | |
| Nordrum et al. (1981) |
| Pedersen (1976) |
| Krause et al. (1975) |
Gierth et al. (1973) +1 other reference | |
| Nordrum (2000) |
| Vokes (1957) |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... |
Poland | |
| Czerny J. 1992: Hydrothermal ... |
| Piestrzyński et al. (2012) |
| Kucha H. 2007: Mineralogia kruszcowa i ... |
| Eligiusz Szełęg collection |
| Lenik et al. (2019) |
Portugal | |
| Dep Ciencias Terra FCT Universidade ... |
Romania | |
| Cook et al. (2002) +2 other references |
Zajzon et al. (2015) | |
| Ilinca (2012) |
Ilinca (2012) | |
Ilinca (2012) | |
Constantinescu et al. (1982) +1 other reference | |
Russia | |
| Plotinskaya et al. (2015) |
| Plotinskaya et al. (2014) |
| Local geolofist S.V.Kolesnichenko data |
| Ivanyuk et al. (2018) +1 other reference |
| Kalinin (2021) |
| Коневин et al. (2020) |
Коневин et al. (2020) | |
| Grabezhev et al. (2007) |
| Gas’kov (2008) |
| Prokof’ev et al. (2007) |
| Prokof’ev et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
Slovakia | |
| Luptáková et al. (2016) |
| Koděra (1986) |
Ragan M. et al. (veporikum) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Radvanec et al. (2016) |
Ferenc et al. (2016) +1 other reference | |
| Koděra (1986) |
Koděra (1986) | |
Koděra (1986) | |
Koděra (1986) | |
Koděra (1986) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
Grecula (1995) | |
Grecula (1995) | |
Koděra (1986) | |
| Ferenc et al. (2001) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Beckett-Brown et al. (2018) |
Spain | |
| BERTRAN-OLLER et al. (2012) |
| Fanlo et al. (1998) |
| undefined +1 other reference |
| Econ Geol (1997) +1 other reference |
| Mata i Perelló (1990) |
| Abella i Creus (2018) |
| Econ Geol (1992) |
| |
Sweden | |
| |
| Torstensson (2002) |
| |
| |
Burke et al. (1983) | |
| Nysten |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Brugger J. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
Uganda | |
| Riley (1980) +2 other references |
UK | |
| Day (1999) |
| Livingstone et al. (1976) +2 other references |
| Ian Jones collection |
| |
| |
| Ian Jones collection. Aragonite ... |
| Ian Jones collection |
| Ian Jones collection |
| Ian Jones collection |
| Day (1999) |
Rust et al. (1988) | |
| Day (1999) |
Rust (1991) | |
| Day (1999) |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1996 60 : ... |
| Ian Jones collection |
| |
| |
| |
| Ian Jones collection |
| |
Day (1999) | |
| Ian Jones collection |
USA | |
| . +2 other references |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 66. +2 other references |
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| Candela et al. (1989) |
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| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
Rocks & Min. Mar. 1998 +2 other references | |
| J Cilen collection specimen |
355-376 +1 other reference | |
| Am.Min.: 44:995-1009. |
American Mineralogist (1930) | |
Grawe (1945) | |
Rocks & Min.: 21:751-752. | |
| Dana 7: I: 264 +2 other references |
| 2009 Portland GSA Annual Meeting (18-21 October 2009) +2 other references |
| Collectors Edge specimen |
- (2005) | |
| 355-376 +1 other reference |
| 355-376 +3 other references |
Econ Geol (1992) +1 other reference | |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
Leach et al. (1995) | |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| D. Von Bargen (1979) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| W. W. (2012) |
| Crook et al. (1978) +2 other references |
| Min. News 15 (5) |
Uzbekistan | |
| Mineraly Uzbekistana (Minerals of the Uzbekistan) |
Zambia | |
| Exploration and Mining Geology +6 other references |
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