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Synadelphite

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Moss mine, Nordmark (Nordmarksberg), Filipstad, Värmland, Sweden
© Torbjörn Lorin, 2011

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Formula:
Mn
2+
9
(As
5+
 
O
 
4
)
 
2
(As
3+
 
O
 
3
)(OH)
 
9
 · 2H
 
2
O
System:OrthorhombicColour:Colourless (crystal ...
Hardness:4½
Name:From Greek σύν = "syn" for "with," plus άδελφος = "adelphos," for "brother," alluding to its association with several other chemically similar minerals.


Hematolite Group

Classification of Synadelphite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:7/D.56-10
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:8.BE.50

8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
E : With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 > 2:1
Dana 8th edition ID:43.5.12.1

43 : COMPOUND PHOSPHATES, ETC.
5 : Hydrated Compound Phosphates, etc·, Containing Hydroxyl or Halogen
Hey's CIM Ref.:20.8.8

20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
8 : Arsenates of Mn
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Type Occurrence of Synadelphite

Type Locality:Moss mine, Nordmark (Nordmarksberg), Filipstad, Värmland, Sweden
Year of Discovery:1884

Physical Properties of Synadelphite

Lustre:Adamantine, Vitreous, Sub-Metallic
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Transparent, Translucent, Opaque
Comment:Colourless material is vitreous, whereas the coloured material is adamantine to sub-metallic.
Colour:Colourless (crystal centers), red to brown (exteriors), blackish; colourless to pale brown or reddish in transmitted light.
Hardness (Mohs):4½
Tenacity:Brittle
Cleavage:Imperfect/Fair
On {010}, imperfect.
Fracture:Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal
Density (measured):3.57 - 3.79 g/cm3
Density (calculated):3.56 g/cm3
Comment:Colourless material density is at or about the 3.57 value. Reddish plumbian material may go to 3.79 or higher. The calculated vlaue is for Långban material with colourless cores.

Crystallography of Synadelphite

Crystal System:Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:Pnma {P21/n 21/m 21/a}
Cell Parameters:a = 10.754(11) Å, b = 18.865(17) Å, c = 9.884(14) Å
Ratio:a:b:c = 0.57 : 1 : 0.524
Unit Cell Volume:V 2,005.21 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:4
Morphology:Crystals short prismatic [001], with {110} striated [001]. Crystals viewed as seeming individuals are fourlings (the mineral was originally thought to be triclinic-pseudo-orthorhombic).
Twinning:Fourlings twinned by reflection on (100) and (010) of a "pseudo-orthogonal triclinic" lattice (crystal-structure determination however showed orthorhombic symmetry). Massive; reniform crusts.
Comment:Originally thought to be triclinic-pseudo-orthorhombic.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
d-spacingIntensity
9.36 (7)
8.72 (10)
5.27 (5)
3.080 (5)
2.636 (9)
2.091 (7)
1.5996 (7)

Optical Data of Synadelphite

Type:Biaxial (+)
RI values: nα = 1.750 - 1.870 nβ = 1.751 - 1.880 nγ = 1.761 - 1.930
2V:Measured: 37° to 40°, Calculated: 36° to 50°
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.011 - 0.060

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:Very High
Dispersion:r > v
Pleochroism:Visible
Comments:X = Colourless or Light brown
Y = Colourless or Brown
Z = light brown or Dark red-brown

Colours are for the colourless material and the coloured material, respectively.

Chemical Properties of Synadelphite

Formula:
Mn
2+
9
(As
5+
 
O
 
4
)
 
2
(As
3+
 
O
 
3
)(OH)
 
9
 · 2H
 
2
O
Essential elements:As, H, Mn, O
All elements listed in formula:As, H, Mn, O

Relationship of Synadelphite to other Species

Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
8.BE.05Augelite
Al
 
2
(PO
 
4
)(OH)
 
3
8.BE.10Grattarolaite
Fe
3+
3
(PO
 
4
)O
 
3
8.BE.15Cornetite
Cu
 
3
(PO
 
4
)(OH)
 
3
8.BE.20Clinoclase
Cu
 
3
(AsO
 
4
)(OH)
 
3
8.BE.25Arhbarite
Cu
 
2
Mg(AsO
 
4
)(OH)
 
3
8.BE.25Gilmarite
Cu
 
3
(AsO
 
4
)(OH)
 
3
8.BE.30Allactite
Mn
2+
7
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
8
8.BE.30Flinkite
Mn
2+
2
Mn
3+
 
(AsO
 
4
)(OH)
 
4
8.BE.30Raadeite
Mg
 
7
(PO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
8
8.BE.30Argandite
Mn
 
7
(VO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
8
8.BE.35Chlorophoenicite
(Mn,Mg)
 
3
Zn
 
2
(AsO
 
4
)(OH,O)
 
6
8.BE.35Magnesiochlorophoenicite
(Mg,Mn)
 
3
Zn
 
2
(AsO
 
4
)(OH,O)
 
6
8.BE.40Gerdtremmelite
(Zn,Fe)(Al,Fe)
 
2
(AsO
 
4
)(OH)
 
5
8.BE.45Dixenite
CuMn
2+
14
Fe
2+
 
(SiO
 
4
)
 
2
(As
5+
 
O
 
4
)(As
3+
 
O
 
3
)
 
5
(OH)
 
6
8.BE.45Hematolite
(Mn,Mg,Al)
 
15
(As
5+
 
O
 
4
)
 
2
(As
3+
 
O
 
3
)(OH)
 
23
8.BE.45Kraisslite
(Mn
2+
 
,Mg)
 
24
Zn
 
4
(SiO
 
4
)
 
8
(AsO
 
4
)
 
4
(OH)
 
12
8.BE.45Mcgovernite
Mn
 
19
Zn
 
3
(AsO
 
4
)
 
3
(AsO
 
3
)(SiO
 
4
)
 
3
(OH)
 
21
8.BE.45Arakiite
(Zn,Mn
2+
 
)(Mn
2+
 
,Mg)
 
12
(Fe
3+
 
,Al)
 
2
(As
5+
 
O
 
4
)
 
2
(As
3+
 
O
 
3
)(OH)
 
23
8.BE.45Turtmannite
(Mn,Mg)
 
22.5
Mg
 
3-3x
((V
5+
 
,As
5+
 
)O
 
4
)
 
3
(As
3+
 
O
 
3
)
 
x
(SiO
 
4
)
 
3
O
 
5-5x
(OH)
 
20+x
8.BE.55Holdenite
(Mn
2+
 
,Mg)
 
6
Zn
 
3
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
(SiO
 
4
)(OH)
 
8
8.BE.60Kolicite
Mn
2+
7
Zn
 
4
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
(SiO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
8
8.BE.65Sabelliite
(Cu,Zn)
 
2
Zn(AsO
 
4
,SbO
 
4
)(OH)
 
3
8.BE.70Jarosewichite
Mn
2+
3
Mn
3+
 
(AsO
 
4
)(OH)
 
6
8.BE.75Theisite
Cu
 
5
Zn
 
5
(AsO
 
4
,SbO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
14
8.BE.80Coparsite
Cu
 
4
(AsO
 
4
,VO
 
4
)O
 
2
Cl
8.BE.85Waterhouseite
Mn
2+
7
(PO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
8
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
20.8.1Sarkinite
Mn
2+
2
(AsO
 
4
)(OH)
20.8.2Eveite
Mn
2+
2
(AsO
 
4
)(OH)
20.8.3Arsenoclasite
Mn
2+
5
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
4
20.8.4Flinkite
Mn
2+
2
Mn
3+
 
(AsO
 
4
)(OH)
 
4
20.8.5Jarosewichite
Mn
2+
3
Mn
3+
 
(AsO
 
4
)(OH)
 
6
20.8.6Allactite
Mn
2+
7
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
8
20.8.7Krautite
Mn(HAsO
 
4
) · H
 
2
O
20.8.9Sterlinghillite
Mn
 
3
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O
20.8.10Geigerite
Mn
2+
5
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
(HAsO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 10H
 
2
O
20.8.11Akrochordite
(Mn
2+
 
,Mg)
 
5
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
4
 · 4H
 
2
O
20.8.12Manganohörnesite
(Mn,Mg)
 
3
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 8H
 
2
O
20.8.13Fluckite
CaMn
2+
 
(HAsO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 2H
 
2
O
20.8.14Brandtite
Ca
 
2
(Mn
2+
 
,Mg)(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 2H
 
2
O
20.8.15Parabrandtite
Ca
 
2
Mn
2+
 
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 2H
 
2
O
20.8.16Wallkilldellite-(Mn)
Ca
 
2
Mn
2+
3
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
(OH)
 
4
 · 9H
 
2
O
20.8.17Berzeliite
NaCa
 
2
(Mg,Mn
2+
 
)
 
2
(AsO
 
4
)
 
3
20.8.18Manganberzeliite
(Ca,Na)
 
3
(Mn
2+
 
,Mg)
 
2
(AsO
 
4
)
 
3
20.8.19Magnesiochlorophoenicite
(Mg,Mn)
 
3
Zn
 
2
(AsO
 
4
)(OH,O)
 
6
20.8.20Villyaellenite
MnMn
 
2
Ca
 
2
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
(HAsO
 
4
)
 
2
 · 4H
 
2
O
20.8.21Hematolite
(Mn,Mg,Al)
 
15
(As
5+
 
O
 
4
)
 
2
(As
3+
 
O
 
3
)(OH)
 
23
20.8.22Grischunite
NaCa
 
2
Mn
2+
5
Fe
3+
 
(AsO
 
4
)
 
6
 · 2H
 
2
O

Other Names for Synadelphite

Synonyms:
Allodelphite
Other Languages:
German:Allodelphit
Synadelphit
Russian:Синадельфит
Spanish:Allodelphita
Synadelphita
Varieties:
HemafibritePlumbosynadelphite

Other Information

Other Information:Readily soluble in acids. Oxidizes readily upon exposure to air.
Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Synadelphite

Reference List:

- +
Igelström (1884) Ak. Stockholm, Öfv.: 41: 86 (as Aimafibrit).

Sjögren (1884) Geologiska Föeningens I Stockholm Förhandlinger: 7: 220, 382.

Sjögren (1885) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 10: 126, 143.

Hamberg (1889) Geologiska Föeningens I Stockholm Förhandlinger: 11: 222.

Larsen, E.S. (1921) The Microscopic Determination of the Nonopaque Minerals, First edition, USGS Bulletin 679: 83 (as Hemafibrite).

Quensel and von Eckermann (1930) Geologiska Föeningens I Stockholm Förhandlinger: 52: 639 (as Allodelphite).

Machatschki (1931) Geologiska Föeningens I Stockholm Förhandlinger: 53: 187, 191.

Hurlbut (1937) American Mineralogist: 22: 526 (as Plumbosynadelphite).

Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged, 1124 pp.: 780-782, 919-920 (as Hemafibrite).

Moore, P.B. (1968) Contributions to Swedish mineralogy. I. Studies on the basic arsenates of manganese: retzian, hemafibrite, synadelphite, arsenoclasite, arseniopleite, and akrochordite. Arkiv. Mineral. Geol., 4(5), 425–444.

Moore, P. B. (1970): Crystal chemistry of the basic manganese arsenates: IV. mixed arsenic valences in the crystal structure of synadelphite. American Mineralogist 55, 2023-2037.

Internet Links for Synadelphite

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    • Localities for Synadelphite

    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    Hide Locality List
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Sweden
     
    • Värmland
      • Filipstad
    		Nysten, P., Holtstam, D. and Jonsson, E. (1999) The Långban minerals. In Långban - The mines,their minerals, geology and explorers (D. Holtstam and J. Langhof, eds.), Swedish Museum of Natural History and Raster Förlag, Stockholm & Chr. Weise Verlag, Munich, pp. 89-183.
        • Nordmark (Nordmarksberg)
    		Min.Mag.(1978) 42, 133-136
    Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar (1884): 7: 382; Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 782..
    USA
     
    • New Jersey
      • Sussex Co.
        • Franklin Mining District
          • Ogdensburg
            • Sterling Hill
    		Moore, P.B. & Ito, J.: Am.Min.:63:938-940 (1978); Dunn(1995):Pt5:683.
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