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Synchysite-(Ce)

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Petersberg Quarry, Petersberg, Halle, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
© 2008 Dominik Schläfli

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Formula:
Ca(Ce,La)(CO
 
3
)
 
2
F
System:MonoclinicColour:Gray, gray-yellow, ...
Hardness:4½
Member of:Synchysite Group
Name:From the Greek σύγχΰσις "synchys" for "confounding" in allusion to its initially being mistaken for parisite, and the "-(Ce)" suffix due to the dominance of cerium in the composition.


Synchysite Group.

Ce analogue of Synchysite-(Y) and Synchysite-(Nd); Ca analogue of Huanghoite-(Ce).
F-dominant analogue of Unnamed (HBU UK-1).

Classification of Synchysite-(Ce)

IMA status:Approved 1982
Strunz 8th edition ID:5/C.07-110
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:5.BD.20c

5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
B : Carbonates with additional anions, without H2O
D : With rare earth elements (REE)
Dana 8th edition ID:16a.1.3.1

16a : ANHYDROUS CARBONATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
1 : (AB)(XO3)Zq
Hey's CIM Ref.:12.1.13

12 : Carbonates with other anions
1 : Carbonates with halides
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Type Occurrence of Synchysite-(Ce)

Type Locality:Narssârssuk pegmatite (Narsarsuk pegmatite), Narssârssuk (Narsarsuk), Igaliku (Igaliko), Narsaq, Kitaa (West Greenland) Province, Greenland
Geological Setting of type material:Pegmatitic segregations in syenite.
Associated Minerals at type locality:
RhodochrositeNeptuniteMicroclineFluoriteEpididymite
ElpiditeCordylite-(Ce)CatapleiiteAstrophylliteAlbite
Aegirine

Occurrences of Synchysite-(Ce)

Geological Setting:Hydrothermal accessory mineral in granites and alkalic syenites.

Physical Properties of Synchysite-(Ce)

Lustre:Sub-Adamantine, Vitreous, Greasy
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Translucent, Opaque
Colour:Gray, gray-yellow, orange-yellow, brown, beige, light green, white
Hardness (Mohs):4½
Tenacity:Brittle
Fracture:Splintery, Sub-Conchoidal
Density (measured):3.9 g/cm3
Density (calculated):3.88 g/cm3

Crystallography of Synchysite-(Ce)

Crystal System:Monoclinic
Class (H-M):2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:B2/b {B1 1 2/b} {C2/c} {C1 2/c 1}
Cell Parameters:a = 12.329(2) Å, b = 7.11Å, c = 18.741(2) Å
β = 102.68(1)°
Ratio:a:b:c = 1.734 : 1 : 2.636
Unit Cell Volume:V 1,602.75 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:12
Morphology:Acute pyramidal; spindle-shaped.
Also thin or thick tabular.
Twinning:On {0001}
Comment:Strongly pseudohexagonal. Commonly observed subcell is primitive-hexagonal, a ~4.10, c ~18.2 A.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
Image Loading

Radiation - Copper Kα
Data Set:
Horizontal Axis: ° to ° Vertical Axis: % Source Data: Filtered Data:
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
d-spacingIntensity
9.1 (60)
4.53 (50)
3.55 (100)
3.32 (40)
2.80 (100)
2.06 (50)
1.934 (50)

Optical Data of Synchysite-(Ce)

Type:Uniaxial (+)
RI values: nω = 1.674 nε = 1.770
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.096

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:High
Pleochroism:Weak

Chemical Properties of Synchysite-(Ce)

Formula:
Ca(Ce,La)(CO
 
3
)
 
2
F
Essential elements:C, Ca, Ce, F, O
All elements listed in formula:C, Ca, Ce, F, La, O

Relationship of Synchysite-(Ce) to other Species

Member of:Synchysite Group
Other Members of Group:

- +
Huanghoite-(Ce)
BaCe(CO
 
3
)
 
2
F
Synchysite-(Nd)
Ca(Nd,Y,Gd)(CO
 
3
)
 
2
F
Synchysite-(Y)
Ca(Y,Ce)(CO
 
3
)
 
2
F
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
5.BD.05Cordylite-(Ce)
NaBaCe
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
4
F
5.BD.05Lukechangite-(Ce)
Na
 
3
Ce
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
4
F
5.BD.10Zhonghuacerite-(Ce)
Ba
 
2
Ce(CO
 
3
)
 
3
F
5.BD.10Kukharenkoite-(Ce)
Ba
 
2
Ce(CO
 
3
)
 
3
F
5.BD.10Kukharenkoite-(La)
Ba
 
2
(La,Ce,Th)(CO
 
3
)
 
3
F
5.BD.15Cebaite-(Ce)
Ba
 
3
Ce
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
5
F
 
2
5.BD.15Cebaite-(Nd)
Ba
 
3
(Nd,Ce)
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
5
F
 
2
5.BD.18Arisite-(Ce)
NaCe
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
3-x
F
 
2x+1
5.BD.18Arisite-(La)
NaLa
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
3-x
F
 
2x+1
5.BD.20aBastnäsite-(Ce)
(Ce,La)(CO
 
3
)F
5.BD.20aBastnäsite-(La)
(La,Ce)(CO
 
3
)F
5.BD.20aBastnäsite-(Y)
(Y,Ce)(CO
 
3
)F
5.BD.20aHydroxylbastnäsite-(Ce)
(Ce,La)(CO
 
3
)(OH,F)
5.BD.20aHydroxylbastnäsite-(Nd)
(Nd,Ce,La)(CO
 
3
)(OH,F)
5.BD.20aHydroxylbastnäsite-(La)
(La,Nd,Ce)(CO
 
3
)(OH,F)
5.BD.20bParisite-(Ce)
Ca(Ce,La)
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
3
F
 
2
5.BD.20bParisite-(Nd)
Ca(Nd,Ce,La)
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
3
F
 
2
5.BD.20dRöntgenite-(Ce)
Ca
 
2
(Ce,La)
 
3
(CO
 
3
)
 
5
F
 
3
5.BD.20cSynchysite-(Nd)
Ca(Nd,Y,Gd)(CO
 
3
)
 
2
F
5.BD.20cSynchysite-(Y)
Ca(Y,Ce)(CO
 
3
)
 
2
F
5.BD.20aThorbastnäsite
Th(Ca,Ce)(CO
 
3
)
 
2
F
 
2
 · 3H
 
2
O
5.BD.20aBastnäsite-(Nd)
(Nd,Ce,La)(CO
 
3
)F
5.BD.25Horváthite-(Y)
NaY(CO
 
3
)F
 
2
5.BD.25Qaqarssukite-(Ce)
Ba(Ce,REE)(CO
 
3
)
 
2
F
5.BD.35Huanghoite-(Ce)
BaCe(CO
 
3
)
 
2
F
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
12.1.1Northupite
Na
 
3
Mg(CO
 
3
)
 
2
Cl
12.1.2Barentsite
Na
 
7
AlH
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
4
F
 
4
12.1.3Rouvilleite
Na
 
3
(Ca,Mn,Fe)
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
3
F
12.1.4Chlormagaluminite
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)
 
4
Al
 
2
(Cl
 
2
,CO
 
3
)(OH)
 
12
 · 2H
 
2
O
12.1.5Defernite
Ca
 
6
(CO
 
3
)
 
2-x
(SiO
 
4
)
 
x
(OH)
 
7
(Cl,OH)
 
1-2x
 (x=0.5)
12.1.6Brenkite
Ca
 
2
(CO
 
3
)F
 
2
12.1.7Stenonite
(Sr,Ba,Na)
 
2
Al(CO
 
3
)F
 
5
12.1.8Bastnäsite-(Ce)
(Ce,La)(CO
 
3
)F
12.1.9Bastnäsite-(La)
(La,Ce)(CO
 
3
)F
12.1.10Bastnäsite-(Y)
(Y,Ce)(CO
 
3
)F
12.1.11Parisite-(Ce)
Ca(Ce,La)
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
3
F
 
2
12.1.12Parisite-(Nd)
Ca(Nd,Ce,La)
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
3
F
 
2
12.1.14Synchysite-(Y)
Ca(Y,Ce)(CO
 
3
)
 
2
F
12.1.15Synchysite-(Nd)
Ca(Nd,Y,Gd)(CO
 
3
)
 
2
F
12.1.16Röntgenite-(Ce)
Ca
 
2
(Ce,La)
 
3
(CO
 
3
)
 
5
F
 
3
12.1.17Cordylite-(Ce)
NaBaCe
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
4
F
12.1.19Huanghoite-(Ce)
BaCe(CO
 
3
)
 
2
F
12.1.20Zhonghuacerite-(Ce)
Ba
 
2
Ce(CO
 
3
)
 
3
F
12.1.21Cebaite-(Ce)
Ba
 
3
Ce
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
5
F
 
2
12.1.22Thorbastnäsite
Th(Ca,Ce)(CO
 
3
)
 
2
F
 
2
 · 3H
 
2
O
12.1.23Phosgenite
Pb
 
2
CO
 
3
Cl
 
2
12.1.24Barstowite
Pb
 
4
Cl
 
6
(CO
 
3
) · H
 
2
O
12.1.25Albrechtschraufite
Ca
 
4
Mg(UO
 
2
)
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
6
F
 
2
 · 17 H
 
2
O
12.1.26Kettnerite
CaBiCO
 
3
OF

Other Names for Synchysite-(Ce)

Synonyms:
IMA1982-030Synchisite-(Ce)
Other Languages:
German:Synchisit-(Ce)
Simplified Chinese:氟碳钙铈矿

Other Information

Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Synchysite-(Ce)

Reference List:

- +
Bull. Geol. Inst. Univ. Upsala (1900), 5, p. 81.

Yunxiang, Ni, John M. Hughes, and Anthony N. Mariano (1993) The atomic arrangement of bastnäsite-(Ce), Ce(CO3)F, and structural elements of synchysite-(Ce), röntgenite-(Ce), and parisite-(Ce). American Mineralogist: 78: 415-418.

Canadian Mineralogist (1994): 32: 865-871.

American Mineralogist (1995): 80: 1077.

Internet Links for Synchysite-(Ce)

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  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project[Link Broken?]
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    • Localities for Synchysite-(Ce)

    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    Hide Locality List
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Australia
     
    • New South Wales
      • Yancowinna Co.
    		Birch, W. D. & Pring, A. (1987): A note on synchysite-(Ce) from Broken Hill, New South Wales. Australian Mineral. 2 (2), 13-15; Birch BH Book
    • South Australia
      • Andamooka Ranges - Lake Torrens area
        • Roxby Downs
    		Lottermoser B. G. (1995). Neues.Jb. Miner. Mh.1995, 8, 371-384
      • Olary Province
        • Yunta
    		 Brugger, J., Ogierman, J., Pring, A., Waldron, H., Kolitsch, U. (2006): Origin of the secondary REE-minerals at the Paratoo copper deposit near Yunta, South Australia. Mineralogical Magazine, 70, 609-627.
    Austria
     
    • Carinthia
      • Gurktaler Alpen
        • St Veit an der Glan
          • Äußere Wimitz
    		G. Blass, A. Pichler: Carinthia II 191./111.: 43-55 (2001)
      • Hohe Tauern
        • Ankogel group
          • Kleinelend valley
    		G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995
        • Goldberg group
          • Tauern valley
    		G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995
      • Millstatt lake ridge
        • Fresach
          • Laas
    		G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995
    • Lower Austria
      • Waldviertel
        • Maissau
          • Limberg
            • Gänsgraben
    		R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993)
    • Salzburg
      • Hohe Tauern
        • Obersulzbach valley
          • Hopffeld area
    		A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs (1989)
    Natural History Museum Vienna collection
        • Rauris valley
          • Hüttwinkl valley
    		A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs (1989)
    A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs (1989)
          • Seidlwinkl valley
    		A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs (1989)
      • Lungau
        • Murwinkel
          • Rotgülden
            • Haderlingspitze
    		Walter, F. (2010): 1647) Monazit-(Ce), Synchisit-(Ce), Vanadinit, Wulfenit und Xenotim-(Y) vom Haderlingspitz, Muritzenkar, Lungau, Salzburg. P. 234-235 in Niedermayr et al. (2010): Neue Mineralfunde aus Österreich LIX. Carinthia II, 200./120., 199-260.
    • Styria
      • Koralpe
        • Deutschlandsberg
          • Leibenfeld
    		Postl, W. et al. (2007)
    • Tyrol
      • North Tyrol
        • Ziller valley
          • Zamser Grund (Zams valley)
            • Schrammacher
    		Folie, K., Rocchetti, I. (1999): Novità Mineralogiche del Passo di Vizze. Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 4/1999, 222-230.
    R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993)
    Canada
     
    • Northwest Territories
      • Yellowknife
        • Thor Lake
    		Sheard, E.R. (2010)
    • Ontario
      • Thunder Bay District
        • Marathon
    		Platt & Wooley (1990)
    Mitchell (1991)
    • Québec
      • Laurentides
        • Deux-Montagnes RCM
          • Oka
    		Gold (1969)
      • Montérégie
        • Lajemmerais RCM
          • Varennes & St-Amable
            • Saint-Amable sill
    		Mineralogical Record: 29: 83.
        • Rouville RCM
          • Mont Saint-Hilaire
    		Cheang, K.K. (1977), Structure and polytypism of synchisite and parisite from Mont St. Hilaire, Quebec. M. Sc. Thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada.
      • Montréal
    		Mineralogical Record (2006): 37: 5-60.
      • Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean
        • Le Fjord-du-Saguenay RCM
          • Saint-Honoré
    		Fournier, A. (1993)
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • Karlovy Vary Region
        • Krušné Hory Mts (Erzgebirge)
          • Jáchymov (St Joachimsthal) District
    		Lapis 2002(7/8), 63-65
      • Liberec Region
    		Scharm, B.: Přehled minerálů nalezených v oblasti uranových koncentrací v severočeské křídě. Bulletin mineralogicko-petrografického oddělení Národního muzea v Praze, 1995, roč. 3, s. 169-172.
    • Moravia (Mähren; Maehren)
      • Olomouc Region
        • Prostějov area
    		Škoda R., Čopjakova R. 2006: Authigenic REE mineralsfrom greywackes of the Drahany Uplands, Czech Republic and their significance for diagenetic processes. Mineralogia Polonica, vol. 28, 208-210
    France
     
    • Midi-Pyrénées
      • Ariège
        • Luzenac
    		[Le Cahier des Micromonteurs 1990, 4, p.3,8-12]
      • Tarn
        • Réalmont
          • Peyrebrune
    		Bernadi G. (2004), Quelques nouvelles de Peyrebrune (Tarn), Le Cahier des Micromonteurs, n°86, pp 13-18
    • Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
      • Hautes-Alpes
        • Lautaret pass area
          • La Grave
            • Villar d'Arène
    		Designolle J-L. (1997), L'Alpe du Villar d'Arène (Hautes-Alpes), Le Cahier des Micromonteurs, n°2, pp: 23-30
    • Rhône-Alpes
      • Savoie
        • La Lauzière massif
    		DE ASCENCAO GUEDES R.. (2000). La Lauzière : les espèces minérales, Savoie, France. Le Règne Minéral hors-série n°6, pp. 24-39. Editions du Piat.
        • Tarentaise valley
          • Bourg-St Maurice
            • Les Arcs
              • Peisey-Nancroix
    		De Ascencão Guedes R., Guichon F. & Meisser N. (2004). La synchisite-(Ce) de la Grande-Glière, Peisey-Nancroix (Savoie). Le Cahier des Micromonteurs, n°86, p 27
    Germany
     
    • Baden-Württemberg
      • Black Forest
        • Alpirsbach
          • Reinerzau District
    		K. Walenta: "Die Mineralien des Schwarzwaldes", Weise (Munich), 1992
        • Gengenbach
          • Haigerach valley
    		Wittern,A. (1995) Mineralien finden im Schwarzwald
        • Haslach
          • Steinach
    		[Wittern,A. (1995) Mineralien finden im Schwarzwald]
    K. Walenta: "Die Mineralien des Schwarzwaldes", Weise (Munich), 1992
        • Schenkenzell
          • Wittichen
            • Burgfelsen
    		K. Walenta: "Die Mineralien des Schwarzwaldes", Weise (Munich), 1992
        • Todtnau
    		Lapis 21(12), 44 (1996)
        • Waldshut
          • Detzeln
    		Hess, E., Graeser, S. & Gabriel, W. (2011): Das Porphyrwerk Detzeln im Steinatal und seine Mineralien. Lapis 36 (4), 25-35; 54.
        • Wolfach
          • Oberwolfach
            • Rankach valley
    		Walenta, K. (1992): Die Mineralien des Schwarzwaldes. Chr. Weise Verlag, München, 336 pp. (in German); KOLITSCH, U., GRAF, H. W. & BLAß, G. (1997): Untersuchungen über die Seltenerden-Carbonate Bastnäsit und Synchisit von der Grube Clara im Schwarzwald: Nachweis von Bastnäsit-(Ce), Bastnäsit-(Nd), Bastnäsit-(La) und Synchisit-(Ce). - Aufschluss 48, 367-79.
    • Bavaria
      • Franconia
        • Fichtelgebirge
          • Marktredwitz
            • Dechantsees
    		Meier, S. (1985): Synchisit aus dem Steinbruch bei Dechantsees/Fichtelgebirge. Lapis, 10 (11), 38-39; Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
    • Saxony-Anhalt
      • Haldensleben
        • Flechtinger Höhen
          • Flechtingen
    		Witzke, T. & Jacob, G. (1995): Nachweis von Synchysit-(Ce) und Gladit in Vulkaniten der Flechtingen-Roßlauer Scholle. Zeitschrift für Geologische Wissenschaften 23, 443-448.
      • Halle
        • Petersberg
    		Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
    Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001; Hajek, W. & Gröbner, J. (2007): Allanit, Anatas und Brookit vom Petersberg bei Halle. Lapis 32 (6), 53-57; Jahn, S. (2007): Der Petersberg bei Halle a. d. Saale. Mineralien-Welt 18(6), 16-41.
    • Saxony
      • Erzgebirge
        • Freiberg District
    		Canadian Mineralogist: 38: 67-80.
    Greenland
     
    • Kitaa (West Greenland) Province
      • Narsaq
        • Igaliku (Igaliko)
          • Narssârssuk (Narsarsuk)
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 286, 288, 292; American Mineralogist (1953): 38: 932; Lapis (2001): 3: 8.
    Soerensen, H. (2001): The Ilimaussaq alkaline complex, South Greenland: status of mineralogical research with new results, Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin 190, GEUS
    Hungary
     
    • Baranya Co.
      • Mecsek Mts.
        • Komló
    		Szakáll, S., Nagy, G. és Sajó, I. (2003): Synchysite-(Ce) from the Komló coal deposit, Mecsek Mts., South Hungary. Acta Mineral.-Petrogr., Abstr. Ser. 1, p. 100.
    Italy
     
    • Aosta Valley
      • Courmayeur
        • Les Grandes Jorasses Massif
          • Ferret Valley
    		Piccoli, G.C., Maletto, G., Bosio, P., Lombardo, B. (2007): MInerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta. Associazione Amici del Museo "F. Eusebio" Alba, Ed., Alba (Cuneo) 607 pp.
        • Monte Bianco Massif (Mont Blanc Massif)
          • Veny Valley
    		Piccoli, G.C., Maletto, G., Bosio, P., Lombardo, B. (2007): Minerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta. Associazione Amici del Museo "F. Eusebio" Alba, Ed., Alba (Cuneo) 607 pp.
    • Liguria
      • Genova Province
        • Ne
    		[MinRec 32:360]
            • Reppia
    		Camarda, S. (2006): Sinchisite-(Ce) "micro-estetica" della miniera di Gambatesa. Prie, 2, 37-38.
    • Lombardy
      • Varese Province
        • Ceresio Valley
          • Cuasso al Monte
    		Collection of Barry Murphy, Micromount specimen catalogue number 00876
    Domenico Preite collection
    • Piedmont
      • Biella Province
        • Curino
    		Martini, B., Salvetti, A., Della Fontana, G., Boscardin, M., Ciriotti, M.E., Ambrino, P. (2010): Primo ritrovamento nel Biellese di synchysite-(Ce). Micro (UK report) 1/2010, 145-149
      • Cuneo Province
        • Bagnolo Piemonte
          • Ortieul
    		Piccoli, G. C., Maletto, G., Bosio, P., & Lombardo, B. (2007). Minerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta. Associazione Amici del Museo F. Eusebio - Alba, 607 pag.
        • Gesso Valley
          • Entracque
    		Piccoli, G.C., Maletto, G., Bosio, P., Lombardo, B. (2007): Minerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta. Associazione Amici del Museo "F. Eusebio" Alba, Ed., Alba (Cuneo) 607 pp.
        • Stura Valley
    		Piccoli, G.C., Maletto, G., Bosio, P., Lombardo, B. (2007). Minerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta. Associazione Amici del Museo "F. Eusebio" Alba, Ed., Alba (Cuneo) 607 pp.
          • Vinadio
    		Piccoli, G.C., Maletto, G., Bosio, P., Lombardo, B. (2007). Minerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta. Associazione Amici del Museo "F. Eusebio" Alba, Ed., Alba (Cuneo) 607 pp.
      • Torino Province
        • Luserna San Giovanni
    		- Finello, G., Ambrino, P., Kolitsch, U., Ciriotti, M.E., Blaß, G., Bracco, R. (2007): I minerali della “Pietra di Luserna”, Piemonte, Italia nord-occidentale. I. Alcune cave di gneiss della Val Luserna. Micro (località), 2/2007, 181-226.; - Finello, G., Ambrino, P., Kolitsch, U., Ciriotti, M.E., Blaß, G., Bracco, R. (2007): I minerali della “Pietra di Luserna”, Piemonte, Italia nord-occidentale. I. Alcune cave di gneiss della Val Luserna. Micro (località), 2/2007, 181-226.
        • Susa Valley
          • Meana di Susa
    		Piccoli, G.C., Maletto, G., Bosio, P., Lombardo, B. (2007): Minerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta. Associazione Amici del Museo "F. Eusebio" Alba, Ed., Alba (Cuneo) 607 pp.
      • Verbano-Cusio-Ossola Province
        • Mergozzo
    		Piccoli, G.C., Maletto, G., Bosio, P., Lombardo, B. (2007): Minerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta. Associazione Amici del Museo "F. Eusebio" Alba, Ed., Alba (Cuneo) 607 pp.
        • Ossola Valley
          • Baceno
            • Devero Alp (Devero Valley; Val Devero)
    		Lapis, 20 (7/8), 41-64+76.
    Piccoli, G.C., Maletto, G., Bosio, P., Lombardo, B. (2007). Minerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta. Associazione Amici del Museo "F. Eusebio" Alba, Ed., Alba (Cuneo) 607 pp.
          • Beura-Cardezza
    		Huen, E., Gramaccioli, C.M. (1969): Sulla sinchisite di Beura (Ossola). Natura, LX, 3, 193-194.
          • Villadossola
    		Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 2 157-170.
    • Sardinia
      • Medio Campidano Province
        • Gonnosfanadiga
    		Stara, P., Rizzo, R., Tanca, G.A. (1996): Iglesiente e Arburese. Miniere e Minerali. Edito a cura dell'EMSA e "varie associazioni mineralogiche", Volume 2°, 192 pp.
    • Trentino-Alto Adige
      • Bolzano Province (South Tyrol)
        • Vizze Valley (Pfitsch Valley)
    		collection Manuele Moro
          • San Giacomo
            • Vizze pass (Pfitsch pass)
    		Folie, K., P. Gentile, M. Hanke & I. Rocchetti (2010): Mineralien aus der Umgebung des Pfitscher Jochs in Südtirol (II). Mineralien-Welt 21 (4), 42-67.
    Folie, K., P. Gentile, M. Hanke & I. Rocchetti (2010): Mineralien aus der Umgebung des Pfitscher Jochs in Südtirol (II). Mineralien-Welt 21 (4), 42-67.
    Folie, K., P. Gentile, M. Hanke & I. Rocchetti (2010): Mineralien aus der Umgebung des Pfitscher Jochs in Südtirol (II). Mineralien-Welt 21 (4), 42-67.
    Buscaroli, C., Del Pozzo, C., e Tosato, F. (1994): La fergusonite della Wasserfallkopfe in Val di Vizze. Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 4/1994, 337-341
    • Tuscany
      • Livorno Province
        • Elba Island
          • Campo nell'Elba
            • San Piero in Campo
    		Orlandi, P., & Pezzotta, F. (1997). Minerali dell'Isola d'Elba. Edizioni Novecento Grafico, Bergamo, 249 pp.
      • Lucca Province
        • Apuan Alps
          • Minucciano
            • Gorfigliano
    		Orlandi P., Dini A., Gemignani E., Pierotti L., Quilici U., Romani U., 2002. Paragenesi alpine nelle Alpi Apuane: I minerali delle vene di quarzo della Valle dell'Acqua Bianca, Gorfigliano (LU) Riv. Mineral. It., 26, 4: 216-223
    Japan
     
    • Kyushu Region
      • Fukuoka Prefecture
        • Tagawa-gun
          • Kawasaki
    		Kitamura & Uehara (2000) Koubutsu-Gakkai Kou'en-Youshi, 102.
    Kazakhstan
     
    • Karagandy Province (Qaragandy Oblysy; Karaganda Oblast')
    Kyrgyzstan
     
    no reference
    Malawi
     
    • Zomba District
    		American Mineralogist, Volume 94, pages 1216–1222, 2009
    Mongolia
     
    • Dornogovi Aimag
      • Hövsgöl
    		Pavel M. Kartashov data
    • Gobi Desert
    		N.V. Vladykin data
    Jindřich Kynický
    • Hovd Aimag (Khovd Aimag)
      • Altai Mts
    		G.M. Tsareva data; Econ Geol (1995) 90:530-547
    Pavel M. Kartashov data
    Morocco
     
    • Meknès-Tafilalet Region
      • Khénifra Province
        • High Atlas Mts
          • Tamazeght complex
    		Khadem Allah, B. (1993)
    Norway
     
    • Akershus
      • Asker
    		Raade, G. (1969): Contribution to the Mineralogy of Norway, No 40. Cavity minerals from the permian biotite granite at Nedre Eiker Church. Norsk Geologisk Tidskrift 49, 227-239
    • Buskerud
      • Nedre Eiker
        • Nedre Eiker Church
    		Raade, G. (1969): Contribution to the Mineralogy of Norway, No 40. Cavity minerals from the permian biotite granite at Nedre Eiker Church. Norsk Geologisk Tidskrift 49, 227-239 + Neumann (1985, p. 100).
    Nordrum, F.S. (2001): Noen funn av mineraler i Norge 2000-2001. STEIN 28 (2): 13- 19
    • Nordland
      • Tysfjord
    		Husdal, T. (2008): The minerals of the pegmatites within the Tysfjord granite, northern Norway. Norsk Bergverksmuseum, skrift 38, 5-28.
    • Oppland
      • Lunner
        • Nordmarka
    		L. O. Kvamsdal (1998): Mineralene fra Nordmarkitt og Grefsensyenitt i Oslofeltet. AS Merkur-Trykk, Oslo.
        • Øståsen - Hadeland
          • Surka
    		L. O. Kvamsdal (1998): Mineralene fra Nordmarkitt og Grefsensyenitt i Oslofeltet. AS Merkur-Trykk, Oslo(in Norwegian).
    Werner, R. (1993): Om synchysitt i Norge. STEIN 20 (4),221-226
    • Sogn og Fjordane
      • Gaular
    		Samuelsen, Helge (1993): Sogn 1992. STEIN 20 (1), 2 + 64-67
      • Nordfjord
    		Werner, Ronald (1993): Om synchisitt i Norge. STEIN 20 (4), 221-226
    • Svalbard
      • Spitsbergen
        • Hornsund fjord
    		 Pršek, J., Majka, J., Uher, P. & Chudík, P. (2010): Niobium-tantalum minerals in the Skoddefjellet NYF granitic pegmatite, Svalbard Archipelago, Norway: Primary versus secondary assemblage. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen 187, 235-248
    • Telemark
      • Nome
    		Sverdrup et al. (1967, p. 9); Åmli (1974, p. 45); Neumann, H. (1985): Norges Mineraler. Norges geologiske Undersøkelse Skrifter 68, p. 100).
    • Vestfold
      • Holmestrand
    		Larsen, A. O. (1994): Drusemineraler fra Solumsåsen pukkverk, Holmestrand. STEIN 21 (2), 136-141
      • Sande
    		Hermann Fylling
    Poland
     
    • Lower Silesia (Dolnośląskie)
    		Mineralogia Polonica Vol. 29, (2), 3-11
        • Świdnica District
    		JANECZEK J., SZEŁĘG E., 1998: Bastnäsite-(Ce) and synchysite-(Ce) from pegmatite and hydrothermally altered granite of the Strzegom-Sobótka Massif. Miner. Polon., 29 (2), 3-11.
    Körber, T. & Szuszkiewicz, A. (2005): Fundstellen-Klassiker: Der Striegauer Granit und seine Mineralien - Mineralien-Welt 16 (3): 16-45
    Romania
     
    • Harghita Co.
      • Ditrău (Ditró)
    		Szakáll, S. & Kristály, F., Eds. (2010): Mineralogy of Székelyland, Eastern Transylvania, Romania. Csík County Nature and Conservation Society, Miercurea-Ciuc, Romania, 321 pp.
    Russia
     
    • Far-Eastern Region
      • Khabarovskiy Kray
        • Aldan province
    		Pavel M. Kartashov data
    • Northern Region
      • Murmanskaja Oblast'
        • Kola Peninsula
          • Khibiny Massif
            • Kukisvumchorr Mt
    		Lapis 28(12), 46-47 (2003)
    Pekov, I. et al (2003): New Data on Minerals: 38: 20-33.
    P.M. Kartashov data
    • Southern Siberia
      • Sayan Mts
        • Eastern Sayan
    		Savel'eva V.B. Karmanov N.S. (2008) Rare earth's minerals of alkaline metasomatites of Main Sayan Fault zone, - Zapiski RMO, N2, pp.14-35 (in Rus.).; Savel’eva, V.B., and Karmanov, N.S. (2008): Geology of Ore Deposits 50(8), 681-696.
    • Western-Siberian Region
      • Prepolar Ural
        • Tyumenskaya Oblast'
          • Khanty-Mansi (Khanty Mansiysk) Okrug
            • Saranpaul
    		[MinRec 30:465]
    Slovakia
     
    • Banská Bystrica Region
      • Rimavská Sobota Co.
        • Tisovec
    		Ondrejka M., Uher P., Pršek J., Ozdín D., Putiš M., 2005: Arsenian monazite-Ce and REE arsenates and carbonates: Composition and substitution in the REEPO4 – REEAsO4 system. Example from Tisovec – Rejkovo thyolite (Western Carpathians, Slovakia). Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol.7, 04857.
    • Košice Region
      • Rožňava Co.
    		Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590k
    • Trenčín Region
      • Považská Bystrica Co.
    		Uher, P., Ondrejka, M.: Britolit-(Y): neskoromagmatický akcesorický minerál Y-REE z granitu A-typu v Stupnom při Považskej Bystrici, Pieninské bradlové pásmo (severozápadné Slovensko). Bulletin mineralogicko-petrografického oddělení Národního muzea v Praze, 2008, vol. 16, 2, 224-229.
    South Africa
     
    • Limpopo Province
      • Mokopane (Potgietersrus) District
        • Zaaiplaats tin field
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 258, 288.
      • Thabazimbi
        • Glenover carbonatite
    		Minerals of South Africa
    South Korea
     
    • Chungcheongbukdo (Chungchong-pukto)
      • Chungju (Chung Won Kum; Chung-ju)
        • Joongwon-gun
          • Mt. Eorae
    		P.M. Kartashov data
    Spain
     
    • Andalusia
      • Almería
        • Adra
    		Christian Rewitzer collection 2007 / Mineralup magazine; J. Gröbner & U. Kolitsch (SEM-EDS, SXRD & PXRD)
    • Galicia
      • Pontevedra
        • Porriño
    		Calvo, M., Viñals, J. and Vila, F. (2009) Mineralogy of the pegmatites and miarolitic cavities in the granitic batholit of Porriño, Pontevedra, galicia, Spain. Mineral Up, (2009-1), 6-23
    Sweden
     
    • Södermanland
      • Nynäshamn
    		No reference listed
    • Västmanland
      • Köping
    		No reference listed
    Switzerland
     
    • Aargau
      • Leuggern
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 394.
    • Bern
      • Hasli Valley
        • Grimsel area
          • Oberaar power station
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 393.
    • Grischun (Grisons; Graubünden)
      • Lugnez Valley (Lumnezia Valley)
        • Vrin
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 394.
      • Medel Valley
        • Cristallina Valley
          • Casatscha Valley
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 394.
      • Vorderrhein Valley
        • Tujetsch (Tavetsch)
    		Collection Joachim Esche
    Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 394.
    Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 394.
    • Ticino (Tessin)
      • Leventina
        • Bedretto Valley
          • Ronco
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 393.
        • Chiggiogna
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 394.
    Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 394.
      • Lugano lake
        • Carona
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 394.
      • Riviera
        • Lodrino
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 394.
    • Wallis (Valais)
      • Binn Valley
        • Chummibort
    		Cuchet, S., van der Burgt, A. und Meisser, N. (2005): Chummibort, eine neue Fundstelle für Arsenmineralien im Binntal. Schweizer Strahler, Nr. 2, 19-29. (in German/French)
        • Kriegalp Valley (Chriegalp Valley)
    		van der Burgt, A. & Cuchet, S. (2005): Neu: Gadolinit, Aeschynit und Synchisit vom Fleschsee, Binntal (Schweiz). Lapis 30 (4), 19-27, 50. (in German)
    Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 394.
      • Brig
        • Mörel
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 393.
      • Goms
        • Fiesch
          • Burg - Fiesch Glacier area
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 393.
        • Oberwald
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 394.
        • Ulrichen
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 394.
      • Le Trient Valley
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 393.
        • Van d'en Haut
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 393.
      • Les Bagnes Valley
        • Entremont Valley
          • Ferret Valley
            • La Fouly
    		Cuchet, S., Schnyder, C. & Meisser, N. (2003): Les minéraux de L'A Neuve. Schweizer Strahler / Le Cristallier Suisse, Nr. 3, 28-37.; Cuchet, S., Schnyder, C. & Meisser, N. (2003): Les minéraux de L'A Neuve. Schweizer Strahler / Le Cristallier Suisse, Nr. 3, 28-37.
      • Martigny
        • Mont Chemin
    Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 393.
    Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 394.
      • Raron
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 393.
      • Visp
        • Baltschieder Valley
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 393.
    UK
     
    • England
      • Cumbria
        • South Eastern Region (Westmorland)
          • Eastern Fells
            • Shap
    		M.Wirth collection, D.Green identification (Manchester Univ.)
      • Devon
        • Tavistock District
          • Peter Tavy
    		UKJMM Vol.29 p.49-52
    • Wales
      • Gwynedd (Merionethshire)
        • Blaenau Ffestiniog
    No reference listed
          • Tanygrisiau
    [UKJMM 16:30-33]
      • Powys (Radnorshire)
        • Old Radnor
          • Wethel
    		Cotterell TF et al (2011) The mineralogy of Dolyhir quarry, Old Radnor. Powys, Wales. UKJMM 32:5-61
    Ukraine
     
    • Zhytomyr Oblast' (Zhitomir Oblast')
    		Lyckberg, P., Chornousenko, V. & Wilson, W. E. (2009): Volodarsk-Volynski, Zhitomir Oblast, Ukraine. Mineralogical Record, 40, 473-506.
    USA
     
    • Arkansas
      • Hot Spring Co.
        • Magnet Cove
    		R&M 67:6 p402-404
    • Colorado
      • Fremont Co.
        • Iron Mountain complex
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • Gunnison Co.
        • White Earth District (Powderhorn District)
    		"Minerals of Colorado, updated & revised", p. 17, by Eckel, Edwin B., 1997
    • Massachusetts
      • Norfolk Co.
    		Smith, W. L.; Stone, J.; Ross, D. R.; Levine, H. (1960), Doverite, a Possible New Yttrium Fluocarbonate from Dover, Morris County, New Jersey. (American Mineralogist 45:92-98.)
    • Michigan
      • Ontonagon Co.
        • White Pine
    		Rocks & Min.: 58:112; 61:345.
    • New Hampshire
      • Carroll Co.
        • Wakefield
    		T Mortimer (mindatnh.org)
      • Hillsborough Co.
        • Nashua
    • New Jersey
      • Sussex Co.
        • Franklin Mining District
          • Franklin
    		Bearss, G. & Cianciulli, J.: The Picking Table:41(2):17-18 (2000); Analysis by Andy Roberts.
    • New York
      • St. Lawrence Co.
        • Pierrepont
          • Power's Farm (Bower Powers farm; Ryland Crary farm)
    		Steve Chamberlain et al (2009) "Minerals of the Phosphate vein, Bower Powers Farm, Pierrepont, St. Lawrence Co., NY." The 36th Rochester Mineralogical Symposium, April 23-26, programme abstracts, 13-15.
        • Rossie
    		[MinRec 32:273]
    • Virginia
      • Augusta Co.
    		http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/baedke/dept/abs2002.pdf.; Raiter, E. et al (2002) 29th Rochester Mineralogical Symposium, Abstracts of contributed papers, 15.; Rocks & Minerals 84:352-362.
    • Washington
      • Okanogan Co.
        • Golden Horn Batholith
    		Micro Probe Volume VI Number 8
    Vietnam
     
    • Lai Chau Province
      • Phong Tho District
        • Mt Fansipan
    		Collection of NHM, Vienna
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