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Synchysite-(Y)

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Cuasso al Monte, Ceresio Valley, Varese Province, Lombardy, Italy
© Chinellato Matteo

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Formula:
Ca(Y,Ce)(CO
 
3
)
 
2
F
System:HexagonalColour:White, reddish brown, ...
Hardness:6 - 6½
Member of:Synchysite Group
Name:From the Greek σύγχΰσις "synchys" for "confounding" in allusion to its initially being mistaken for parisite, and the "-(Y)" suffix due to the dominance of yttrium in the composition.


Synchysite Group. Y analogue of Synchysite-(Ce) and Synchysite-(Nd).

Classification of Synchysite-(Y)

IMA status:Approved
Strunz 8th edition ID:5/C.07-100
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:5.BD.20c

5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
B : Carbonates with additional anions, without H2O
D : With rare earth elements (REE)
Dana 8th edition ID:16a.1.3.2

16a : ANHYDROUS CARBONATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
1 : (AB)(XO3)Zq
Hey's CIM Ref.:12.1.14

12 : Carbonates with other anions
1 : Carbonates with halides
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Type Occurrence of Synchysite-(Y)

Type Locality:Scrub Oak Mine (Replogle Mine), Mine Hill Borough, Morris Co., New Jersey, USA

Physical Properties of Synchysite-(Y)

Lustre:Sub-Adamantine, Vitreous, Greasy
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Translucent
Colour:White, reddish brown, greyish yellow, dull yellow; colourless to light yellow in transmitted light
Streak:Light brown
Hardness (Mohs):6 - 6½
Tenacity:Brittle
Parting:On {0001} ?
Fracture:Splintery, Sub-Conchoidal

Crystallography of Synchysite-(Y)

Crystal System:Hexagonal
Class (H-M):6 m2 - Ditrigonal Dipyramidal
Space Group:P6c2
Cell Parameters:a = 7.091Å, c = 18.2Å
Ratio:a:c = 1 : 2.567
Unit Cell Volume:V 792.53 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:Crystals acute rhombohedral with small {0001}, or thick tabular {0001} and hemimorphic (ditrigonal-pyramidal). {0001} smooth and brilliant; lateral faces striated horizontally.
Twinning:On {0001} common also lamellar.

Optical Data of Synchysite-(Y)

Type:Biaxial
RI values: nα = 1.653 nγ = 1.730
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.077

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:Moderate
Dispersion:relatively strong
Pleochroism:Weak
Comments:Absorption E greater than O.

Chemical Properties of Synchysite-(Y)

Formula:
Ca(Y,Ce)(CO
 
3
)
 
2
F
Essential elements:C, Ca, F, O, Y
All elements listed in formula:C, Ca, Ce, F, O, Y

Relationship of Synchysite-(Y) to other Species

Member of:Synchysite Group
Other Members of Group:

- +
Huanghoite-(Ce)
BaCe(CO
 
3
)
 
2
F
Synchysite-(Ce)
Ca(Ce,La)(CO
 
3
)
 
2
F
Synchysite-(Nd)
Ca(Nd,Y,Gd)(CO
 
3
)
 
2
F
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
5.BD.05Cordylite-(Ce)
NaBaCe
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
4
F
5.BD.05Lukechangite-(Ce)
Na
 
3
Ce
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
4
F
5.BD.10Zhonghuacerite-(Ce)
Ba
 
2
Ce(CO
 
3
)
 
3
F
5.BD.10Kukharenkoite-(Ce)
Ba
 
2
Ce(CO
 
3
)
 
3
F
5.BD.10Kukharenkoite-(La)
Ba
 
2
(La,Ce,Th)(CO
 
3
)
 
3
F
5.BD.15Cebaite-(Ce)
Ba
 
3
Ce
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
5
F
 
2
5.BD.15Cebaite-(Nd)
Ba
 
3
(Nd,Ce)
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
5
F
 
2
5.BD.18Arisite-(Ce)
NaCe
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
3-x
F
 
2x+1
5.BD.18Arisite-(La)
NaLa
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
3-x
F
 
2x+1
5.BD.20aBastnäsite-(Ce)
(Ce,La)(CO
 
3
)F
5.BD.20aBastnäsite-(La)
(La,Ce)(CO
 
3
)F
5.BD.20aBastnäsite-(Y)
(Y,Ce)(CO
 
3
)F
5.BD.20aHydroxylbastnäsite-(Ce)
(Ce,La)(CO
 
3
)(OH,F)
5.BD.20aHydroxylbastnäsite-(Nd)
(Nd,Ce,La)(CO
 
3
)(OH,F)
5.BD.20aHydroxylbastnäsite-(La)
(La,Nd,Ce)(CO
 
3
)(OH,F)
5.BD.20bParisite-(Ce)
Ca(Ce,La)
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
3
F
 
2
5.BD.20bParisite-(Nd)
Ca(Nd,Ce,La)
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
3
F
 
2
5.BD.20dRöntgenite-(Ce)
Ca
 
2
(Ce,La)
 
3
(CO
 
3
)
 
5
F
 
3
5.BD.20cSynchysite-(Ce)
Ca(Ce,La)(CO
 
3
)
 
2
F
5.BD.20cSynchysite-(Nd)
Ca(Nd,Y,Gd)(CO
 
3
)
 
2
F
5.BD.20aThorbastnäsite
Th(Ca,Ce)(CO
 
3
)
 
2
F
 
2
 · 3H
 
2
O
5.BD.20aBastnäsite-(Nd)
Nd(CO
 
3
)F
5.BD.25Horváthite-(Y)
NaY(CO
 
3
)F
 
2
5.BD.25Qaqarssukite-(Ce)
Ba(Ce,REE)(CO
 
3
)
 
2
F
5.BD.35Huanghoite-(Ce)
BaCe(CO
 
3
)
 
2
F
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
12.1.1Northupite
Na
 
3
Mg(CO
 
3
)
 
2
Cl
12.1.2Barentsite
Na
 
7
Al(HCO
 
3
)
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
2
F
 
4
12.1.3Rouvilleite
Na
 
3
(Ca,Mn,Fe)
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
3
F
12.1.4Chlormagaluminite
Mg
 
4
Al
 
2
(OH)
 
12
Cl
 
2
 · 3H
 
2
O
12.1.5Defernite
Ca
 
6
(CO
 
3
)
 
2-x
(SiO
 
4
)
 
x
(OH)
 
7
(Cl,OH)
 
1-2x
 (x=0.5)
12.1.6Brenkite
Ca
 
2
(CO
 
3
)F
 
2
12.1.7Stenonite
(Sr,Ba,Na)
 
2
Al(CO
 
3
)F
 
5
12.1.8Bastnäsite-(Ce)
(Ce,La)(CO
 
3
)F
12.1.9Bastnäsite-(La)
(La,Ce)(CO
 
3
)F
12.1.10Bastnäsite-(Y)
(Y,Ce)(CO
 
3
)F
12.1.11Parisite-(Ce)
Ca(Ce,La)
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
3
F
 
2
12.1.12Parisite-(Nd)
Ca(Nd,Ce,La)
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
3
F
 
2
12.1.13Synchysite-(Ce)
Ca(Ce,La)(CO
 
3
)
 
2
F
12.1.15Synchysite-(Nd)
Ca(Nd,Y,Gd)(CO
 
3
)
 
2
F
12.1.16Röntgenite-(Ce)
Ca
 
2
(Ce,La)
 
3
(CO
 
3
)
 
5
F
 
3
12.1.17Cordylite-(Ce)
NaBaCe
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
4
F
12.1.19Huanghoite-(Ce)
BaCe(CO
 
3
)
 
2
F
12.1.20Zhonghuacerite-(Ce)
Ba
 
2
Ce(CO
 
3
)
 
3
F
12.1.21Cebaite-(Ce)
Ba
 
3
Ce
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
5
F
 
2
12.1.22Thorbastnäsite
Th(Ca,Ce)(CO
 
3
)
 
2
F
 
2
 · 3H
 
2
O
12.1.23Phosgenite
Pb
 
2
CO
 
3
Cl
 
2
12.1.24Barstowite
Pb
 
4
Cl
 
6
(CO
 
3
) · H
 
2
O
12.1.25Albrechtschraufite
Ca
 
4
Mg(UO
 
2
)
 
2
(CO
 
3
)
 
6
F
 
2
 · 17H
 
2
O
12.1.26Kettnerite
CaBiCO
 
3
OF

Other Names for Synchysite-(Y)

Synonyms:
DoveriteSynchisite-(Y)
Other Languages:
German:Doverit
Synchisit-(Y)
Simplified Chinese:氟碳钙钇矿

Other Information

Other Information:Rather easily soluble in acids.
Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Synchysite-(Y)

Reference List:

- +
Nordenskiöld (1894) Geologiska Föeningens I Stockholm. Förhandlinger, Stockholm: 16: 338 (as Parisite).

Flink (1901) University of Upsala, Geological Institution, Bulletin: 5: 81 (Synchisite).

Flink (1901) Meddelelser om Grønland: 24: 29.

Bøggild (1907) Meddelelser om Grønland: 33: 99.

Palache, C. and Warren (1911) American Journal of Science: 31: 533.

Quereigh (1912) Reale accademia nazionale dei Lincei, Rome, Rend.: 21: 581.

Oftedal (1931) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 79: 437.

Parker, et al (1939) Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, Frauenfeld: 19: 293.

Söhnge (1944) Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa: 47: 176.

Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Etc. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged: 287-289 (as Synchisite).

American Mineralogist (1960): 45: 92-98.

Canadian Mineralogist (1994): 32: 865.

Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica: 14: 336-344.

Internet Links for Synchysite-(Y)

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  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
  • American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database
  • Synchysite-(Y) details from Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF)
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    • Localities for Synchysite-(Y)

    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    Hide Locality List
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Angola
     
    • Huambo Province
      • Bailundo City Council
    		Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I. (2002): USGS Open-File Report 02-189.
      • Ekunda City Council
    		Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I. (2002): USGS Open-File Report 02-189.
      • Longonjo City Council
    		Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I. (2002): USGS Open-File Report 02-189.
    • Huíla Province
      • Lubango City Council
    		Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I. (2002): USGS Open-File Report 02-189.
    • Namibe Province
      • Tombwa City Council
    		Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I. (2002): USGS Open-File Report 02-189.
    Austria
     
    • Salzburg
      • Hohe Tauern
        • Gastein valley
          • Böckstein
    		A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs, 1989
        • Rauris valley
          • Hüttwinkl valley
    		A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs (1989)
    A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs (1989)
    Brazil
     
    • Pará
      • Carajás mineral province
        • Canaã dos Carajás
    		Grainger, C.J., Groves, D.I., Tallarico, F.H.B., and Fletcher, I.R. (2008): Ore Geology Reviews 33, 451-489.
    • São Paulo
      • Itapirapuã
    		Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I. (2002): USGS Open-File Report 02-189.
    Canada
     
    • Québec
      • Outaouais
        • Les Collines-de-l'Outaouais RCM
          • Val-des-Monts
            • Lac Saint-Pierre (Wakefield Lake)
    		Hogarth, D.D., Chao, G.Y., Plant. G.A. & Steacy, H. R. (1974): Caysichite, a new silico-carbonate of yttrium and calcium. Canadian Mineralogist.12: 293-298
    China
     
    • Jiangxi Province
      • Ganzhou Prefecture
        • Dayu Co.
    		Rucheng Wang, Fontan, F., Xiaoming Chen, Huan Hu, Changshi Liu, Shijin Xu, and de Parseval, P. (2003): Canadian Mineralogist 41, 727-748.
        • Longnan Co.
    		Zhiwei Bao and Zhenhua Zhao (2008): Ore Geology Reviews 33, 519-535.; Yunhuai Lin and Shiyang Chen (1985): Geology and Prospecting 21(3), 23-31
    Deqian Chen, Daoling Yin, Jianxiong Zhou, Xingyuan Lin, Hanqing Zhang and Nicheng Shi (1994): Geological Review 59(1), 82-86
        • Xunwu Co.
    		Zhiwei Bao and Zhenhua Zhao (2008): Ore Geology Reviews 33, 519-535.
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • Liberec Region
    		Scharm, B.: Přehled minerálů nalezených v oblasti uranových koncentrací v severočeské křídě. Bulletin mineralogicko-petrografického oddělení Národního muzea v Praze, 1995, roč. 3, s. 169-172.
    Germany
     
    • Baden-Württemberg
      • Black Forest
    		K. Walenta: "Die Mineralien des Schwarzwaldes", Weise (Munich), 1992
    • Lower Saxony
      • Harz
        • Clausthal-Zellerfeld
          • Bad Grund
            • Wiemannsbucht
    		Haack, U., Schnorrer-Koehler, G. & Lueders, V. (1987): Seltenerd-Minerale aus hydrothermalen Gängen des Harzes. Chemie der Erde 47, 41-45 (in German).
    Italy
     
    • Lombardy
      • Varese Province
        • Ceresio Valley
    Enrico Bonacina
    Domenico Preite specimen
    • Piedmont
      • Verbano-Cusio-Ossola Province
        • Ossola Valley
          • Montecrestese
    		'Apatite' - Monazite-(Ce) - Synchysite-(Y) - Kainosite-(Y)) sono analizzate
    Japan
     
    • Honshu Island
      • Tohoku Region
        • Fukushima Prefecture
          • Kawamata
            • Iizaka (Iisaka) Village
    		Kato, A. (1973) Sakurai Koubutsu Hyohon, 38. (Sakurai collection)
    Kyrgyzstan
     
    no reference
    Madagascar
     
    • Antsiranana Province
      • Diana Region (Northern Region)
        • Ambanja District
          • Ampasindava Peninsula
            • Betaimboay
              • Unnamed caldera
    		Wolfgang Hampel (2011), fieldwork/studies
    Malawi
     
    • Balaka District
    		Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I. (2002): USGS Open-File Report 02-189.
    Mali
     
    • Kidal Region
    		Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I. (2002): USGS Open-File Report 02-189.
    Mongolia
     
    • Hovd Aimag (Khovd Aimag)
      • Altai Mts
    		P.M. Kartashov data
    Namibia
     
    • Karas Region
      • Karasburg District
    		Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I. (2002): USGS Open-File Report 02-189.
    Norway
     
    • Nordland
      • Tysfjord
    		XRD,EDS ref. Knut Eldjarn; Husdal, T. (2011): Tysfjordgranittens pegmatitter. Stein. 38 (4): 4-35
    Husdal, T. (2008): The minerals of the pegmatites within the Tysfjord granite, northern Norway. Norsk Bergverksmuseum, skrift 38, 5-28.
    • Telemark
      • Drangedal
        • Tørdal
    		Kristiansen, R. (1998): Høydalen Litium-pegmatitt-Tørdal i Telemark. STEIN 25 (4), 21-30
    South Africa
     
    • Limpopo Province
    		VERWOERD, W.J. (1993) Update on carbonatites of South Africa and Namibia. South African Journal of Geology, 96(3), 75-95.
    South Korea
     
    • Chungcheongbukdo (Chungchong-pukto)
      • Chungju (Chung Won Kum; Chung-ju)
        • Joongwon-gun
          • Mt. Eorae
    		P.M. Kartashov data
    Switzerland
     
    • Grischun (Grisons; Graubünden)
      • Vorderrhein Valley
        • Tujetsch (Tavetsch)
          • Nalps Valley
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 288.
    • Wallis (Valais)
      • Martigny
        • Mont Chemin
    Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 394.
    Ukraine
     
    • Zhytomyr Oblast' (Zhitomir Oblast')
    		Pavel M. Kartashov data; Lyckberg, P., Chornousenko, V. & Wilson, W. E. (2009): Volodarsk-Volynski, Zhitomir Oblast, Ukraine. Mineralogical Record, 40, 473-506.
    USA
     
    • Colorado
      • Fremont Co.
        • Cotopaxi District
    		"Minerals of Colorado, updated & revised", pp. 14-15, by Eckel, Edwin B., 1997
      • Jefferson Co.
        • South Platte Pegmatite District
    		Rare-Earth Pegmatites of the South Platte District, Colorado CGS Res Ser 11
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
    Rare-Earth Pegmatites of the South Platte District, Colorado CGS Res Ser 11
    Rare-Earth Pegmatites of the South Platte District, Colorado CGS Res Ser 11
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
    Rare-Earth Pegmatites of the South Platte District, Colorado CGS Res Ser 11
      • Teller Co.
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
    Rare-Earth Pegmatites of the South Platte District, Colorado CGS Res Ser 11
    • Idaho
      • Lemhi Co.
    		USGS PP1049-A(Staatz,1979)
    • Michigan
      • Marquette Co.
        • Republic
    		Buchholz, T.W., Falster, A.U. and Simmons, W.B. (2013) Accessory mineralogy of the Black River pegmatite and Humboldt granite, Marquette County, Michigan. The 40th Rochester Mineralogical Symposium, Contributed Papers in Specimen Mineralogy, 9-10.
    • Montana
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 288.
    • New Jersey
      • Morris Co.
        • Mine Hill Borough
    		Am. Min.: 51:152, Levinson (1966).; Klemic, Harry; Heyl, A. V., Jr.; Taylor, A. R.; Stone, Jerome (1959) Radioactive rare-earth deposit at Scrub Oaks mine, Morris County, New Jersey. USGS Bull 1082B
    • New York
      • St. Lawrence Co.
        • Pierrepont
          • Power's Farm (Bower Powers farm; Ryland Crary farm)
    		Steven C. Chamberlain and David G. Bailey (2012) Rare earth minerals in fracture mineralization in northern New York. Mineral News, 28, #7, 1-5.
        • Rossie
    		George Robinson & Steven Chamberlain (2007) Gazetteer of major New York State mineral localities. Rocks & Minerals, 82, #6, 472-483.; George Robinson & Steven Chamberlain (2007) Gazetteer of major New York State mineral localities. Rocks & Minerals, 82, #6, 472-483.
    • Texas
      • Llano Co.
        • Llano
    		R&M 66:3 pp 196-224
    • Washington
      • Okanogan Co.
        • Golden Horn Batholith
    		Kongsberg Mineral Symposium 2008, Washington Pass—pa mineraljakt i de Nord-Amerikanske Alper, Stein Rorvik.
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